EXAM 2 Knowledge Checks and Key Terms

Chain of Command

A flow of authority and power from the highest to the lowest levels of the organization.

Mechanistic model

A formalized structure based on centralization and departmentalization.

Organization

A group of people working together to achieve a specific goal.

Organic model

A less formalized structure based on decentralization and cross-functional teams.

Self-appraisals (also known as "self-assessments")

Allow employees to assess their own performance by identifying strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for development

General environment

External forces that affect all organizations participating in an economy, where managers have little or no power to effect change.

T/F: A vertical organizational structure is also known as a flat structure.

FALSE

T/F: Organic organizations tend to function as bureaucracies.

FALSE

T/F: Taking small, fast, low-cost risks is an ineffective way for managers to try out new ideas.

FALSE

T/F: Capelli believes that attempts to change cognitive processes are the most effective way to reduce discrimination.

FALSE; Capelli believes that people should be told what behaviors to demonstrate in order to promote inclusivity.

T/F: Entrepreneurs inside only work for one type of organization.

FALSE; Entrepreneurs inside function in all sizes and varieties of organizations, including government agencies and nonprofits

T/F: Diversity and inclusion are different terms for the same thing

False

T/F: Entrepreneurs with grit focus on achieving perfection

False

T/F: Implicit bias is a discriminatory behavior pattern.

False

T/F: Marketing and branding shouldn't be addressed until an organization is well established.

False

T/F: Navigating cultural differences effectively is simply about being able to get along with others.

False; it's vital for the success of organizations and in ensuring effective collaboration.

T/F: Most companies have recruiting programs that are focused on attracting and retaining diverse talent.

False; only 20% of companies invest in programs like these, even though they have been shown to increase diversity.

In which industry would integration be more common?

Fashion; its unpredictable and ever-changing

If someone has a great product, but it cannot be made affordably for a large group of people, there is a problem with ______.

Feasibility

In a __________ structure, some layers of management are removed

Flatter

Horizontal organizational structure

Focuses on teamwork and collaboration to achieve collective goals, also known as a flat structure

Agile performance management

Frequent performance feedback delivered by informal check-ins between managers and employees

Which statement regarding organizational charts is true?

They clearly delineate how a company is structured.

Differentiation works better in industries that are stable and predictable.

True

T/F: An important way to ensure successful onboarding is to connect new hires with key stakeholders.

True

T/F: Being dictatorial is a universal negative trait.

True

T/F: Calculating affordable loss means to decide what entrepreneurs are willing to lose.

True

T/F: GLOBE found that there are some management traits that are thought of as universally positive.

True

T/F: Geocentric management is an approach to international business that seeks the best talent and from around the world.

True

T/F: Higher education is an example of human capital

True

T/F: Human capital refers to the talent within an organization.

True

T/F: Organizational charts help streamline organizations.

True

T/F: Social entrepreneurship focuses on innovative solutions for challenges like environment problems.

True

T/F: Tasks forces can be a helpful way to ensure diverse talent is retained in an organization.

True

T/F: The first step of entrepreneurship is to identify the desired impact on the world.

True

True or False: Effective managers ensure that the internal environment of the company is consistent with its mission and values.

True

Company websites are often home to job_________ forms - selection tests - interviews - application

application

Kayley works for a forward-thinking company that is committed to its excellent employee experience. Her company distributes management responsibility to all employees. This empowers employees because each person feels that they make valuable contributions toward company decisions. Which of the following does this scenario demonstrate?

decentralization

T/F: Involving managers in the hiring process may help increase diversity levels.

True; helps them focus on the goal of finding new employees rather than focusing on their own biases

Interviews

- the most common selection tool used by employers - historically low in both reliability and validity

Specialization

(not completed) Subdivision of tasks into individual jobs

Matrix organizational structure

*A company structure in which the reporting lines are set up as a grid or matrix. *freedom to collaborate and innovate with coworkers across different departments and the opportunities to learn new skills through this process.

