Exam 2 Life on Earth (practice quiz)
Which biome is the richest in terms of the number of species? (A) Tundra (B) Desert (C) Tropical Rain Forest (D) Taiga (E) Savannah
(C) Tropical Rain Forest
Owens Lake is found to deposit sediment at a rate of 5 cm/year. The lake has 500 meters of sediment in it. What is the best estimate for the age of the lake (make the same assumptions made by geologists in Darwin's time)? 100 years 500 years 10,000 years 50,000 years 250,000 years
10,000 years
he first (earliest oldest) hominid (family, including orangutan) appeared about ___ million years ago. 1 2 6 12 18
12
Most of the megafauna (mastodons, mammoths, camels, etc.) of North America became extinct about 520,000 years ago 250,000 years ago 160,000 years ago 50,000 years ago 13,000 years ago
13,000 years ago
If evolution began with the first living organisms on Earth, when did biological evolution begin? 10,000 yrs 1,700,000 years 3.8 billion years 4.7 billion years 8.3 billion years
3.8 billion years
How old is the Earth? 10,000 yrs 1,700,000 years 3.8 billion years 4.7 billion years 8.3 billion years
4.7 billion years
The Sonoran tree toad has 100 physical traits that distinguish it from all other tree toads. Sonoran tree toad fossils indicate that these traits have accumulated at a rate of 2 traits/thousand years. For how long has the Sonoran tree toad been a distinct species. 100 years 500 years 10,000 years 50,000 years 250,000 years
50,000 years
Radiometric dating is based on the predictable decay of unstable isotopes. For example, one gram of radiocarbon would decay to one-half gram, in 5570 years. How long would it take for the remaining radiocarbon to decay to one-quarter gram? 55.7 years 696.5 years 2785 years 5570 years 11,140 years
5570 years
The first (earliest oldest) hominina (subfamily, including chimps, Homo) appeared about ___ million years ago. 1 2 6 12 18
6
Which of the following sequences is arranged as an evolutionary gradient (i.e., first (earliest to evolve) to last (last to evolve)? <i>Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo sapiens </i> <i>Australopithecus, Homo sapiens, Homo habilis, Homo erectus</i> <i>Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Australopithecus, Homo sapiens</i> <i>Homo neanderthalensis, Homo erectus, Australopithecus, Homo habilis</i> <i>Homo neanderthalensis, Australopithecus, Homo erectus, Homo habilis</i>
<i>Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo sapiens </i>
With every transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next, there is a loss of energy with more returning to the environment than is transferred to the next level. In the figure above, which of the five fluxes of energy (yellow arrows) labeled A - E is largest? A B C D E
A
In the figure (above), which level of the energy pyramid most likely is that of KEYSTONE SPECIES. a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
A Top number/least energy
In the figure of the marine life zones above, in which zone is the abundance of life greatest A B C D E
A top left
In the figure of the marine life zones above, in which zone would mangroves be found A B C D E
A top left
In the figure (above), which level of the energy pyramid most likely is that of CARNIVORE. a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
A, B, and C (top 3)
Which of the following was NOT a key observation for Darwin's theory? -Accumulation of favorable variations over many generations is natural selection. -Natural resources are limited -Populations are usually constant in size -Populations have the potential to increase exponentially
Accumulation of favorable variations over many generations is natural selection.
Which of the following was NOT a key observation for Darwin's theory? Accumulation of favorable variations over many generations is natural selection. Natural resources are limited Populations are usually constant in size Populations have the potential to increase exponentially There is natural variation within a species, and the variation is inherited
Accumulation of favorable variations over many generations is natural selection.
____________________ speciation may result when a population is divided into two separate populations by a physical barrier. Parapatric Allopatric Sympatric Phylogenetic Homoplastic
Allopatric
What is the function of the cranial crest? Allows the passage of the spinal cord from the brain case Attachment site for the large temporalis muscles Prevent sweat from getting into the organism's eyes Reinforcement for the skull, preventing damage Supports the upper face against the forces of chewing
Attachment site for the large temporalis muscles
Which of the following hominids had grasping feet and long arms (compared to the size of it's legs? Australopithecus afarensis Homo erectus Homo habilis Homo neaderthalensis Homo sapiens
Australopithecus afarensis
Which of the following hominids has the smallest brain case? Australopithecus afarensis Homo erectus Homo habilis Homo neaderthalensis Homo sapiens
Australopithecus afarensis
In the figure of the marine life zones above, in which zone would the nutrient concentration in the water be greatest A B C D E
B -top right, closest to sun
Why is the earth's equator warmer than its poles? Because prevailing winds do not carry warm air to the poles. Because the atmosphere of the earth is thinner at the poles. Because the polar icecaps reflect the sun's energy back into space. Because the poles are farther from the sun than the equator. Because the sun's energy is distributed over a wider surface area near the poles than at the equator.
