Psych of Childhood 3550 Exam 3

Which of the following descriptions best fits the definition of other-oriented induction? a. After a toddler has taken a toy from his friend, the toddler's mother scold him and makes him apologize. b. A father spanks his toddler after that toddler has taken a toy from her friend. c. A mother puts her toddler in a time-out after he has taken a toy from his friend. d. A father explains to his toddler that by taking a toy from her friend, she has hurt her friend's feelings.

d. a father explains to his toddler that by taking a toy from her friend, she has hurt her friend's feelings

As children's cognitive abilities increase, their self-concepts shift from focusing on__________ characteristics to _________ qualities. a. physical;concrete b. abstract; personal c. personal; psychological d. concrete; abstract

d. concrete; abstract

According to james macia's theory of identity development, which stage is noted by exploration of identity status? a. identity diffusion b. identity foreclosure c. confusion d. moratorium

d. moratorium

Which of the following has NOT been found to influence the positive or negative effects of childcare on a child's development? a. number of hours per day the child spends in childcare b. type of relationship the child has with his or her mother c. quality of the childcare facility d. number of siblings the child has

d. number of siblings the child has

A father who responds quickly to the needs of his child and shows emotional warmth by smiling, laughing, and communicating positively to his child is demonstrating: a. caregiver responsibility b. reciprocal attachment c. parental security d. parental sensitivity.

d. parental sensitivity

reactive aggression

emotionally driven, antagonistic aggression sparked by one's perception that other people's motives are hostile

transgender

individuals who do not identify with their gender assigned at birth (or their biological sex)

cisgender

individuals whose gender identity matches his or her biological sex

ethnic identity

individuals' sense of belonging to an ethnic or racial group, including the degree to which they associate their thinking, perceptions, feelings, and behavior with membership in that group

interest filter

initial evaluation of information as being personally interesting

gender schema filter

initial evaluation of information as relevant for one's own gender

Compared to American infants, a greater percentage of Northern German infants are classified as _____________ in Ainsworth's Strange Situation.

insecure-avoidant

gender-role intensification

refers to heightened concerns with adhering to traditional gender roles

Children's choices of friends exhibit what pattern?

"Birds of a feather flock together"

All of the following are typical examples of preschoolers' self-descriptions EXCEPT:

"I am friendly."

Which of the following is TRUE of preschoolers' self-descriptions?

- preschoolers describe themselves in terms of observable, concrete characteristics - preschoolers do not describe themselves in psychological terms when asked open-ended questions - preschoolers do show some awareness of their own psychological characteristics when presented with an easier response task (e.g., puppet interview)

During which stage of development is aggression influenced more by environment than by hereditary factors? A) adolescence B) early childhood C) infancy D) adulthood

A) adolescence

Bullying and victimization are said to have a bidirectional relationship. Which of the following statements best describes that relationship? A) bullying may lead to behavioral changes in victims (e.g., becoming withdrawn) that in turn elicit more bullying from the bullies B) both bullies and victims often have insecure attachments to their parents C) aggressors tend to choose as victims individuals who they feel may threaten them in the future D) both aggressive children and victimized children tend to befriend other children who share their status

A) bullying may lead to behavioral changes in victims (e.g., becoming withdrawn) that in turn elicit more bullying from the bullies

Severe antisocial and aggressive behaviors, such as cruelty to animals and patterns of bullying, are examples of _______________. A) conduct disorder B) reactive aggression C) oppositional defiant disorder D) negative youth development

A) conduct disorder

In context of child development a group of people who have similar stereotyped reputations is called a _____________? A) crowd B) clique C) gang D) network

A) crowd

According to Piaget, which of the following factors is most influential in the development of children's moral reasoning? A) interactions with peers B) adult influence C) societal norms D) heredity

A) interactions with peers

Sarah is mad and wants to break her mother's favorite vase. However, she doesn't want to get into trouble for her actions, so she decides to punch a pillow instead. According to Kohlberg's hierarchy, Sarah is in which level of moral development? A) preconventional B) developmental C) conventional D) postconventional

A) preconventional

The degree to which a child is liked or disliked by peers is a measure of that child's ____________ A) sociometric status B) relational aggression C) social comparison level D) social compensation

A) sociometric status

Research indicated that friendships change in what significant respect as children grow older? A) average duration of children's friendships lengthens B) level and importance of intimacy increases C) children are more willing to display aggressive behaviors with their friends D) the total number of close friends that an individual reports having increases

B) level and importance of intimacy increases

Children who are neither liked nor disliked by their peers are considered to be ________________. A) controversial B) neglected C) withdrawn-rejected D) aggressive-rejected

B) neglected

Friendships emerge in early childhood as children become more capable of cooperation and coordinated interactions, and as they learn to trust those individuals whom they consider to be friends. Which of the following statements is not true of these early childhood friendships? A) preschool friends are more likely than nonfriends to resume interactions with each other following a conflict B) preschool friends quarrel less with each other than they do with nonfriends C) preschool friends tend to resolve conflicts in an equitable manner D) pretend play occurs more often between friends than nonfriends

B) preschool friends quarrel less with each other than they do with nonfriends

In the school cafeteria, Lynn pushes other children out of the way in order to get ahead in the line. What type of aggression is Lynn using? A) reactive B) proactive C) antisocial D) relational

