Exam 2 Child Psych
5. How does children's knowledge influence what they remember? (Chi,1978 study of Chess)
- Adults remembered more numbers than the children - However, 10 year old chess experts remembered more than the adults when it involved positions of pieces. - Children had prior knowledge that helped them organise and give meaning to the patterns of pieces
14. Which of the following statements concerning the development of folk psychology is incorrect?
A fundamental shift occurs when children understand that behavior is based on a person's beliefs about events ad situations, as long as those beliefs are correct.
3. Which child is at greatest risk for a possible hearing impairment?
A one year old who has had repeated ear infections
15. Some researchers believe that the defining characteristic of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is the absence of a theory mind, called
A. mindblindness
8. Which of the following is correct regarding specialized face processing during infancy?
As infants are exposed to faces in their environments, they tune their face processing systems to include only faces from familiar groups.
3. Which of the following is not one of the defining features of the sensorimotor stage?
Autism and centration
15. Children are most likely to enjoy and continue to participate in a sport when...
Coaches have realistic expectations and demands for players
11. __________ propose(s) distinctive domains of knowledge, some of which are acquired early in life
Core-knowledge theories
11. According to _________, motor development involves many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet the demands of specific tasks.
Dynamic systems theory
2. Which of the following is true about infant's auditory perception?
Infants hear sounds best that have pitches in the range of human speech
9. Which of the following is true concerning the development of attention?
The orienting and alerting networks are mature at birth, but the executive network develops slowly.
13. Which of the following statements regarding reaching and grasping is true?
When 4-month-olds reach for an object, they repeatedly move their hand a short distance, slow down, and adjust direction.
9. Which of these statements about heredity and intelligence is correct?
a) IQ scores are usually more alike for identical twins than for fraternal twins
7. Which of the following accurately describes the rules children use to learn new words?
a) a name refers to the whole object, not to its parts
5. Autobiographical memory develops as children acquire basic memory skills, language, and ______________.
a) a sense of self
10. Compared with monolingual children, bilingual children _____________
a) are more skilled at switching between tasks
10. When intelligence is assessed with culture- fair intelligence tests, ethnic group differences ____________
a) are reduced, but not eliminated.
4. As infants develop, ________________
a) babbling shifts from single syllable utterances to combinations of different sounds
15. Which statement accurately describes young children's communicative skills?
a) based on their listener's age and knowledge, preschoolers change what they say.
13. Which approach argues that children master grammar by using powerful skills to detect regularities in the speech they hear?
a) cognitive
9. If parents want to help their children learn more words, then parents should _____________
a) encourage their children to read
11. Which of the following is not an explanation for ethnic group differences in performance on intelligence tests?
a) heredity
3. Monitoring effective strategy use ____________
a) improves gradually with age
11. Older children typically understand more of what they read because they ____________
a) know more about the world
6. As young children learn new words, they __________
a) learn the referents of words with surprisingly few presentations
CHAPTER 8 - The book 1. The psychometric approach __________________
a) measures intelligence using standardised intelligence tests
9. When children try to reason scientifically, they _________________
a) often devise confounded experiments
2. A strategy that preschool children use to help them remember is ________________
a) pointing
5. A child's first word probably reflects the child's mastery of __________
a) symbols
14. When Arum sees three objects, sometimes she counts them as "1,2,5," sometimes as "1,2,b" and other times as "2,1,a." Which counting principle has Arum mastered?
a) the one-to-one principle
8. Young children often have trouble solving problems collaboratively because _____________.
a) they lack the social and linguistic skills necessary to work together.
2. In Piaget's theory, __________ is illustrated by a breast-fed baby who changes the way that she sucks to get milk from a bottle.
accommodation
12. Newborns can't maintain an upright position because they....
are top-heavy
5. According to inter-sensory redundancy theory, infants are more likely to detect a change in rhythmic pattern when information is presented in...
audio and video simultaneously
7. Which of the following is a correct description of children's problem solving?
b) Children often fail to plan ahead in problems, in part because they expect parents to plan for them.
15. Which of the following statements concerning learning disabilities is incorrect ?
b) Children with impaired reading comprehension have problems decoding words and making sense of what they've read.
