Exam 2 HIST 1301

Contrast Great Awakening theology with that of the original 17th-century New England Calvinists.

"Old Light" vs "New Light" Puritanism was too exclusive/Protestantism needed rebranding the key bridge between the older Calvinism and more emotional, less formal "New Light" variety was Jonathan Edwards. - appealing to the masses - intellectual who embraced Enlightenment science George Whitefield preached throughout the colonies outside of churches, in the streets.

Revolutionary War

"The American Revolution as it actually unfolded was so troubling and strange that once the struggle was over, a generation did its best to remove all traces of the truth." — Historian Nathaniel Philbrick Referring to Benedict Arnold's Contradictory Role

Summarize the role of Charles Pinckney at the Constitutional Convention. How did his suggestions regarding the military change or or affect American history?

- Argued for establishing a president and senate· - President would also run the military as commander-in-chief

Identify two Middle Eastern countries that tried to build democracies in the 2010s and some of the problems they faced. Why doesn't simply granting people the right to vote protect everyone's rights? How might American policy in Iraq have differed if we better understood our own history and the religions of other countries?

- Egyptians and Iraqi· - President refused to reform or agree to fresh eletions· - Persecution of religion All three could've profited from reading Madison's Federalist Papers. The U.S. didn't understand that Saddam Hussein's Sunni minority was ruling over a Shi'a majority, so unleashing that majority would result in Sunni persecution and increased (Shi'a) Iranian control over the region. Without an inclusive government that protected the minority from the majority, Iraq descended back into chaos.

Describe how the Senate framed its conflict with Muslim pirates in the 1790s.

- No religious opinions - The Founders framed their North African fight against piracy rather than Islam - Negotiated a temporary settlement

Discuss how Anne Hutchinson could be viewed as a natural trajectory of the Protestant Reformation.

- Puritans valued religious freedom when it came to their own freedom from the Church of England, but they tolerated no diversity or difference of opinion within their own society - church-run goverenment - Anne Hutchinson took Protestantism a step further on its natural trajectory and questioned not just the need for the Catholic or Anglican church but rather the need for any church. -- this heresy threatened the establishment in a society run by the church, just as radical Protestants had threatened King James' authority in the mother country by not honoring the (Anglican) Church of England.

Outline the mission and theology of New England Puritanism and explain whom they likened themselves to historically.

- The Puritans didn't sever ties or turn their back on England like the Pilgrims; they hoped to set up an exemplary Protestant society in the New World for the Old to see and emulate. - In keeping with their name, they stayed in the Anglican Church to purify it rather than separate from it. likened themselfs to the jewish exodus to the promised land of isreal - purtitans were chosen by god to create a "New Jerusalem" in New England that would prove to Europeans the superiority of a genuine Protestant society.

Describe the Pilgrims' background in England and Europe. Analyze the extent of Pilgrims' self-rule; did the English monarchy really control their everyday affairs? Explain why Pilgrims came to America and why future Americans focused on them as their "foundational origin myth."

- Vikings, French, and Virginians came to New England before Pilgrims - Pilgrams fled to holland because of Stuart kings James I and Charles I - worried spain would invade netherlands- fled to america on the mayflower - Pilgrims before the wave of Reformed (Calvinist) Protestant Christians called the Puritans * Though they separated from the Anglican Church, Pilgrims still considered themselves English. * Mayflower Compact declared allegiance to King James but not the english church. *Mayflower Compact is cited as the beginning of self-rule in America, BUT it was really a temporary agreement binding the Pilgrims together until they transferred authority over to their joint-stock company, the Plymouth Council of New England. ** the Compact and Council were based on "corporate" or representative government — enough so that, centuries later, grade-school textbooks could cite the compact as a founding document of American democracy. - religous freedom - set sail from Plymouth, England in September 1620 - Future Americans selected these Pilgrims as their foundational origin myth because their pursuit of religious freedom resonated with how Americans liked to view themselves - Traditional thanksgiving didn't really happen and other colonies may have done it first

Describe the impact of the French & Indian War and Pontiac's Rebellion on the American Revolution.

- british protected colony's in French & Indian War - many didn't like the British as they left for religious freedom - issues over taxes and trade (no taxation with out representation) - mercantilism/ controlling money/ TAXES (to pay for war) - british tried to diffuse indian conflict - proclamation line- colonists wanted expansion - tensions all around -Pontiac's War not only exacerbated Britain's relationship with American colonists but also bound the colonists together in a shared traumatic experience, helping to lay the foundation for future cooperation against the British.

Contrast the views of Roger Williams with those of the Puritan establishment. Explain how Williams expanded the notion of religious freedom beyond that of the Pilgrims/Puritans.