Because the sun's energy is distributed over a wider surface area near the poles than at the equator.
The following human traits characterized the (early)arboreal stage of primate evolution EXCEPT _____ Bipedalism Color binocular vision Very small body size Grasping hand Large brain size relative to body
Bipedalism
Another word for the tiaga biome is Boreal Forest Chaparral (Woodland) Desert Grasslands Temperate Deciduous Forest Tundra
Boreal Forest
_____ is characterized by dense evergreen needle-leafed trees including spruce, fir and pine; with cold winters and deep snow, and the warmest month warmer than 10° C. Boreal Forest Chaparral (Woodland) Desert Grasslands Temperate Deciduous Forest Tundra
Boreal Forest
______ is characterized by shrubby vegetation 1 - 3 m high with thick, tough evergreen leaves; and seasonal drought, sometimes accompanied by fire. Boreal Forest Chaparral (Woodland) Desert Grasslands Temperate Deciduous Forest Tundra
Chaparral (Woodland)
The physical law that can be used to explain why a hot air balloon rises is known as: Boyle's Law Charles' Law Hadley's Law McGlues Law Radiation Law
Charles' Law
Which of the following is NOT one of the kinds of evidence for evolution? Biogeography Chromosomal Mutations Comparative Anatomy The Fossil Record Molecular Biology
Chromosomal Mutations
A Force deflecting atmospheric circulation clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the southern hemisphere. Biomes Coriolis Hadley cells Trade winds Westerlies
Coriolis
The influence of the earth's rotation on the directions taken by winds at the earth's surface is known as the Coriolis effect Hadley circulation gyroscope effect greenhouse effect trade winds
Coriolis effect
In the figure (above), which level of the energy pyramid most likely is that of HERBIVORES. a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
D (3368 second from bottom)
_____ is characterized by woody and suculent, spiny plants with tiny leaves or photosynthetic bark. Temperature is often, but not necessarily high and precipitation is generally less than 500 mm/yr and may be less than 250 mm/yr. Boreal Forest Chaparral (Woodland) Desert Grasslands Temperate Deciduous Forest Tundra
Desert
In convergent evolution A new species is produced by breeding of two different species Different animals are closely related Different animals have homologous structures Different animals look similar because they have evolved similar adaptations All of the above
Different animals look similar because they have evolved similar adaptations
With each transfer of biomass from one level to the next, more biomass is lost than is transferred. In the figure above, which of the five fluxes of nutrients (brown arrows) labeled A - E is largest? A B C D E
E
Of the regions in the map (above) which is most likely to have summer-wet, winter-dry climate? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
E Arizona/mexico
The following are primary factors determining Earth's climate EXCEPT Earth's energy is from the sun. Earth is a sphere. Earth loses heat to space through evaporation. Earth rotates on its axis. Redistribution of Earth's energy.
Earth loses heat to space through evaporation.
In which region would you least expect to see a biome? Alaska England Greenland Nevada Yukon Territory
England
Land plants such as ferns and conifers flourished during the Cretaceous, the geologic period when dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Another group of land plants evolved during the Cretaceous - these are known as: Algae Cycads Flowering plants Ginkos Horsetails
Flowering plants
Which of the following is an example of coevolution? A family living together Competition between species for limited resources Flowers of a certain shape attract only one species of pollinator Microevolution and macroevolution occurring simultaneously Two populations evolving at the same rate during the same time period
Flowers of a certain shape attract only one species of pollinator
______ is characterized by treeless vegetation less than 1 m high, including grasses and members of the sunflower family; with very frequent fires. Boreal Forest Chaparral (Woodland) Desert Grasslands Temperate Deciduous Forest Tundra
Grasslands
One of the hominids that existed at the same time as modern humans is: P. boisei A. afarensis H. georgicus H. habilus H. neanderthalensus
H. neanderthalensus
Atmospheric circulation patterns characterized by rising air near the equator and descending air at 30 degrees north and south latitude are: Biomes Coriolis Hadley cells Trade winds Westerlies
Hadley cells
Atmospheric circulation patterns characterized by rising air near the equator and descending air at 30 degrees north and south latitude are: Biomes Coriolis Hadley cells Trade winds Westerlies
Hadley cells
Which of the following hominids has the largest brain case? Australopithecus boisei Homo erectus Homo habilis Homo neaderthalensis Homo sapiens
Homo neaderthalensis
Which of the following hominids is sitting in this room Australopithecus Homo erectus Homo neanerthalensis Homo sapiens Paranthropus
Homo sapiens