4 types of performance reviews

- Annual performance review - Self-appraisals - 360-degree appraisal - Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS) (most resilient performance methods)

*How to overcome change?

- Communication - Participation - Negotiation - Coercion

5 factors of Grit

- Courage - Conscientiousness - Perseverance - Resilience - Excellence

*What ways can you learn about culture?

- Dress - Stories (Doesn't work here anymore) - Rituals - Language - Symbols (Ducks)

5 Key selection tools

- General mental ability test - Motor and physical ability test - Personality test - Work sample test - Management assessment centers Good Moose Prance With Mice

6 Entrepreneur characteristics

- Internal Locus of Control - High Energy Level - Need to Achieve - Self-Confidence - Time Sensitive - Impatient - High Tolerance for Ambiguity HINTS

5 Dimensions of Hofstede's Model

- Power Distance - Individualism vs. Collectivism - Uncertainty Avoidance - Materialism; (Masculinity - Femininity)/(competitive - cooperative) - Short - Long-term Orientation Pink Icees Under Magical Shrooms

3 general concepts of Managing Global Environments

- Social Environment - Cultural differences - Communication

3 factors of an Internal Environment

- comprises the forces inside the organization that affect how managers set expectations - how employees perform their roles - how the company interacts with stakeholders and responds to the external environment.

Application form

- contain job-related information in a standardized format that helps managers compare candidates - track applicant and employee demographic information to protect themselves against illegal discrimination charges and monitor diversity initiatives

4 types of departmentalization

- functional - product - geographic - customer

Growth accelerants

1. Market Opportunity/Customers/Competitors 2. Human Capital/Workforce 3. Product/Services/After-Sales 4. Marketing/Branding 5. Research and Development/New Product Development

Ajay is nervous about his performance review because other managers, coworkers, and his clients are providing input to his boss about his performance. This statement describes which type of performance review?

360-degree appraisal

Simple structure

A common organizational structure used in small businesses where decision-making is centralized with the business owner

Virtual organizational structure

A company structure in which employees are geographically spread and tend to communicate by phone, e-mail, and the Internet

Cultural intelligence

A manager's or leader's ability to understand and make effective decisions based on cultural differences.

Vertical Integration

A method of diversification in which an organization begins producing its own supplies (backward integration) or takes on the distribution and selling of its products (forward integration)

Departmentalization

A process of grouping people with related job duties, skills, and experiences into the same area within the overall organizational structure.

Performance management

A process that provides feedback to employees to maintain and improve performance in line with organizational objectives.

Divisional strategy

A strategy that determines how a business will compete in a particular industry or market.

Organizational structure

A system that coordinates the people, tasks, and activities necessary to carry out a particular purpose

vertical organizational structure

A traditional company structure based on a chain of command where leaders sit at the top of the hierarchy and pass down orders to lower-level workers

360-degree appraisal

A type of performance review in which employees are appraised by everybody with whom they interact.

Change Management

Achieving goals by altering behaviors or processes in response to environmental forces

Entrepreneurship

Activities associated with seeking opportunities that generate new value, with an array of unknown forces

Vivian Lee

Actor in Gone with the Wind

Orientation

An effort to help employees fit smoothly into an organization

ADDIE Training Model

An instructional design model (ISD) used to support instructors when designing and building their training and learning programs Analysis --> Design --> Develop --> Implement --> Evaluate

glass ceiling

An invisible barrier that limits the opportunities for women and minorities to advance to upper-level positions

Weak culture

An organizational culture where the core values are not embraced or shared by its employees

Human resource management (HRM or HR)

An organizational function that deals with people-related issues such as recruitment, performance management, benefits, training, employee motivation, safety, and administration, while ensuring compliance with employment and labor laws

departmentalization by function

An organizational structure that groups employees according to the tasks they perform for the organization, such as marketing, finance, and human resources

Divisional structure

An organizational structure that groups employees by products and services, by geographic regions, or by customers—sometimes called multidivisional structure.

