Exam 2

What might Claudius's shift to a more rustic style, in contrast to the Classical style of Caligula, indicate?

A break from the excesses of Caligula's rule.

Who was Perikles?

A general, statesman, and leader of Athens.

What detail in Aegean art seems to indicate youth?

A mostly shaved scalp.

Which of the following best characterizes the stylistic shift that occurred in the Late Classical era?

A movement toward more realist works representing the everyday can be seen.

Compare the Pont Du Gard and the Porta Maggiore. Which of the following is NOT a common feature shared by the two structures?

Both supported the transportation of water.

How did Julius Caesar disseminate his portrait throughout Roman territories?

By emblazoning his profile on denarius coins.

What city did Constantine rename Constantinople and declare the New Rome?

Byzantium

In the absence of resources to build monuments, what medium did emperors use to advertise their regimes?

Coins

Which statement best describes the shift in portraiture seen in the Bust of Commodus as Hercules?

Commodus contrasts the Classical and modest portrait style of his father by likening himself to the hero Hercules.

What is Polykleitos best remembered for?

Developing a system of ideal proportions for sculpture.

What artistic evidence suggests to scholars a wide range of Minoan influence beyond the Aegean?

Frescoes in the Minoan style found as far away as Syria and the Nile Delta in Egypt.

What is an accurate description of this sculpture?

It depicts a generic, youthful portrayal of perfection and beauty.

How did the 1981 discovery of the Heroon at Lefkandi contribute to ideas about ancient Greece after the decline of Mycenaean and Minoan cultures?

It evidenced some continued wealth and long-distance contacts.

What is a Krater?

It is a large, open-mouthed vessel for mixing wine and water.

How did the style of Constantine's colossal portrait depart from the trend seen in the portrait of the Tetrarchs?

It moves away from abstraction and depicts an idealized but individual ruler with aspirations toward global domination.

What was the function of the Treasury of Atreus?

It was an elite tomb.

Why was the Athenian Akropolis in ruins after 479 BCE?

It was destroyed by Persian forces and left by the Greeks as a memorial.

Which of the following was not a technique used by the artists of Livia's wall painting to create the illusion of nature indoors?

Linear perspective.

What makes this figure characteristically Greek?

Male nudity.

Why did bronze become the more favored sculpting medium in the Early Classical period?

More dynamic poses were possible.

In which area of Archaic Etruscan society was Greek influence most evident?

Religion: temples and deities.

What is suggested by the fact that Cycladic graves contained a range of objects, including marble vessels, weapons, and jewelry?

That the buried objects represented the deceased's identity and/or personal achievements.

What event is considered the beginning of the decline of Etruscan civilization?

The Greeks' defeat of the Etruscan fleet, 474 BCE.

The Flavian Dynasty sought to earn back the trust of the Roman people after the disastrous rule of Nero. Their usage of verism in portraiture helped associate the Flavians with what other period in Roman history?

The Republic of Rome.

Which of the following statements best describes the historical accuracy of the continuous narrative on Trajan's column?

The narrative is mixed with stock scenes that convey a highly propagandistic message and should not be considered an accurate historical document.

What is characteristically Classical in style about this scene?

The scene is violent yet peopled by calm and graceful figures.

In which room of a Roman house would rainwater be collected?

atrium

Which new type of pottery was developed in the city of Corinth?

black-figure

The Temple of Hera at Poseidonia provides an early example of Greek architecture, demonstrating an interest in symmetry and the human experience, resulting in what exaggerated feature?

entasis

What was the preferred building material for Greek temples?

marble

What is the name of the triangular architectural element shown in this image?

pediment

While most known Cycladic figures are depictions of women, a small number of male figures have been found, and are usually in what position?

playing a harp

Where did the Villanovan and Etruscan societies live?

the Italian Peninsula

Which of the following public works was sponsored by the Flavian Dynasty?

the Patheon

Where would lower- and upper-class Romans most likely interact without visible indicators of their social status?

the domus

According to this chapter, the Colosseum was used for all the following EXCEPT:

to the Hero Hercules

Which of the following provides the best evidence of the earliest Mycenaean culture on mainland Greece?

tombs

What are the rounded structures shown here called?

tumuli

Which of the following terms refers to the Flavian's preference of realism in their portraiture?

verism

Linear B tablets suggest that Mycenaean kingdoms on the Greek mainland were independent of one another. What archaeological evidence supports this?

Each kingdom had its own citadel and administrative complex.

The raised podium and frontal stairway of this temple reflect the influence of what culture?

Etruscan

How can we BEST characterize the stylistic shift in sculpture that distinguishes the Early Classical from the earlier Archaic period?

From stiff to dynamic and serious.

How did Diocletian overhaul the political organization of the Roman Empire?

He chose to share power with potential rivals, eventually in an arrangement called the Tetrarchy.

Augustus's ideology, transmitted through his public works, can best be described by which of the following statements?

He focused on communicating the strength and peaceful abundance or Pax Romana of the Roman empire.

How did a shift from decentralized authority, such as democracy, to hereditary monarchy alter architectural patronage?

High-status spaces like palaces and tombs became more prevalent.

Which of the following is the best definition of foreshortening?

In two-dimensional art, creating the illusion of recession in space.

What technique seems to have been commonly used to make sculptures in bronze appear more lifelike?

Inlay in various materials to animate the form.

Which of the following statements best describes the stylistic elements of the Fourth Style of painting?

It combines elements from earlier styles including illusionism, landscape, and architectural features.

What does the presence of gold death masks in Grave Circle A tell us?

It demonstrates the great wealth of the people buried in the graves.

Why would an object like the Sarcophagus of the Spouses be common in Etruscan culture, but not in ancient Greek culture?