A crater formed when a meteorite impacted the Earth approximately 65 million years ago -- this event brought about the extinction of the dinosaurs. Today, this famous K-T crater is located: In northern Arizona In northern New Jersey In Haiti In the Gulf of Mexico In Yellowstone National Park
In the Gulf of Mexico
Speciation may occur through the following EXCEPT Different Breeding seasons Different Favorite foods Different Preferred habitats Geographical barriers Loss of mating barriers
Loss of mating barriers
The two most likely causes of the mass extinction at the K-T boundary are believed to be: Evolution of mammals, oceanic anoxia Global cooling, larger continental ice sheets Meteorite impact, widespread volcanism Predation by early hunters, climate change None of the above
Meteorite impact, widespread volcanism
Which one of the following is NOT type of selection? Directional Disruptive Mutagenetic Natural Stabilizing
Mutagenic
Which of the following hominids was a specialized group that gave rise to no other hominid taxa and went extinct about 1,000,000 years ago Australopithecus <i>Homo erectus </i> Homo neanerthalensis Homo sapiens Paranthropus
Paranthropus
The K-T boundary mass extinction is probably the most famous mass extinction event in Earth history, but in terms of size, it is nowhere near the largest. The largest mass extinction, which led to the loss of nearly 95% of all marine organisms, occurred at the end of the: Cambrian Period Ordovician Period Permian Period Quaternary Period Victorian Period
Permian Period
Which one of the following is an example of allopatric speciation? Birds are stimulated to breed only after witnessing a song, display, or other courtship ritual that is characteristic in their group. Many different types of rain forest orchids cannot interbreed because they flower on different days. Populations of snapping shrimp divided by the Isthmus of Panama have diverged into separate species. Similar plants may fail to breed together because their flowering seasons are different. Some animals mate only if they recognize attractive appearances or scents in the potential mate
Populations of snapping shrimp divided by the Isthmus of Panama have diverged into separate species.
T. rex was one species of dinosaur with a pelvic structure similar to a lizard. All dinosaurs with this type of pelvic structure are known as: Angiosperm Permian Pteranodon Saurischian Teleosts
Saurischian
The earliest hominids evolved to meet the conditions in which developing biome Deciduous forest Desert Boreal forest Savannah Tundra
Savannah
Dinosaurs are classified into the Orders "Saurischia" or "Ornithischa" based on what aspect of their anatomical structure: Bipedalism Cranial ridge Number of teeth Precision grip Structure of the pelvis (hip bones)
Structure of the pelvis (hip bones)
______________________ speciation occurs when barriers to reproduction arise without physical separation. Parapatric Allopatric Sympatric Phylogenetic Homoplastic
Sympatric
______ is characterized by dense deciduous, broadleaved forest including maples, oaks and elms; with the structure of the vegetation and the composition of the canopy determined by the availability of light. Boreal Forest Chaparral (Woodland) Desert Grasslands Temperate Deciduous Forest Tundra
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Convergent evolution is Evolution occurring between two continents Evolution resulting from the mixing of two populations The conflicting effects of microevolution and macroevolution The result of selection pressure on two different species Two species influencing one-anothers evoltion
The result of selection pressure on two different species
The earliest mammals in the Mesozoic were characterized by: Their ability for complex thought and verbal communication Their large body size, similar to the modern moose Their large brains, bipedalism and binocular vision Their resemblance to modern camels Their small body size, less than a modern rat
Their small body size, less than a modern rat
Permafrost would most likely be found in which biome? Boreal Forest Chaparral (Woodland) Desert Grasslands Temperate Deciduous Forest Tundra
Tundra
______ is characterized by treeless vegetation less than 1 m high, including sedges, lichens, mosses, grasses, and dwarf woody plants; with the average temperature of the warmest month less than 10° C. Boreal Forest Chaparral (Woodland) Desert Grasslands Temperate Deciduous Forest Tundra
Tundra
Two consequences of elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 during the Cretaceous were: Colder temperatures, higher sea level Colder temperatures, lower sea level Warmer temperatures, higher sea level Warmer temperatures, lower sea level None of the above
Warmer temperatures, higher sea level
In "The Origin of Species" Darwin set forth this (these) ideas (ideas). descent with modification fixed species natural selection a & b a & c
a & c
Which of the following hominids was a diverse group that gave rise to other hominid lineages, but became extinct about 2,400,000 years ago a) Australopithecus b) Homo erectus c) Homo neanerthalensis d) Homo sapiens e) Paranthropus