The conventional ______ is the traditional top-down structure.

Chain of command

Which of the following is advice that is helpful for avoiding stereotypes? - Learn the basics - Seek advice - Expect the unexpected - Be objective

Expect the unexpected

Someone tells you that they believe that all people and cultures are the same. This reflects the development model of intercultural sensitivity (DMIS) stage called ______. - denial - acceptance - minimization - defense

Denial

DMIS model

Denial --> Defense --> Minimization --> Acceptance --> Adaptation --> Integration Ethnocentric -----> Ethnorelativism Dainty Deer Always Admire Icees

Which phase of the ADDIE training model occurs after you assess learners' existing needs and identify any gaps that exist? - Development - Implementation - Analysis - Design

Design

Which term is most closely related to a person's ancestry?

Ethnicity

While trying to hone grit, Shonda takes actions that improve her skill and help her prioritize improvement over perfection. Shonda is focusing on ______.

Excellence

Employment Planning

Getting the right number of the right people in the right places at the right time.

Margaret Mitchell

Gone with the Wind

Functional Structure

Groups employees according to the tasks they perform for the organization, such as marketing, finance, and human resources

A _________ structure focuses on roles rather than individual job descriptions

Holacratic

Which company focuses on self-management?

Holacratic

Which organizational structure is characterized by being "boss-less?"

Holacratic

A _______ structure is more democratic in approach

Horizontal

A ________ structure focuses more on teamwork and collaboration.

Horizontal

Annual performance review

Identifies goal achievements, areas for improvement, performance issues, and opportunities for career progression

Rhianna believes that she treats everyone equally and does not discriminate against anyone. However, she unconsciously grips her purse more tightly whenever she sees a person who is experiencing homelessness. Rhianna's actions reflect ______.

Implicit bias

Internal forces

Inside influences such as company culture and employee diversity

When people thoroughly understand one or more cultures and make them part of their identity, this is known as which stage in the development model of intercultural sensitivity (DMIS)? - acceptance - adaptation - minimization - integration

Integration

Which is the process of bringing various departments of an organization together to achieve a common goal?

Integration

Behavioral-based interviews

Involve asking candidates questions based on past work experiences

Structured interviews

Involve asking the same predetermined questions to each candidate to facilitate comparisons

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

Issues concerning public access to disabled persons must be addressed, including physical structures and telecommunications services. *George H. W. Bush (R)

______ are self-motivated workers who use a variety of skills to enhance their knowledge of a particular subject area.

Knowledge workers

Unity of command

Management technique where employees report to one, and only one, designated manager

Dan Marino

Miami Dolphins Quarterback; was the 27th round draft pick

What sociological factors is Ethnicity associated with?

Nationality, culture, language, and ancestry

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Outlaws sex discrimination based on unequal pay for men and women doing similar work. *John F. Kennedy (D)

_________ are an organization's most valuable asset

People

Low ranking power distance dimension

People expect a more equal distribution of power.

High ranking power distance dimension

People from a particular culture tend to accept an unequal distribution of power.

Customer

People who pay for goods and services produced by organizations

Put the steps of the performance management process in order from first to last.

Planning --> Acting --> Tracking --> Reviewing PATRick star

Affirmative action

Proactive steps taken by organizations to counteract discrimination against minorities, including women

Decentralization

Refers to an organizational structure designed to allow all employees to make decisions and recommend changes *Empowerment!*

Centralization

Refers to an organizational structure designed to give top-level managers the authority to make decisions on behalf of the entire company.

Boundaryless organizational structure

Removes borders across the organization to drive efficiency, innovation, and growth through the free flow of information

Hofstede model of cultural dimensions

Research conducted by Dutch sociologist and IBM psychologist Geert Hofstede identifying five dimensions that vary across different cultures

The strength to Recover from failure and overcome obstacles is ______.