- objected to the mistreatment of, and theft of land from, local Indians and was one of colonial America's first abolitionists. Roger Williams published The Bloody Tenant. - used the Bible as a basis for toleration of all denominations of religion - crazy durring a time when it was an insult to accuse someone of being tolerant. politically, he built Rhode Island's foundation on the more republican part of the English tradition: "I infer that the sovereign, original and foundation of civil power lies in the people...the governments they establish have no more power nor for no longer time, than the civil power or people consenting and agreeing shall betrust them with."

Looking back on this chapter, summarize how a combination of the Enlightenment and Great Awakening provided ideological bases for the American Revolution.

- rational thinking & science > religious revelation - monarchs are not divine - natural rights (life, liberty, ect) - power to govern in hands of the people - new ideas in politics, science and religion

Describe the first tax revolts. What was the colonists' main complaint? Differentiate between how they responded to the Stamp Act versus the Townshend Duties. What role did women play? — We'll revisit the Burning of the Gaspee and Pine Tree Riots more below.

- the colonists actually had it pretty good but whatever go start america i guess - no taxation without representation bluff - England had a tradition of rights among its people By the 1760s, the long period of relative self-rule and lax enforcement known as the Era of Salutary Neglect was ending. The British wanted the colonies to start paying their own way to offset the cost of the French & Indian War. Sugar Act of 1764 - not that big of a deal Stamp Act of 1765- enforced unpopular proclamation line - internal - controversial - vigorous and rowdy- tax collectors - sons of liberty - recalled First Quartering Act - we can tax you an d here are soldiers Townshend Duties of 1767 - taxed imports that colonists relied on from Britain - boycotted goods - Women sewed their own homespun to undersell English cloth exports. Wearing the rougher cloth became a badge of resistance repelled taxes - resistance got results.

Describe how the Puritans' village geography reinforce their values. Describe how their church architecture blurred church-state relations but also encouraged participatory democracy.

- village demography allowed the Puritans' to keep an eye on each other to ensure that everyone was upholding the covenant. - Rather than taking orders from any top-down religious administration, including the Anglican Church, they congregated on their own, hiring and firing their own ministers in democratic fashion. - denomination Congregationalist / Congregational Church

Analyze the advantage of the USA starting out as a loose-knit collection of thirteen states instead of a country with a strong, central government.

Allowed for trial and error period with each state gov constitution.Gave a grace period to slowly become whole nation

Analyze why the British saw Boston as a primary source of agitation against their empire. Keep this LO in mind as you respond to LO #5. \/

Boston Massacre- 1770, two years before the Gaspée Incident and Pine Tree Riot, Lobster-Backs in Boston caused an uproar when they fired their muskets into an angry crowd. Boston Tea Party- Britain left the Townshend tax on tea (and sugar), leading to a crisis. - lowered tea prices pleased American consumers, but some didn't like the precedent of cutting out smugglers. (Smuggling tea from the Dutch and molasses from France was a time-honored right Americans wanted to hold onto even if it raised prices. ) Sam Adams, and dressed as Mohawk Indians (to maintain their anonymity) — stormed aboard three small vessels and dumped 45 tons of tea into Boston harbor (actually into the mud and clams since the tide was out). Forty-five was symbolic, signifying the Sons of Liberty's support for parliamentarian John Wilkes, whose Issue #45 accused King George of lying to Parliament (Wilkes fled England).

Describe why the Quebec Act of 1774 angered colonists along the eastern seaboard.

British declared Catholicism the official state religion of Quebec and (at least according to American patriots) banned self-government there. - stoked anti-Catholic sentiments among Protestant Americans - reinforced the Proclamation Line (expansion vs french territory) - Two more laws, the Restraining Acts, expanded British control over New England governments that had run virtually on their own for 150 years Other colonies were angered rather than intimidated by the crackdown on Boston. Collectively, these Coercive (or Intolerable) Acts triggered a chain of events that led to armed conflict, but not yet calls for independence.

Evaluate whether it's worthwhile to even have states in the first place if we're going to have a nation. Should the states have any power at all beyond just as smaller administrative units? If so, why? What purpose do they serve?

Divide up governance too hard for one gov. to govern everything

Define Whig and summarize how British Whigs contributed to the American Revolution. Who was the most famous Anglo-American Whig pamphleteer that contributed directly to the rebellion? What were his arguments? There is more on Whigs in the section below on the Declaration.