a) Australopithecus
On the map above, the most distinctive characteristic of biome "D" is a) Availability Of Light b) Cold (summer temperature more than 10°C) c) Dry, Fires Very Frequent d) Seasonal (summer) Drought e) Very Dry (less than 250 mm annual rainfall)
a) Availability Of Light
On the map above "B" refers to a) Boreal Forest b) Chaparral (Woodland) c) Desert d) Grasslands e) Tundra
a) Boreal Forest same as eastern US
Which of the following is an example of Geographical isolation a) Continental Drift isolating certain species from others (as in the case of New Zealand, Australia, etc) b) Different species utilizing different parts of the environment, such as species of lizards wherein one lives in the trees, and the other in the ground c) The mating rituals of one species differ from those on another, genetically compatible species. d) When two genetically compatible species are active in different seasons e) When otherwise compatible species have structures that prevent them from mating
a) Continental Drift isolating certain species from others (as in the case of New Zealand, Australia, etc)
All dinosaurs are believed to have perished from a mass extinction event at the end of the ___ a) Cretaceous b) Jurassic c) Permian d) Pleistocene e) Triassic
a) Cretaceous
In addition to the evolution of dinosaurs, the Cretacious saw the evolution and expansion of the a) angiosperms b) cycads c) ferns d) gynkgos e) gymnosperms
a) angiosperms
A global-scale biotic unit consisting of similar-appearing, interacting plants and animals a) biome b) ecoregion c) community d) niche e) habitat
a) biome
Which of the following are considered defining characteristics of Dinosaurs? a) had either bird-like or reptile-like hips b) had sprawling posture c) spent its pre-adult life in the water d) were strictly bipedal e) were mostly quadrapedal
a) had either bird-like or reptile-like hips
The evolution of drug resistance in bacteria and other pathogens is an example of accidental selection. convergent evolution. microevolution. macroevolution. parasitism.
accidental selection.
The evolution of pesticide resistance in weeds and crop-pests is an example of accidental selection. convergent evolution. microevolution. macroevolution. parasitism.
accidental selection.
Darwin defined natural selection as ____ accumulation of favorable traits over time through reproductive advantage genetic change owing chance occurrences alone passing-on to offspring of characteristics acquired by the individual the origin of a species survival of individuals of a populatio
accumulation of favorable traits over time through reproductive advantage
Bats and bees both fly. This is an example of analogous structures coevolution homologous structures macroevolution
analogous structures
Increasing resemblance of organs serving the same function is called: allopatric speciation analogous structures homologous structures macroevolution microevoloution
analogous structures
The process by which the frequency of a trait or allele in a population increases in response to human action. artificial selection disruptive selection directional selection natural selection stabilizing selection
artificial selection
The extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous was likely due to: asteroids climate change human hunting plate tectonics volcanoes
asteroids
The extinction of most marine and terrestrial organisms at the end of the Permian was likely due to: asteroids climate change human hunting plate tectonics volcanoes
asteroids climate change volcanoes
Where is the euphotic zone located in marine environments? a) Intertidal b) 0-200 m c) 200-1500 m d) 1500-6,000 m e) > 6,000 m
b) 0-200 m
On the map above "F" refers to a) Boreal Forest b) Chaparral (Woodland) c) Desert d) Grasslands e) Temperate Deciduous Forest
b) Chaparral (Woodland) -California area
On the map above, the most distinctive characteristic of biome "A" is a) Availability Of Light b) Cold (summer temperature less than 10°C), Wind c) Dry, Fires Very Frequent d) Seasonal (summer) Drought e) Very Dry (less than 250 mm annual rainfall)
b) Cold (summer temperature less than 10°C), Wind - farthest above US
On the map above, the most distinctive characteristic of biome "B" is a) Availability Of Light b) Cold (summer temperature more than 10°C) c) Dry, Fires Very Frequent d) Seasonal (summer) Drought e) Very Dry (less than 250 mm annual rainfall)
b) Cold (summer temperature more than 10°C)
Which of the following is an example of Ecological isolation a) Continental Drift isolating certain species from others (as in the case of New Zealand, Australia, etc) b) Different species utilizing different parts of the environment, such as species of lizards wherein one lives in the trees, and the other in the ground c) The mating rituals of one species differ from those on another, genetically compatible species. d) When two genetically compatible species are active in different seasons e) When otherwise compatible species have structures that prevent them from mating