Resilience

______ refers to the personal obligation to perform tasks and meet specific goals.

Responsibility

_____ might be involved in interactive training

Role play

Upward communication

Sends messages from the lower levels of the organizational hierarchy to the higher levels

Training

The process of teaching new or existing employees the skills necessary to carry out their roles and improve current job performance

Delegation

The process of transferring authority and responsibility to others to carry out certain tasks and activities.

Demographics

Sociological characteristics, including age, gender, marital status, ethnicity, and geographic location, that affect buying habits, work ethic, work-life balance expectations, travel patterns, and disposable income

Which of the following describes a new company without an operational history?

Start-up

What are the 2 ways to increase the validity of interviews?

Structured and Behavioral-based

Delegating

The act of giving most of the responsibility to followers while still monitoring progress.

Communication

The act of transmitting information, thoughts, and processes through various channels

Grit

The quality that enables people to work hard and sustain interest in their long-term goals.

External Environment

The specific and general factors outside an organization that can change how it operates.

Unobservable Culture

The components that lie beneath the surface of an organization, such as company values and assumptions

workplace diversity

The degree to which an organization values the differences and similarities between people...in relation to age, gender, religion, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, skills and backgrounds, and effort made by those organizations to promote an inclusive culture

Work specialization (division of labor)

The degree to which jobs are divided into specific tasks

Division of labor

The degree to which jobs are divided into specific tasks.

Reliability

The degree to which test measures the most accurately and consistently

Validity

The extent to which a tool measures what it is supposed to measure.

Specific environment

The external factors that affect the organization's operations and performance—including customers, talent, suppliers, competitors, advocacy, and regulation.

capacity

The financial and human resources available to the company, which will enable or hinder it to achieve goals

Authority

The legitimate right given to managers to give orders and make decisions

Internal recruitment

The method of creating a pool of existing employees who may have the qualifications to fill required job vacancies in an organization

Span of control

The number of direct reports for whom managers are directly responsible. - Either have a more wide or narrow span

Integration

The process by which different parts of the organization are drawn together to achieve a common goal.

External recruitment

The process of creating a pool of qualified applicants outside the organization.

Organzing

The process of orchestrating people, actions, resources, and decisions to achieve goals

Selection process

The process of screening job applicants to hire the right candidate for the role. - A mutual decision-making process.

Centralization may cause

an overburdened executive

Cindy has been very helpful to Suzanne while training her to administer high-stakes exams at a test center. She suggested she spend time observing for a while and that she take her time until she works at the front desk in the mornings. Cindy pointed out that Suzanne may find this overwhelming, as the morning is the test center's busiest time. This describes which key way that managers can ensure a smooth onboarding process? - Help them succeed early. - Understand their challenges. - Make them part of the team. - Connect them with key stakeholders.

Understand their challenges

Which is an example of deep-level diversity? - a person's ethnicity - a person's age - a person's physical ability - a person's political beliefs

a person's political beliefs

Organizational Chart

a visual document that communicates how a company is organized

Bingham and Darcy are going to start a company that provides all-inclusive wedding packages. Before they take action to get started, they meet several times to determine how much money they are willing to spend and how many hours they are willing to work per week. What are Bingham and Darcy determining?

affordable loss

More than one-third of U.S. companies have replaced the annual review with more ______ feedback

agile

Which performance management method uses numerical ratings in various categories to assess performance?

behavioral anchored rating scale (BARS)

The question "Can you tell me about a time when you managed a project from beginning to completion?" is common during a ________ interview.

behavioral-based

Which performance management method has more successful outcomes than the other methods? - 360-degree appraisal - annual performance review - self-appraisal - behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS)

behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS)

Which is an advantage of departmentalization?

better communication WITHIN the department

In a _________ structure, there is no structure at all to focus on innovation and growth

boundaryless

Where I work there is no distinction between managers and entry-level employees - boundaryless - flatarchy - flatter - holacratic

boundaryless

Mechanistic organizations tend to function as ___________.