English Whig faction- resisted absolute, centralized power, especially from the monarchy or royal ministers. Thomas Paine- arguing for Americans to break from Britain and form their own country. suggested a decentralized system similar to how the country would soon be set up in its first decade under the Articles of Confederation (Chapter 10). - Paine's Common Sense sensibly countered the main arguments against independence

Describe the philosophes' takes on: - Politics: Identify John Locke and his role in developing republicanism

Enlightenment commitment to reexamining inherited wisdom and discovering natural systems through reason and logic carried over from science into politics philosophes rejected the divine right to rule & instead promoted representative government John Locke wrote about the "natural right" to "life, liberty and estate," (this morphed into life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness in Declaration of Independence and Constitution's 5th Amendment.) - Locke saw it as part of a government's social contract to secure such natural rights among free men of means

Enlightenment & Great Awakening

Enlightenment philosophy and Great Awakening Christianity were very different, but both influenced the American colonies and American Revolution and both frame our thinking today. The Enlightenment — so named by its own practitioners, who didn't lack self-esteem — is best thought of as a continuation of the Renaissance we read about in Chapter 2, with a strong emphasis on the Scientific Revolution, reason, and progress. Its practitioners adhered to the scientific method of testing hypotheses through rigorous, repeatable experimentation. By the late 17th and 18th centuries, the Renaissance application of reason to the natural and political world morphed into various strands known collectively as the Age of Enlightenment. While we can safely say that the Enlightenment valued reason and logic, historians disagree on its timeframe and even what it was exactly. The Great Awakening, on the other hand, spurs less scholarly controversy. This religious revival gave rise to a less exclusive but equally devout form of Protestant Christianity than that of "Old Light" (Puritan) New England Calvinism. Like the Enlightenment, Christianity was used both to support and denounce slavery. We'll look at the Enlightenment more closely here in the first half of the chapter, then explore the Great Awakening and American notions of religious freedom in the second half. Together, these movements laid the foundation for the American Revolution that we'll examine in the next few chapters.

Describe why the Framers didn't allow a straight popular vote for the presidency. Integrate this with your knowledge of the Great Compromise.

Favor would be in city states 3/5th Compromise allowing Southern states to count 60% of their black populations when determining their number of representatives. southern state's/ more populous states would hold the power

Contrast the common use of the word federalism with its dictionary meaning.

Federalists and Anti-Federalists Anti-Federalists- opponents of a stronger national government federalists- wanted to federate by establishing a multi-tiered system of national, state, county, and city governments whereby they were united but still shared power Encyclopedia Britannica defines federalism as "unit[ing] separate states or other polities within an overarching political system in such a way as to allow each to maintain its own fundamental political integrity."

Describe how Benjamin Franklin exemplified the Enlightenment ethos.

Franklin exemplified the enthusiasm and optimism of the Enlightenment scientist, lightning not from god, medical inventions, bifocals, the Franklin stove, the glass harmonica, daylight savings, and the post office, and properly theorized about how the Gulf Stream from the Caribbean warmed Europe. asked questions and, when confronted with practical problems, furthered progress by inventing new solutions.

Explain why the Battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the war.

From the British perspective, the Battles of Saratoga underscored the logistical disadvantages of foreign wars in the 18th century. They planned to isolate New England, that they saw as the main source of the rebellion - 3 way plan didn't work - brits weren't familiar with the land and maps weren't perfect - indian reliance didn't always work out After a series of battles spread over a month, including Freeman's Farm and Bemis Heights, Burgoyne gave up on St. Leger and Howe and raised the white flag.

Describe the philosophes' takes on: - Science

Galileo's claim in the Starry Messenger (1610) that moons orbited Jupiter (below) contradicted Catholic doctrine that Earth was the center of the universe. - unsettling to consider Earth's insignificance in a larger cosmos - cathicolic church did not like this as it condradics our purpose of existence Protestants also encouraged science, indirectly by weakening the Catholic Church and directly by supporting education and literacy. - Isaac Newton Politicians like Locke and Jefferson based their beliefs in concepts like natural rights on Newton's scientific principles

Despite Jefferson's unorthodox faith, a group of Baptists from Cheshire, Massachusetts sent him a 1200-pound block of cheese. Why?

He put in the 1st amendment that forbids Congress from making any "law respecting a religious establishment or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." - Gave Baptists legal protection - religious freedom - unlikely allegiance between Baptists and the non-Christian Jefferson - gifted cheese

Explain how the crackdown against Massachusetts, intended to teach other colonies a lesson, instead galvanized rebel support in Virginia and helped unify colonial-wide resistance.