b) Different species utilizing different parts of the environment, such as species of lizards wherein one lives in the trees, and the other in the ground d) When two genetically compatible species are active in different seasons
Which of the following hominids existed for the longest amount of time? a) Australopithecus b) Homo erectus c) Homo neanerthalensis d) Homo sapiens e) Paranthropus
b) Homo erectus
Which of the following hominids was first to leave Africa a) Australopithecus b) Homo erectus c) Homo neanerthalensis d) Homo sapiens e) Paranthropus
b) Homo erectus
Consider a hypothetical lake with a large population of gastropods (snails). Allopatric speciation may occur from: a) a major drought shrinks the size of the lake, killing off 80% of the snails b) a volcanic event causes the lake to split into two separate waterbodies, isolating two populations of the snails c) random genetic change in the population d) sexual selection among the snails e) all of the above
b) a volcanic event causes the lake to split into two separate waterbodies, isolating two populations of the snails
Producers a) are carnivorous b) are photosynthetic c) break down organic remains d) feed on both plants and animals e) feed on herbivores
b) are photosynthetic
A collection of certain kinds of organisms living in a selected area, for example: the fish, the birds, the trees a) biome b) community c) ecosystem d) niche e) habitat
b) community
The population of red devils contains a few members with a gene for pesticide resistance (blue "gene"). After spraying with pesticide, the increased abundance of the red devils with a gene for pesticide resistance in the image is an example of __ a) alleles b) evolution c) meiosis d) mitosis e) replication
b) evolution
The bottom (the sediments) of freshwater lakes is benthic euphotic hypolimnonic limnetic profundal
benthic
The results of a population crash of a lineage, producing lower genetic diversity after population recovery bottleneck effect founder effect genetic drift natural selection stabilizing selection
bottleneck effect
Where is the bathyal zone located in marine environments? a) Intertidal b) 0-200 m c) 200-1500 m d) 1500-6,000 m e) > 6,000 m
c) 200-1500 m
On the map above "E" refers to a) Boreal Forest b) Chaparral (Woodland) c) Desert d) Grasslands e) Temperate Deciduous Forest
c) Desert
On the map above, the most distinctive characteristic of biome "C" is a) Availability Of Light b) Cold (summer temperature more than 10°C) c) Dry, Fires Very Frequent d) Seasonal (summer) Drought e) Very Dry (less than 250 mm annual rainfall)
c) Dry, Fires Very Frequent grassland
The geologic era when trilobites were prevalent is the _____. a) Cenozoic b) Holocene c) Paleozoic d) Mesozoic e) Pleistocene
c) Paleozoic
Decomposers a) are carnivorous b) are photosynthetic c) break down organic remains d) feed on both plants and animals e) feed on herbivores
c) break down organic remains
A local collection of interacting plants and animals in a given area a) biome b) community c) ecosystem d) niche e) habitat
c) ecosystem
The most saline marine water on Earth is located (ODP map, assigned reading): a) in the Arctic Ocean b) in the Atlantic Ocean c) in the Mediterranean Sea d) in the Pacific Ocean e) near Antarctica
c) in the Mediterranean Sea
Chicxulub is______. a) the name of a Mexican restaurant b) the locality in Mexico where Sonorasaurus was discovered c) the name of the impact crater site responsible for the K-T extinction d) a tool used to excavate dinosaur bones
c) the name of the impact crater site responsible for the K-T extinction
The global distribution of euphotic pelagic marine biomes is primarily determined by: buoyancy climate nutrients salt temperature fluctuations
climate
The Pleistocene extinction of most of the North American megafauna (mastodons, mammoths, camels, etc.) was most likely due to asteroids climate plate tectonics predation volcanoes
climate predation
Of the various proposed causes, the extinction of the large animals (over 100 pounds adult body weight) at the end of the Pleistocene was likely due to: asteroid impact climate change human hunting plate tectonics volcanic eruption
climate change human hunting
The seasonal occurrence of and the location where hurricanes develop is an example of ______, whereas the strength of an individual hurricane is an example of ______. climate, biome climate, weather ecoregion, climate ecoregion, weather weather, climate
climate, weather
The fig-wasp's (Agaonidae) fertilization of figs, which provide food and shelter for the wasps' larvae, is an example of coevolution. convergent evolution. homologous structures. microevolution.
coevolution
The hummingbird's pollination of plants with red, tubular flowers, which are the source of nectar, the hummingbird's primary food, is an example of coevolution. convergent evolution. homologous structures. microevolution. parasitism.
coevolution
The yucca moth's pollination of the yucca plant, in which the moth lays its eggs only in the yucca plant, which is thereby pollinated, is an example of coevolution. convergent evolution. homologous structures. microevolution. parasitsim.