11. Which of the following statements about children's early sentences is correct?
b) Early sentences are called telegraphic because they include only words essential to meaning
CHAPTER 9 1. Infants who are younger than five months of age ___________.
b) can discriminate sounds found in their native language as well as sounds not present in their native language
13. Infants _______________
b) can distinguish two objects from three objects
CHAPTER 7 1. Experiments in which 2 to 3 month olds learned to kick to make a mobile move showed that young babies ____________
b) can remember events from the past for a few days or weeks, but over time will not recall the event unless given a memory cue.
6. To obtain reliable testimony from preschoolers _______________
b) children should first be asked to describe the event in their own words.
14. Children diagnosed with a learning disability __________________
b) have normal intelligence but difficulty in an academic subject
2. Hierarchical theories of intelligence _________________
b) includes both general and specific factors of intelligence
8. Dynamic assessments of intelligence ______________
b) measure a child's learning potential
4. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences includes several intelligences included in psychometric theories of intelligence. Which of the following is not one of them?
b) musical
2. To pick out individual words from a steady stream of speech, infants ________.
b) notice syllables that go together frequently
8. Individual differences in the size of children's vocabulary ______________
b) reflect differences in children's ability to remember speech sounds
3. The theory of multiple intelligences __________________
b) suggests that different intelligences are regulated by different regions of the brain
12. The idea that children are born with a mechanism that helps them master grammar is supported by the finding that _____________
b) there is a critical period for language learning
12. As children get older, their writing improves because __________
b) they don't need to spend as much time on the mechanical aspects of writing.
4. An infant's color vision is similar to that of an adult's color vision....
by 3-4 month of age
10. Which of the following is a correct statement concerning young children's reading?
c) As readers become more skilled, they sound out fewer words and retrieve more words from memory.
3. Which of the following statements about infant directed speech is correct?
c) Infant- directed speech is used frequently by adults who care for children
4. Which of the following is true regarding the fuzzy trace theory and memory errors?
c) Older children and adolescents are more likely than younger children to remember the gist, rather than verbatim, which is why older children and adolescents often have memory errors
6. Compared with group intelligence tests, individual intelligence tests ________________
c) Optimize the motivation and attention of the person being t
5. Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence includes ________, creative, and practical abilities.
c) analytic
14. Parents encourage turn taking _____________.
c) by taking the speaker and listener roles before infants say their first words
7. Scores from infant intelligence tests predict intelligence in childhood and adulthood ____________
c) inaccurately, because infant intelligences measure different abilities than are measured in tests used with older children
12. Compared with traditional definitions of giftedness, modern definitions _______________
c) include exceptional talent in areas such as art, music, creative writing, dance and sports.
15. Compared with U.S Students, students in Asia spend _____________
c) more time on homework and they value it more than do American students.
13. Intellectual disability is defined by limited intellectual ability and _________, both emerging before 18 years of age
c) problems adapting to the environment
5. During the __________ stage, thinking is rule-oriented and logical but limited to the tangible and real.
concrete operational stage
7. Interposition, texture gradient, relative size and linear perspective all provide clues for....
depth perception
14. Handedness is....
emerges by the first birthday and is well established by the time children enter kindergarten
9. Information-processing theorists refer to sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory as mental __________.
hardware
8. Private speech __________.
helps children regulate their own behavior
10. Information-processing theorists believe that developmental change occurs __________.
in several different forms, rather than by a single mechanism
CHAPTER 5 1. Newborn's sense of smell...
is well-developed at birth
CHAPTER 6 1. In Piaget's theory, children are thought to be __________.
little scientists
10. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)....
often act before thinking
13. Many 4-year-olds believe that __________.
only living things have offspring
4.A defining feature of children in the __________ stage of development is that they are often egocentric-they are unable to take the perspective of other people.
preoperational stage
6. A teaching practice suggested by Piaget's theory is __________.
teaching at a level slightly ahead of children's current level of thinking
6. Infants use many clues to object unity, including common motion, color, ___________, and aligned edges.
texture
7. The zone of proximal development refers to __________.
the difference between what a child can do with and without help
12. Research on infants' naïve theories of physics shows that they __________.
understand that solids keep their shape when moved but that liquids do not