In Virginia, Patrick Henry concluded a dramatic speech at St. John's Church in Richmond with the rallying cry Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death! Virginians weren't just upset with the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts or Quebec Act. The Chesapeake tobacco gentry was descending further and further into the debt of English merchants and they suspected the British of depressing tobacco prices to worsen their plight. Also, Scottish banks were calling in Virginia planters' loans because they had over-invested in the struggling British East India Co. — the same outfit Parliament was trying to save with the Tea Act that triggered the Boston riot. Finally, the British dissolved the House of Burgesses the same way they had Massachusetts' self-government, with royally-appointed Governor Lord Dunmore assuming full control and revolutionary politicians retreating to the Raleigh Tavern in Williamsburg to plot their next moves. Britain tried to teach its colonists a lesson by punishing Boston severely but their strategy backfired, only rallying other Americans to the point they were willing to risk their necks.

Evaluate the role of James Madison at the Constitutional Convention. Assess a basic flaw in the idea that Iroquois, pirates or Freemasons must have influenced the Constitution. Define the term Occam's Razor and describe how it applies to this example. Why could the Founders have called the overall idea they used the Massachusetts Plan?

James Madison supported representative democracy, whereby certain qualified individuals voted for politicians, who then made the decisions. - drafted the constitution with his great knowledge and research Occam's Razor- go with the simplest option the Founders studied the British and American state governments and it just so happens that Iroquois, pirates or Freemasons had similarity's in there political structure as the constitution drafted the constitution with his great knowledge and research The American state closest to the mixed-system model of republicanism Madison used for the national Constitution was Massachusetts. (foundercalled it the virgina plan )

Analyze why another group of New England Baptists in Connecticut sent President Jefferson a thank you letter. Discuss how his response impacted Constitutional interpretations of the First Amendment.

Like the Cheshire cow farmers, another group of New England Baptists sent Jefferson a thank you letter for his role in establishing religious freedom. In his response, Jefferson explained how the framers intended to separate church and state. the phrase separation of church and state is not in the Constitution. While interpreting original intent of Constitutional framers is a suspect enterprise most of the time, future Supreme Court justices were confident in applying the separationist idea because Jefferson and Madison penned it themselves in letters.

Nation Building

Looking back, we get a false sense of inevitability about the success of the early United States. Looking forward from 1781, there was less optimism about its prospects and many historians think the early U.S. nearly came unraveled. The Revolution was harder than most people today realize. Soldiering was dangerous, thankless and painful, civilians suffered economically because of the long blockade, and politicians put their lives on the line organizing the revolt. Even after the revolt succeeded, a group of officers unhappy with back pay and lack of pension threatened a coup against Continental Congress called the Newburgh Conspiracy that Washington defused with a pleaful speech. Despite all that, rebelling against a government and even overcoming it is far less complicated than creating a better one. In 1776, Thomas Paine had suggested a republic in Common Sense but Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence provided no blueprint for a new government. Before them lay a daunting challenge but also an opportunity to institutionalize Enlightenment politics. After the fighting, the hard work started: building a country from scratch. It wasn't really from scratch, in their case, because the colonies had a long tradition of local self-rule behind them, but they nonetheless faced a challenge with no self-sufficient economy, little history of unity amongst themselves, and no standing military to speak of. In front lay the challenge of creating the world's first major republic since ancient times. Not only do most revolutions fail, but there was also little historical precedent for representative governments. The Founders sensed that fragility, too, because they were expert amateur historians.

Explain why Masons were controversial and how Freemasonry impacted American history.

Many Americans were suspicious of the organization because of their secretive meetings, rituals, and codes, but their ranks included Founders like Franklin and George Washington and dozens of future prominent politicians, inventors, entertainers, and theologians. Masonic imagery worked its way onto American currency and iconic structures like the Washington Monument and Statue of Liberty The political structure of Masonic lodges, with their system of checks-and-balances and one-man-one-vote, is similar to the U.S. Constitution

Explain the overlapping but slightly different interpretations of historians Saul Cornell and Joyce Lee Malcolm on the meaning (original intent) of the Second Amendment. Explain why gun advocates' use of quotations by Richard Henry Lee and James Madison are misleading. Identify and explain the judiciary's Second Amendment shift in emphasis from militias to individual rights during the Civil War era.

Many scholars argue that the wording of the Second Amendment — A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed — concerns the question of how much power state militias would retain Second Amendment is the Anti-Federalists' effort to check a national army's potential power · Obligation to serve in govt militia almost similar to jury duty· State militias versus the national militia· They shifted emphasis of the powers of confederate armies

Identify 2-3 of the main religious denominations that sprang out of the Great Awakening

Methodism - free will & salvation - John Wesley Arminianism - salvation came through good works Mormons ( the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) Jehovah's Witness (Pentecostals, Shakers, Disciples of Christ (part of the Restoration Movement), Seventh-day Adventists, Cumberland Presbyterians, Millerites, Jehovah's Witnesses (later in 1870s) and, most famously, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons))

Describe the role of taverns, the early postal system, and churches/religion in organizing resistance against the British.