coevolution
Two unrelated species evolving similar morphologies in similar environments coevolution convergant evolution homologous evolution microevolution macroevolution
convergant evolution
The Agavaceae of the North America and the Aloes of Africa provide an example of coevolution convergent evolution diversifying selection extinction homologous structures
convergent evolution
Which of the following human traits evolved last bipedalism color binocular vision culture grasping hands large brain
culture
Where is the abyssal zone located in marine environments? a) Intertidal b) 0-200 m c) 200-1500 m d) 1500-6,000 m e) > 6,000 m
d) 1500-6,000 m
When was Charles Darwin's book "The Origin of Species" published? a) 1809 b) 1831 c) 1844 d) 1859 e) 1865
d) 1859
The macroevolutionary processes illustrated in the image by "A" and "B" are variation natural selection migration punctuated equilibrium gradualism evolution adaptation a) 1 & 4 b) 2 & 3 c) 3 & 6 d) 4 & 5 e) 5 & 7
d) 4 & 5
Dinosaurs: a) Were cold blooded animals b) Were exclusively carnivores (meat-eaters) c) Were driven to extinction by natural selection and competition from egg-thieving mammals d) Are the ancestors of modern birds e) Lived during the Paleozoic
d) Are the ancestors of modern birds
In the figure (above), which level of the energy pyramid most likely is that of HERBIVORES. a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
d) D
An organism's ________ is where it lives in the environment a) Abiotic resources b) Behaviour c) Biotic resources d) Habitat e) Niche
d) Habitat
Which of the following hominids had the widest geographical range? a) Australopithecus b) Homo erectus c) Homo neanerthalensis d) Homo sapiens e) Paranthropus
d) Homo sapiens
The prevailing winds at the surface of the earth flow from latitudes with generally High pressure to latitudes with Low pressure. The pattern of High and Low pressures at latitudes of 0o 30o 60o and 90o is a) H H L L b) L L H H c) H L H L d) L H L H e) c & d
d) L H L H
Life first emerged onto land during the a) Cenozoic b) Holocene c) Mesozoic d) Paleozoic e) Pleistocene
d) Paleozoic
On the map above, the most distinctive characteristic of biome "F" is a) Availability Of Light b) Cold (summer temperature less than 10°C), Wind c) Dry, Fires Very Frequent d) Seasonal (summer) Drought e) Very Dry (less than 250 mm annual rainfall)
d) Seasonal (summer) Drought California area
The HOTTEST-WETTEST biome is a) Boreal Forest b) Deciduous Forest c) Desert d) Tropical Rainforest e) Tundra
d) Tropical Rainforest
Two main points of Darwin's The Origin of Species are a) existing species have descended from ancestral species that were different b) inheritance of acquired traits: an average man who develops huge muscles will have offspring with bigger than average muscles c) the mechanism for evolution is natural selection d) a & c e) a & b
d) a & c
During the Mesozoic, dinosaurs, pterodactyls and plesiosaurs occupied similar ecological niches to today's mammals in (on) the a) air b) land c) ocean d) all of the above (a,b,c) e) none of the above (a,b,c)
d) all of the above (a,b,c)
Omnivores a) are carnivorous b) are photosynthetic c) break down organic remains d) feed on both plants and animals e) feed on herbivores
d) feed on both plants and animals
The first dinosaurs evolved a) before the Permian mass extinctions b) from a bird the size of a crocodile c) from a fish the size of a bee d) from a reptile about the size of a turkey e) from the gymnosperms
d) from a reptile about the size of a turkey
Macroevolution is believed to proceed a) at a constant rate b) directly proportional to the rate of extinctions c) directly proportional to the rate of mutations d) in 'fits and starts' e) inversely proportional to the rate of continental drift
d) in 'fits and starts'
The role an organims plays in an ecosystem, for example, feeding on insects living in trees, feeding on ants, eating dead animals a) biome b) community c) ecosystem d) niche e) habitat
d) niche
The vertical boundary between upper well-lit oxygen-rich layers and deeper, colder, oxygen-poor layers is (the) a) euphotic b) hypolimneon c) nektonic d) pycnocline e) renitic
d) pycnocline
Microevolution that results in a change in the average value of a trait (for example, increasing average size) is ________ selection. amplifying directional competition diversifying stabilizing
directional
Microevolution that results in the reduced frequency of the average values of a trait, producing greater frequency of values for the trait at the extremes of the trait, is ________ selection. amplifying directional competition diversifying stabilizing
diversifying
The biological process by which the frequency of extreme traits or alleles increases, but intermediate traits or alleles do not, in response to natural environmental factors. artificial selection diversifying selection directional selection natural selection stabilizing selection
diversifying selection
During the Permo-Triassic extinction _____ of marine life died. a) 70% b) 75% c) 80% d) 85% e) 95%
e) 95%