It depicts a man and a woman at a banquet together, while Greek women did not attend banquets.

What was the main cultural effect of the Edict of Milan in 313?

It outlawed the persecution of Christians, allowing the new faith to grow in size and influence.

How do scholars explain the presence of an oared longboat on the Cycladic "frying pan"?

It relates to the cultural importance of seafaring to Cycladic culture.

Why do art historians argue that the Gemma Augustea was created after the death of Augustus?

It shows Augustus as a god.

What town, along with Pompeii, was buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius? `

It used characteristics of aging to imbue her image with wisdom and dignity.

What was the function of a sanctuary?

It was a space for public worship, including sacrifices and offerings.

What accounts for the unusual shape of the Erechtheion?

It was a steep site with preexisting shrines.

What materials were most Greek houses built of?

Mudbrick walls on stone blocks.

What town, along with Pompeii, was buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius?

Naples

Which Julio-Claudian emperor built the extravagant and expansive Domus Aurea?

Nero

What is the best explanation for why there is so much male nudity in Classical Greek sculpture?

Nudity suggests heroism in battle, which was a cultural value.

What were members of the Roman upper class called?

Patricians

A major component of Augustus's imperial ideology was Pax Romana. What does Pax Romana mean?

Peace of Rome

During the Julio-Claudian dynasty, a shift to a more emotional style suggests an interest in which of the following?

The Hellenistic period.

Given the loss of the original bronze, what evidence can scholars use to suggest this Roman sculpture copies the original work of the Pergamene sculptor Epigonos?

The Roman writer, Pliny, detailed the works of artists. allowing scholars to make an informed hypothesis.

What surprising archaeological find provides direct evidence of expanded cultural contact during the fourteenth and thirteenth centuries BCE (the time period called an international age)?

The Uluburun shipwreck off the coast of southern Turkey.

Based on this plan, what is the main feature of a Minoan palace complex?

The central courtyard

Winged Victory (Nike) of Samothrace sculpture exemplify Hellenistic art?

The dramatic treatment of the drapery pressing against her form.

Which factor mainly shaped art and architecture in the Late Roman period?

The end of the Pax Romana and accompanying propagandistic and ideological messages.

What feature of this sculpted relief indicates the ancient Greek philosophy of humanism?

The everyday act of adjusting a sandal.

Which feature of the equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius symbolizes the character he is known for in his Meditations?

The expression of sadness and concern reflects his stoic character.

How can we tell this sculpture by Lysippos dates to the Late Classical fourth century BCE rather than the preceding Classical era?

The figure is depicted in mid-action, enticing the viewer to move around the sculpture.

What aspect of this sculpture best illustrates benefits of the bronze medium?

The figure's greatly outstretched arms.

How does this procession relief differ from reliefs on earlier arches?

The figures are static and less naturalistic than on previous reliefs.

What feature of Etruscan culture is illustrated in the scene on this object?

The formation of a mystic cult using entrails to worship Kalkas.

What explains the relative lack of Greek bronze sculptures today?

The medium was melted down and reused when the sculpture was no longer relevant or valued.

Why is one face in this work noticeably missing?

The person was subjected to damnatio memoriae, a dishonor in which his or her image was intentionally erased.

What did careful analysis with a microscope reveal about this sculpture?

The sculpture had been painted.

Which of the following details is notably Hellenistic?

The use of diagonals and overlapping.

What stylistic choice identifies this sculpture as being from the Late Roman Empire?

The use of disembodied relief for an intentionally abstract composition.

Which of the following did the Flavian and Nerva-Antonine Dynasties both seek to communicate through their portraiture?

The wisdom of the emperor.

From where do we get most information about the design of Villanovan hut dwellings?

Their cremation urns,which were shaped like miniature huts.

figures, like the Anavysos , markedly different from Egyptian statuary?

They are nude.

What is a possible political reading associated with the mythological battle scenes included on the Parthenon's exterior, such as this one?

They may have symbolized the Greek defeat of the Persians.

What does the inclusion of personal items such as jewelry and weapons in their graves suggest about the Villanovans?

They viewed the items as perpetual status symbols.

What best describes early Cycladic settlements?

They were fortified with walls and towers.

What archaeological evidence indicates that wine consumption was an important part of rituals at the Palace of Nestor?

Thousands of vessels, mainly cups, were found in rooms on site.

What was Vespasian's main motivation for building the Colosseum?

To earn back the trust of the Roman people after the rule of Nero.

Which of the following public monuments commemorates the military success of the Romans in the Dacian Wars?

Trajan's Column

In a wealthy Roman domus, being invited into spaces that were deeper in the center of the building indicated what?

Trust and social connection.

How does the relief of the imperial family on the Ara Pacis communicate the stability of the dynasty?

Using portraits of his family to represent the imperial lineage.

What term refers to the use of realistic signs of age to convey wisdom and character in portraiture?

Verism

What is a tholos?

A round, vaulted building, often a tomb.

What is the likely source material for the Laocoön sculpture?

A scene related to the defeat of Troy in which a priest and his sons are punished by the gods.

Where would a sculpture like this one have been placed?

Along the roof of an Etruscan temple.

Why are some scholars convinced that the Vergina tombs belong to the family of Alexander the Great?

Analysis of the human remains aligns well with what is known about Alexander's father and son.

Which of these Roman structures would later become the basis for Christian churches?

Bascillas

Kamares ware is a type of pottery made by early Minoans. Why is it also called eggshell ware?

Because its walls are very thin.

Why are the paintings at the Knossos palace still so vivid?

Because they used the true fresco technique, which is painting on wet plaster.

Which of these works most clearly alludes to the legendary founding of Rome?

Capitoline Wolf

Under which emperor were the baths in Rome, begun by Septimius Severus, completed?

Caracalla