Rebels met in taverns (bars) - aired grievances, cemented organizational ties. same thing with post offices and courthouses - Benjamin Franklin initiated a colonial-wide postal system to keep people in contact that later morphed into the U.S. Postal System - non anglican church colonist upset had to pay tithes to the established Church of England - Redcoat or "Lobster-Back" soldiers still occupied town commons and took up jobs, which was an ongoing nuisance

Briefly describe early military action in New England and Canada.

Small-scale sporadic fighting broke out across New England Outside Boston in April 1775, Minutemen trained to be "ready at a moment's notice" mustered in preparation for fighting Redcoats.- "Midnight Ride of Paul Revere" to warn the Minutemen of Lexington and Concord that the "British were coming." British General Thomas Gage hoped to find Sam Adams and John Hancock in Lexington or Concord to imprison them and to seize rebel armaments. "Shot Heard Round The World" The Second Continental Congress sent Virginian George Washington north to form the rebel militia into a coherent army. With Washington in charge at Cambridge, Massachusetts, his army kept the British trapped in the Siege of Boston. fought the British to a standstill until they ran out of munitions and retreated. It was a costly victory for the Redcoats. The Burning of Falmouth motivated Continental Congress to start its own small Continental Navy, the beginning of the modern branch. Canadian Campaign Preparing for war with the mother country, Second Continental Congress sent a delegation led by Ben Franklin to Quebec to try and convince Canadians to join the cause as a fourteenth colony. When they refused, Congress launched an ill-advised campaign to conquer Canada to prevent the British from using it as a staging area. This was the first of two U.S. attempts to conquer Canada, the other being the War of 1812. George Washington ordered troops to respect the Canadians' Catholic faith while taking the colony, helping to establish a principle of religious freedom at a time when Protestants dominated Continental Congress.

Summarize the role of France in the Revolutionary War. How did their entry change the entire outlook of the British? What was the French role at the critical Battle of Yorktown?

The British waited there for an attack that never happened, leaving Newport open for the French. The French then sailed from Newport to Virginia to trap the British at Yorktown, The silver lining in these clouds was the French and Spanish alliance, which especially helped American rebels in the South. The Spanish fought the British in Louisiana, the Caribbean, and West Florida. The French supplied much-needed money for the Continental Army and the American rebellion became secondary from the British perspective — put on the back burner in favor of securing fishing rights in the North Atlantic and gaining territory in the sugar-rich Caribbean from the French. With the French Navy blockading the Chesapeake, they had the British trapped at the end of Yorktown Peninsula. withy briticsh loosing in the batter of Yorktown they decided to focus on the broader naval battle with the French and Spanish. -- The British could now profit from American trade without the hassle or overhead of governing their surly subjects. Moreover, given America's military weakness, the British wouldn't need to comply by whatever terms they agreed to at war's end.

Evaluate the domestic and international impact of the Declaration of Independence. Analyze what Annette Gordon-Reed meant when she said that the Declaration was "not all-inclusive, but it was transformative."

The Declaration originally only intended freedom for middle-class-and-above white males, not women, slaves, Indians, or property-less white men. planted a seed for more radical revolutions down the road. Its language inspired groups like Suffragists, abolitionists, and modern civil rights leaders. T Right off the bat, in 1777, Massachusetts abolitionists used the Declaration to help end slavery in their new state. - originally the founders didn't have all americans in mind but later in history and today the wording in the declaration is used to garrente life, liberty, and happiness to all americans.

Compare & contrast Pennsylvania colony with New England Puritanism. What was religious life in Pennsylvania like compared to New England? How did Quakers influence history?

The Enlightenment's main American satellite was Philadelphia, port and capital of Pennsylvania, the most religiously tolerant and scientifically oriented colony. - William Penn founded the colony after the English Civil War. - one didn't need Scripture either to be blessed with the inner light caused by Christ's crucifixion and resurrection. - religious tolerence - diverse ethically and religiously - pacifists, respected natives, against slavery (later- spearheaded abolitionism) In America, Penn turned the New England Puritan model of homogeneity inside out by inviting anyone interested to enjoy a "Holy Experiment" in religious pluralism, with no official religious establishment. - war should be avoided if possible - progressive child-rearing and equality for women - children should be cultivated, persuaded, and talked to rather than using intimidation and physical punishment. - motherhood is essential to society and women have an equal role to play - didn't believe in rank

Describe the philosophes' takes on: - Religion: Explain how Deism differs from Judeo-Christianity

The Enlightenment's signature religion was Deism, though there were plenty of atheist and Christian Enlightenment philosophers as well. Deism - disagreed that everything important to know was already known. - rejected Scriptural revelation and the sovereign, father-figure conception of the Judeo-Christian God in favor of a more impersonal force having created the universe. -- Their revelation was nature itself rather than Scripture, so science provided the path to the divine.