Where is the hadal zone located in marine environments? a) Intertidal b) 0-200 m c) 200-1500 m d) 1500-6,000 m e) > 6,000 m
e) > 6,000 m
Geologic evidence supporting the asteroid impact hypothesis as the cause of mass extinctions includes: a) Shocked quartz b) Iridium layer in K/T boundary sediments c) 65 million year old tsunami deposits d) Crater off the coast of Mexico e) All of the above
e) All of the above
In the figure (above), which level of the energy pyramid most likely is that of PHOTOSYNTHETIC PLANTS. a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E
e) E
Which of the following hominids had the largest cranial crest? a) Australopithecus b) Homo erectus c) Homo neanerthalensis d) Homo sapiens e) Paranthropus
e) Paranthropus
On the map above "D" refers to a) Boreal Forest b) Chaparral (Woodland) c) Desert d) Grasslands e) Temperate Deciduous Forest
e) Temperate Deciduous Forest
On the map above "D" refers to a) Boreal Forest b) Chaparral (Woodland) c) Desert d) Grasslands e) Temperate Deciduous Forest
e) Temperate Deciduous Forest -eastern US
On the map above, the most distinctive characteristic of biome "E" is a) Availability Of Light b) Cold (summer temperature less than 10°C), Wind c) Dry, Fires Very Frequent d) Seasonal (summer) Drought e) Very Dry (less than 250 mm annual rainfall)
e) Very Dry (less than 250 mm annual rainfall) -California area
The distribution of energy from pole to pole over the earth's surface can be summarized as a) a deficit of energy near the equator b) a deficit of energy near the poles c) a surplus of energy near the equator d) a surplus of energy near the poles e) b & c are true
e) b & c are true
What is the global distribution of coral reefs? a) boreal b) intertidal c) pelagic d) tropical e) both c & d
e) both c & d
Herbivores a) are carnivorous b) are photosynthetic c) break down organic remains d) feed on both plants and animals e) feed on plants
e) feed on plants
The location in which an organism lives, examples: floodplain, upland, subterranean a) biome b) community c) ecosystem d) niche e) habitat
e) habitat
The process by which deep, nutrient-rich ocean waters along the coast of Peru are brought to the surface is called: a) buoyancy b) convection c) Coriolis effect d) evaporation e) upwelling
e) upwelling
The process by which low-nutrient lakes become polluted by agricultural and urban runoff of nutrients and transformed into high-nutrient lakes is euphotic eutropication hypolimnonic limnetic overturn
eutropication
The results of genetic changes in a small, dispersing population, producing a new population with different allele frequencies from the parent population bottleneck effect founder effect genetic drift natural selection stabilizing selection
founder effect
Random changes in gene frequency (allele frequencies) which have greater effects in smaller populations. bottleneck effect founder effect genetic drift natural selection stabilizing selection
genetic drift
The results of genetic changes in a small, dispersing population, producing a new popolation with different allele frequencies from the parent population bottleneck effect founder effect genetic drift natural selection stabilizing selection
genetic drift
Which of the following human traits evolved first bipedalism color binocular vision culture grasping hands large brain
grasping hands large brain color binocular vision
The similarity of the bone struction of the wings of bats and the hands of humans is an example of analogous structures coevolution homologous structures macroevolution speciation
homologous structures
Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding bipedalism improves vision of distant objects enhances efficient mobility is a characteristic unique to modern hominids started between 4 and 6 million years ago started as an adaptation to arboreal life
is a characteristic unique to modern hominids
Which of the following traits is NOT a trait of the Hominidae family bipedalism color binocular vision grasping hands large brain long tail
long tail
Evolution that results in a change in biodiversity through time is coevolution convergent evolution homologous evolution microevolution macroevolution
macroevolution
A temperate region characterized by summer dry climate is boreal desert mediterranean monsoonal oceanic
mediterranean
Survival and biological change through the inheritance of favorable characteristics is coevolution. convergent evolution. homologous evolution. microevolution. macroevolution.
microevolution
Relative to today, the environment of the Mesozoic had less atmospheric CO2, colder global temperature and lower sea level less atmospheric CO2, colder global temperature and higher sea level more atmospheric CO2, colder global temperature and lower sea level more atmospheric CO2, warmer global temperature and higher sea level more atmospheric CO2, warmer global temperature and lower sea level
more atmospheric CO2, warmer global temperature and higher sea level
New alleles arise in the genetic code of a species through adaptation. coevolution. genetic drift. mutation. selection.