bureaucracies

Tuition reimbursement is an example of a program that benefits human _________.

capital

The company that Nia works for has a traditional ______. The owner of the company likes to have control of all major decisions. - chain of command - span of control - unity of command - authority

chain of command

Some people suggest that sports are popular in the U.S. because the culture is focused on performance and achievement. This focus is an example of which of Hofstede's cultural dimensions? - power distance - long-term orientation - uncertainty avoidance - competition

competition

Which component of grit refers to laboring without rest, despite challenges?

conscientiousness

Which of the following best describes the role of people who work for a large organization and create new products or processes?

corporate entrepreneurship

Which aspect of grit refers to being unafraid of failure?

courage

Disruptive innovations

create new markets through the discovery of new categories of customers

A job rotation program is a type of ______-training

cross-training

______ learning involves the attitudes, behavioral norms, and values of the organization

cultural

Which of the following refers to diversity that goes beyond easily observable characteristics?

deep-level diversity

Which of Bennett's developmental model of intercultural sensitivity (DMIS) stages refers to when people don't acknowledge that cultural differences exist? - minimization - defense - acceptance - denial

denial

The degree to which jobs are divided into specific tasks is known as ______.

division of labor

A ___________ structure groups employees by products and services or by geographic region.

divisional

I work for an e-Learning company that has different teams for each product offering. - simple structure - functional structure - divisional structure

divisional structure

Online training modules are a form of ______ training

e-learning

Which of the following is an example of an internal recruitment method?

employee referrals

Recent times have seen an increase in ______. - fixed work schedules - employee turnover - paperwork - hiring

employee turnover; nearly 60%

An efficient onboarding process helps to increase employee ______.

engagement

Which of the following best describes all the strengths and capacities that make people capable of success in a high-risk business environment?

entrepreneurial skills

Which of the following best describes people who plan, organize, and lead high-risk business opportunities?

entrepreneurs

Which of the following is an approach to international business in which management believes that people who share their cultural values make the best managers? - ethnocentric - geocentric - polycentric - monocentric

ethnocentric

Which type of organizational structure is a mix of hierarchies and flat organizations?

flatarchies; e.g., Google

I work for a tech company that runs an internal innovation program. - boundaryless - flatarchy - flatter - holacratic

flatarchy

The company I work for has managers, but there is a very flexible structure. - boundaryless - flatarchy - flatter - holacratic

flatter

In a ________ structure, Employees are grouped according to the type of work they do for the organization.

functional

Which aspect of diversity is relevant when discussing the glass ceiling?

gender

departmentalization by product

groups activities related to a particular good or service

Human resource management has developed over time from its focus on personnel issues to its current strategic focus on supporting company ________ and productivity.

growth

A professional development workshop is an example of a program intended to increase employee knowledge and skills or ________ - labor relations - human resource management - human capital

human capital

Which of the following growth accelerants is largely connected to the appeal of company culture?

human capital

Recruitment is an example of one particular function of _______ - labor relations - human resource management - human capital

human resource management

A "Help Wanted" ad that seeks "females" or "recent college graduates" may be _______

illegal

Which of the following is an unconscious positive or negative stereotype? - prejudice - discrimination - implicit bias - explicit bias

implicit bias

When we strive to make a diverse group of people feel welcome in an organization, we are focused on engaging in ______.

inclusion

______ are workers who are considered self-employed. - Knowledge workers - Independent contractors - Recruiters - Employers

independent contractors

If you wanted to study why some countries are more focused on the good of the group than others, which dimension of Hofstede's model would be appropriate? - uncertainty avoidance - individualism vs collectivism - power distance - competition

individualism vs collectivism

human capital definition

knowledge and skills gained by employees that help increase economic value for employers

The relationship between management and the workforce is known as ______.

labor relations

a strike is an example of ineffective ________ - labor relations - human resource management - human capital

labor relations

Which is an example of how you might "learn the basics" according to Zhu?