Summarize George Washington's military strategy.

The New York campaign symbolized strategic factors. The British occupation of New York was part of their broader plan to conquer port enclaves to snuff out America's vulnerable import/export economy Washington's retreat was part of what evolved into his defensive, or Fabian, strategy of avoiding direct conflict with the larger, professionally trained Redcoats, fighting them when and where he chose in quick hit-and-run campaigns. The Continental Army could not afford a war of attrition in which both sides sustained big casualties. They were also under constant threat from smallpox epidemics and had to divide precious time between drilling and building fortifications. What was called guerilla warfare by the 19th century wasn't what the traditional and aristocratic Washington preferred but he had little choice since the war was largely about avoiding taxes and Continental Congress struggled to fund his army.

New England, 1620-1692

The Pilgrims are the most famous of America's early settlers, but they came nearly a generation after the English built Jamestown in the Chesapeake. In 1602, Virginia Company explorer Bartholomew Gosnold named the spit that juts off Massachusetts Cape Cod and the island of Martha's Vineyard for his daughter, and Virginia's John Smith coined the term New England on a 1614 whaling expedition. Prior to that, Scandinavian Vikings fished off these shores in the Middle Ages and French explored the region looking for the Northwest Passage. Enslaved French inadvertently brought hepatitis to New England, wiping out most Indians before the English arrived. Smith also enslaved a Wampanoag Indian named Tisquantum, aka "Squanto," who already knew English when Pilgrims arrived in 1620. Two English primary sources record that Tisquantum walked out of the woods with his companion Samoset and said, "Welcome! Do you have some beer?" A smattering of other English settlers already lived in the area where the Mayflower made landfall in 1620 and Smith had already named it Plymouth. Pilgrims also found graves with Europeans and Indians buried together.

What were the main British and Rebel advantages and disadvantages? LECTURE CLASS STUDENTS: Over the course of the chapter, assess Washington's skill as a general.

The Rebels advantages - As insurgents fighting in their own land, they didn't have to defeat the British so much as they had to hang on until the British gave up. rebel disadvantages - With only around 1/3rd of Americans supporting independence (40% max), the Rebels had their own propaganda battles to fight, including getting people to think of the struggle as an actual war for independence rather than a civil rebellion, as the British and Loyalists interpreted it. - 1/3 cared, 1/3 didnt, 1/3 for brit British disadvantage - the British had to convince the American people that their best bet was staying in the British Empire. -- General Howe couldn't simply chase down Washington's men and massacre them. If he had, the military part of the war would have ended but he would have alienated the local population in the meantime (the Redcoats needed to politely pummel Washington's men into submission in a gentlemanly way that would win the respect of the public at large, while maybe intimidating them just enough to pay taxes.) -the British had more on their plate - dealing with america and colonies in Asia and were struggling to control their next-door neighbor, Ireland. Being a world empire keeps you busy.

Describe Benjamin Franklin's diplomatic role in the Revolutionary War.

The Saratoga victory was exactly the kind of news Beaumarchais and Benjamin Franklin in Paris could parlay into an overt (public) alliance between America and France, a power still looking to avenge their defeat to the British in the French & Indian War. The question was whether or not the "United States" was for real and whether their soldiers could prove themselves on the battlefield against the British. Saratoga proved they could. Franklin was too old to fight in the war but indispensable to victory because of his role as ambassador to France. secured a military and commercial alliance with France that obligated both to continue fighting against the British until the war concluded. Franklin cleverly sent peace feelers to the British he knew the French would intercept to increase his leverage. Miraculously, Franklin managed to coax a huge commitment from an absolutist French king to fund a republican revolution.

Colonial Rebellion

The history of the American Revolution really begins with the French & Indian War (1754-63), without which no rebellion would have taken place when it did. We read about the French & Indian War at the end of Chapter 3. The British took over North America at the end of the war, ruling the region north of Florida and west to the Mississippi River. Take a look at the map above. Colonists wouldn't have broken from Britain if they still needed their protection from the French (green), who'd blocked western expansion in the Ohio Valley. Americans and Redcoats fought together against the French but, as the saying goes, familiarity breeds contempt, and colonial militias resented the contempt of their superiors in the British military. More importantly, some colonists didn't think that they needed the British anymore and the population inhabiting these growing, resource-rich colonies was virtually self-selected for rebellion against authority, many of its settlers having emigrated from the British Isles to seek greater freedom. They bristled under British attempts to keep them near the East Coast and quarreled over financial issues regarding taxes and trade. By 1763, it was time to dust off the "Join, or Die" woodcut Ben Franklin had printed in 1754 to rally colonists on behalf of the British against the French; but, this time, they were rallying against their own rulers.