mutation
The accumulation of favorable genetic adaptations in a population over time is called genetic drift Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium Lamarckism macroevolution natural selection
natural selection
The biological process resulting from the differential survival and reproduction of individuals possessing favorable traits or alleles artificial selection diversifying selection directional selection natural selection stabilizing selection
natural selection
Aquatic organisms that are strongly swimming are __________. benthic euphotic hypolimnonic nektonic planktonic
nektonic
Isotopes are varieties of one element that have the same atomic number but differing numbers of ______? chromosomes electrons ions neutrons protons
neutrons
In the northern Gulf of California, the greatest human impact has been overfishing runoff of nutrients runoff of pesticides and other toxins the diversion of the Colorado River the introduction of exotic animals
overfishing the diversion of the Colorado River
The tarantula hawk's (Hemipepsis) reliance on tarantulas (Theraphosidae) as the living hosts for its larvae is an example of coevolution. convergent evolution. homologous structures. microevolution. parasitism.
parasitism
The time when the Earth is closest to the sun is known as _______, whereas ______ refers to the time when the Earth is farthest from the sun. This difference in distance from the Sun affects the _____ ______ of temperature. aphelion, perihelion, yearly range aphelion, perihelion, daily range perihelion, aphelion, seasonal distribution perihelion, aphelion, cyclonic flow obliquity, precession, seasonal distribution
perihelion, aphelion, seasonal distribution
Aquatic organisms that are microscopic and either floating or weakly swimming are __________. benthic euphotic hypolimnonic nektonic planktonic
planktonic
The bottom layer (of the water) of freshwater lakes is benthic euphotic hypolimnonic limnetic profundal
profundal
The following are examples of "absolute" (annual) dating methods EXCEPT coral layers ice cores radiocarbon sediment varves tree rings
radiocarbon
In the northern Gulf of Mexico, the greatest human impact has been overfishing runoff of nutrients runoff of pesticides and other toxins the diversion of the Colorado River the introduction of exotic animals
runoff of nutrients
hich of the following is NOT an example of a mutagen? chemicals drugs radiation selection pressure viruses
selection pressure
The term applied to males & females of the same species having slightly different physical traits is sexual bias sexual bipedalism sexual dimorphism sexual discrimination sexual selection
sexual dimorphism
What are the two major aspects of macroevolution? artificial selection and natural selection convergence and mimicry homologous structures and analogous structures mutations and adaptations speciation and extinction
speciation and extinction
The biological process by which the frequency of extreme traits or alleles decline but intermediate traits or alleles persist, in response to natural environmental factors. artificial selection diversifying selection directional selection natural selection stabilizing selection
stabilizing selection
Microevolution that results in reduced variability in a trait of a population is ________ selection. amplifying directional competition diversifying stabilizing
stablilizing
Closely-related species whose geographic ranges overlap but who do not interbreed in nature are allopatric species geographically isolated influenced by genetic drift hybrids sympatric species
sympatric species
The earth's seasons -- summer, fall, winter, spring -- result from annual changes in how close the earth is to the sun, in its orbit around the sun annual changes in the amount of energy produced by the sun annual changes in the thickness of the earth's atmosphere the elliptical shape of the earth's annual orbit around the sun the tilt of the earth in its annual orbit around the sun
the tilt of the earth in its annual orbit around the sun
Based on his first 3 observations (potential-growth, actual-growth and resources), Darwin concluded that characteristics acquired by the individual are inherited genetic change results from differences in the survival and reproduction of variant individuals genetic change results from chance occurrences alone there is constant struggle among the individuals of a population those organisms with favorable variations are more likely to survive and reproduce.
there is constant struggle among the individuals of a population
Based on his first conclusion, and on his observations (1) there is natural variation within a species, and (2) that variation is inherited, Darwin concluded that characteristics acquired by the individual are inherited genetic change results from differences in the survival and reproduction of variant individuals genetic change results from chance occurrences alone there is constant struggle among the individuals of a population those organisms with favorable variations are more likely to survive and reproduce.
those organisms with favorable variations are more likely to survive and reproduce.
The word "bipedal" means to be able to grasp objects to be able to walk upright to have 2 bicycles to have 2 heads to have only 2 limbs
to be able to walk upright
A persistent pattern of strong winds flowing toward the west near the equator is Biomes Coriolis Hadley circulation trade winds the westerlies
trade winds
A persistent pattern of strong winds flowing toward the west near the equator is Biomes Coriolis Hadley circulation trade winds the westerlies
trade winds
Strong winds flowing toward the east, near 45o-65o north and south latitude are the biomes Coriolis Hadley circulation trade winds westerlies
westerlies