learning to say "Hello" in another language

A company was forced to recall a product because the plastic contained a banned chemical. This costly mistake could have been avoided if the company had paid more attention to ______.

legal issues

Which of the following best represents inclusion? - encouraging groups to innovate - making people feel welcome - diversity workshops - hiring people with different religious beliefs

making people feel welcomed

Which of the following growth accelerants is related to attracting a diverse customer base?

market opportunity

After doing research and focus groups, Dava realized that the number of potential buyers for her new line of baby toys was extremely small. This led her to begin retooling her idea. Dava made changes because she realized that the _____ was too small.

market size

Which of the following is related to the potential number of customers available?

market size

Formalization can make employee behavior ___________

more predictable

there is risk of duplicating work in _______ structures

multidivisional

Which of the following is the best example of an organization's internal environment?

office decor

A hospital is an example of an ___________

organization

A company directory is an example of an ___________

organizational chart

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin *Lyndon B. Johnson (D)

Age diversity

people of all different ages included within the workplace

Entrepreneur inside

people who think and act entrepreneurially within different types of organizations, big or small *e.g., nonprofits, religious entities, government agencies.

______ learning focuses on power structures and decision making within the organization

political

Which of the following refers to the extent to which people are accepting of unequal distribution of authority? - time orientation - power distance - cooperation - uncertainty avoidance

power distance

After a business has been started, entrepreneurs might ask how they know if they should keep going. This is taking an opportunity to ______.

reflect

When an entrepreneur ______, they determine whether to continue with a venture or abandon it.

reflects honestly

Meena has a demanding work schedule and a busy life as a mom of three kids. She works for a tech company that allows her to work off hours to meet the demands of her job and her personal life. She is grateful to work for a company that allows her to be present for her kids. This scenario demonstrates which current HR challenge? - maintaining ethical and financial standards - rise in flexible working - increasingly diverse workforce - rapid increase in employee turnover

rise in flexible working

Management assessment centers are an example of _______ - selection tests - interviews - application form

selection tests

Which of the following best describes someone who starts multiple businesses, either at the same time or one after another?

serial entrepreneur

A small clothing boutique would likely have a ______.

simple structure

Decisions are made quickly where I work since there are no layers of management. - simple structure - functional structure - divisional structure

simple structure

Hakki has created a service that works with city governments to help find housing and services for homeless people and creates work doing community service until they transition to other employment. Which of the following best describes Hakki's work?

social entrepreneur

Margaret is establishing a new company to provide accessible wireless hotspots to people in rural communities. This is her first attempt to run a company and she is excited to help people and make a profit. Which of the following best describes Margaret's company?

start-up

Which of the following refers to any form of diversity that is easily perceived?

surface-level diversity

______ learning deals with the company's products, customers, technology, and systems

technical

Perseverance

the passion and commitment to long-term goals

Formalization

the process of determining procedures, rules, and responsibilities for employees

Onboarding definition

the process of equipping workers with the skills, knowledge, and behaviors to transition into an organization

Selection test

they assess the candidate's ability to perform certain tasks. Before a test is conducted, it must be proven to be a valid predictor of job success and not to discriminate unfairly.

classroom training is an example of __________

training led by an instructor

Maurice's workplace has a strict dress code for employees. There is little flexibility in the daily schedule and everyone knows what to expect next. The culture of his workplace is high in which of the following?

uncertainty avoidance

A _______ structure has a strong chain of command

vertical

A company that has no central corporate office has a ______. - boundaryless organizational structure - virtual organizational structure - flatter organizational structure - holacratic organizational structure

virtual organizational structure

Vedad is the head of human resources for his company. He trains his recruiters and line managers to seek out a wide variety of talent from different backgrounds and ethnicities so that each team has a wide variety of skills, values, beliefs and perspectives. Vedad also is sure the HR and recruiting team is comprised of people who have different values and backgrounds. Vedad is doing his part to encourage ______.

workplace diversity