Describe how events in Pennsylvania indicate the actual push for independence was coming partly from the people (grassroots), not just political leaders.

The key shifts toward actual independence happened within individual colonies. States were forming and declaring independence before the upper, national tier did on July 4th Pennsylvania severed its ties to the British Crown in May 1776. The coup was influential because its participants convinced Continental Congress to declare that all colonial legislatures that derived their power from the Crown should be suppressed. many supported the coup and Pennsylvania's new constitution and three other colonies declared their independence from the mother country even before Pennsylvania: South Carolina (March 26th), North Carolina (April 12th), and Rhode Island (May 4th). Without these four states, it's unlikely Continental Congress would've tried to break away and form a country. Churches, trade guilds, and various colonial bodies and assemblies followed these states' lead. If the colonies were going to break from Britain their best chance of survival was to unite as one country, at least for military purposes.

Identify what motivated Benedict Arnold (and/or Peggy Shippen) to eventually side with the British.

The next year, Washington became fully aware of an even more notorious traitor: Benedict Arnold. (was personally responsible for his defeat at Saratoga, the most important battle of the war.) Arnold resented not being credited with what he'd done on the battlefield, especially at Saratoga where he'd shattered his leg, leaving the left two inches shorter than the right. Instead, he'd been passed over for promotions in favor of seemingly lesser men. Washington seemed to be in his corner, but no one else. After one failed courtship with another woman, Arnold married Peggy Shippen, recycling the same love letters he wrote to the first. The Shippens, if not outright Loyalists, were better off when the British occupied Philadelphia and certainly didn't favor the revolutionary government that was persecuting Arnold. British bought Arnold

Access the meaning and impact of Shays' Rebellion. What does this uprising tell us about the early United States?

There were problems under the Articles of Confederation controlling American civilians. veterans opposed rising taxes, a requirement that they pay for goods in hard currency rather than barter, and high farm loan payments with usurious interest rates. They wanted transparency among political leaders in league with financiers and to prosecute corrupt officials. Bounds became worth somthing but many veterans sold theres. -- a consensus was forming among the powerful that class war might only be averted with a strong, central government. -- five of the biggest states decided to hold a convention the following year in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation, plan canals that would improve commerce by connecting the eastern seaboard to the growing interior and, most of all, restore enough law and order to prevent uprisings like Shays' Rebellion.

Outline the decisions Washington made at Valley Forge and explain their impact.

Word of the French alliance came none too soon for Washington. While British General William Howe left Johnny Burgoyne in the lurch by not going up the Hudson River to rendezvous at Albany (Saratoga), he succeeded in taking the key enclave of Philadelphia in September 1777. Washington's army put up a stiffer fight than they had in New York but Howe still prevailed at the 11-hour Battle of Brandywine Creek on 9/11, sending 12k Continentals into retreat (circled in the map above). The Redcoats soon seized the Patriot capital. In the winter of 1777-78, Washington struggled to keep his ragtag army together at Valley Forge, their fort north of Philadelphia on the Schuylkill River. First, with what little funds Congress could muster, Washington imported his own mercenary to drill his troops: Prussian General Baron Von Steuben, a veteran of the French & Indian War. Second, Washington tricked the British into thinking that his army was bigger than it was. With many of his men sick and others disgruntled, cold and hungry, the Redcoats probably could've destroyed them right then and there by attacking Valley Forge, ending the revolution. A third smart move was Washington's inoculation of troops against smallpox, the most feared "distemper" of the era. The Redcoats chose to abandon the capital they'd fought so hard to win the previous year because they feared a French naval blockade would trap them there (Philadelphia is an inland port). In sweltering heat, the Continentals fought the Redcoats to a draw at Monmouth in a traditional European-style pitched battle.

Analyze the connection between the "Destruction of the Tea" and the American Revolutionary War

british saw leniency toward Boston as signaling leniency toward rebels Parliament even berated Ben Franklin over the affair just because he was an easy (in person) target, (even though he was in London on a mission to improve colonial relations and supported Massachusetts compensating for the tea after he learned of the riot.) - Brits lost a key ally who could've come in handy down the roa

Evaluate the arguments James Madison made in the Federalist Papers regarding the size and diversity of the United States. Why does the textbook argue that, if we must have lobbies, it's better to have more than less?

checks and balances. everyone checks eachother "the more the better" — that way they'll hopefully balance each other out.

The textbook argues that declinism — the idea that things are going downhill, especially morally — is a nearly universal and perpetual sentiment. Describe one example of something that, in your opinion, is currently getting worse, and one that is getting better. Learning Objective #6 is for in-class (F2F) lecture students, not distance learning (DLC)

ignore

Read the Declaration of Independence (click on "Read a Transcript"): Describe how Jefferson justified the rebellion from a religious perspective. Whom did Jefferson (and the committee) blame most for the bad relations between the colonies and Britain? How persuasive is Jefferson's lists of complaints? Were the complaints extreme enough to justify separation?

men created equal - crater gives men rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness - so therefore men have a right to abolish uncool government - present king or brittan - very persuasive - yes

Refresh yourself on the term mercantilism from Chapter 2. How might one argue that the Burning of the Gaspee, Pine Tree Riots, and Boston Tea Destruction were really protests, more broadly, against British mercantilism?

mercantilism- The British tried to crack down on smuggling, regulate currency, and collect import taxes, enforcing the Navigation Acts they'd passed in mid-century to enforce their mercantilist monopoly on American trade. They were trying to steer more trade toward England and away from France and the Netherlands because that was the whole point of colonizing; otherwise the "mother country" is paying to run the place while others reap the profit. American merchants protested against British officials being able to search their homes and warehouses for contraband. One of their lawyers in Boston, James Otis, Jr., wrote, "Taxation without representation was tyranny." They'd been arguing the same since at least as far back as 1750. New England smugglers resented Britain's mercantilist constraints on the tea trade, Southerners complained that the British economic system threatened their independence and even honor

Explain how New England's self-perception has continued to affect American history up until the present day. Identify and explain the concept of American Exceptionalism.

rebellious notions of independence sprang most strongly from Massachusetts, where a tradition of local self-rule developed over the previous century-and-a-half. New Englanders' sense of democracy and free labor was very different than what emerged out of the slaveholding South. New Englanders' ideas of historical purpose and religious nationalism continue to infuse America's identity The Pilgrims and Puritans provided the foundation for one aspect of American Exceptionalism: the idea that the U.S. has a unique role to play in world history. puritans though they were suposed to show everyone how to be - American exceptionalism; America is a special place with an important role to play among nations

How might an older, wiser King George III have diffused this conflict?

seeked compromise or resolution - accepted Continental Congress's Olive Branch Petition asking for reconciliation

Outline the main ideological foundations of the Enlightenment.

the Enlightenment was "not an historical period, but a process of social, psychological or spiritual development, unbound to time or place." Like the Renaissance and Dark Ages, the Enlightenment is one of those historical tags that lends itself to biased agenda-driven oversimplifications, highlighting some themes while concealing others. Yet, people who lived through it were aware they were in a new age. - started to question all dogma — be it philosophical, scientific, political, or religious — building on rather than just revering and reviving ancient Greek and Roman knowledge and what was relearned/discovered during the age of exploration

Explain what is meant by the term Perfect Storm and how it might apply to the Salem Witch Trials. Identify some of the main causes of the witch trials.

the Salem Witch Trials happened due to circumstances that created a perfect storm or rare combination of factors — declinism, inexperienced judges interpreting Scripture, I ndian wars, denominational strife, socioeconomic tension, general pre-scientific superstition, petty jealousy, and paranoia

Explain one theory why, despite officially separating religion and politics, the United States ended up with more religion in its politics than most countries.

what's most ironic about America's church-state separation is that it inadvertently enabled religion to infuse politics more than in most countries. All denominations and ideas were free to thrive or die out in America's free religious marketplace. (uncensored marketplace) Diverse theologies flourished that could be widely interpreted (Religion is used to argue both sides of political debates) increasingly democratic politics of the time paved the way for the growth of denominations.

Analyze why the Framers attached a list of individual protections to the Constitution later known as the Bill of Rights.

· Originally were skeptical that the constitution didn't guarantee individual rights

Outline the accomplishments under the Articles of Confederation and its main problems.

· didn't bind the country together tightly enough- unifying the states but keeping most of the power at the state level -- People identified mainly with their states not America · Inability to tax = no military = no control over citizens and nations - british were greatly profiting in trade crippling american economy (later contitution gave the national tier control over interstate trade with the Commerce Clause to prevent states from passing tariffs and barriers against one another. They could no longer coin or print their own money, void each others' debts or sign separate treaties with European countries.)