B) proactive

Beth often ascribes negative motives to others when she doesn't get her way; consequently she will sometimes lash out at other children as a way to get even for perceived slights. Rather than cooperate or take turns with other children she is more apt to cut in line or push another child out of the way. Which of the following best describes Beth's sociometric status? A) popular B) rejected C) neglected D) controversial

B) rejected

Children develop a conscience A) through identification with the same-gender parent B) slowly over time affected by parental disciplinary practices C) in a discontinuous process D) in a standard sequence regardless of parental practices

B) slowly over time affected by parental

In discussions of moral development, prosocial behavior is best defined as: A) behavior based on personal benefit B) voluntary behavior intended to benefit another C) actions that contribute to society as a whole D) behavior intended to win approval

B) voluntary behavior intended to benefit another

Physical aggression is normative in development and increases in frequency beginning at around ____________ of age A) 5-6 years B) 6months C) 18 months D) 3 years

C) 18 months

Popular and like able children can both be influential in their peer group, but popular children are more likely than like able children to be ____________ A) socially perceptive B) securely attached C) aggressive D) intelligent

C) aggressive

Alex tends to be cooperative and sociable but he is also prone to outbursts and can be disruptive in class. He is well liked by some of his classmates but disliked by others. Which of the following best describes Alex's sociometric status? A) confused B) aggressive rejected C) controversial D) popular unpopular

C) controversial

Cooperation is a form of prosocial behavior that may be driven by both sympathy and a child's sense of __________. A) shame B) empathy C) fairness D) justice

C) fairness

According to research, which of the following is true of relationships between girls in middle childhood and adolescence compared with those of boys of the same ages? A) girls' friendships tend to last longer than those of boys B) girls are less likely than boys to discuss their problems and negative thoughts C) girls are more likely than boys to desire closeness and to worry about abandonment from their friends D) girls tend to engage in more conflict their best friends than do boys

C) girls are more likely than boys to desire closeness and to worry about abandonment from their friends

For children with a specific variant of the gene SLC6A4, low maternal responsiveness is associated with high levels of conscience in early childhood. This patter is an example of ________________. A) piaget's stages of moral development B) kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning C) goodness of fit between temperament and environment D) prosocial behavior

C) goodness of fit between temperament and environment

Which of the following is not one the three ways that secure parent child attachment promotes peer competence, according to attachment theorists? A) securely attached children develop positive social expectations B) securely attached children understand reciprocity in relationships C) securely attached children have exclusive friendships with one or two people D) securely attached children are more likely to exhibit appealing qualities such as confidence and enthusiasm

C) securely attached children have exclusive friendships with one or two people

What does the term deviancy training refer to? A) an intervention to discourage aggressive tendencies by encouraging supportive peer interactions B) parental interactions that have the unintended consequence of increasing risky and aggressive behaviors in children C) the process through which antisocial youth reinforce aggressive and deviant tendencies in one another D) A school based intervention to provide methods for teachers and other adults to maintain order among at risk children

C) the process through which antisocial youth reinforce aggressive and deviant tendencies in one another

Tyler is 15 years old. He thinks of himself as socially awkward. He has a few close friends but tends to be shy and anxious around most peers and adults. Tyler is more comfortable in online chat rooms and other social media forums, and he tend to express his emotions more openly among his peers in these settings. Tyler's experience supports which perspective on the impact of social media on development? A) the rich-get-richer hypothesis B) the sociometric status perspective C) the social compensation hypothesis D) selman's perspective

C) the social compensation hypothesis

At approximately what age do children begin to believe that it is more important to follow moral rules than social conventions A) 12 months B) 6 years C) 12 years D) 3 years

D) 3 years

Which of the following has been shown to influence the development of conscience? A) parental discipline style B) genetic factors C) temperament D) all of the above

D) all of the above

Which of the following has been shown to influence the development of prosocial tendencies? A) parental discipline style B) genetic factors C) temperament D) all of the above

D) all of the above

Over the course of adolescence membership in cliques ___________ A) becomes increasingly gender specific B) remains stable C)increases D) diminishes

D) diminishes

Jaden is playing with a toy car. Sam comes over and takes it from her, which makes jaden sad. Omar watches this happen and feels sad as well. Omar is displaying what kind of emotional response? A) sympathy B) prosocial behavior C) altruism D) empathy

D) empathy

Friendships in adolescence tend to be more ________________. A) stable B) co-dependent C) harmful D) exclusive

D) exclusive

Luis does not write on his desk because the rules of the classroom forbid it, and he wants to set a good example for his classmates, According to Kohlberg's hierarchy, Luis is in which stage of moral development? A) universal ethical principles B) punishment and obedience orientation C) instrumental and exchange orientation D) social system and conscience orientation

D) social system and conscience orientation

In the Adult Attachment Interview, a person who devalues the importance of parent-child relationships, and tends to discuss past attachment experiences with little emotion is most likely to be classified as:

Dismissing

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

a condition in which the adrenal glands produce high levels of hormones that have androgen-like effects

Which statement is FALSE regarding the use of spanking as a form of discipline?

Spanking is a recommended form of discipline in all countries around the world.

aggressive-rejected (peer status)

a category of sociometric status that refers to children who are especially prone to physical aggression, disruptive behavior, delinquency, and negative behavior such as hostility and threatening others

withdrawn-rejected (peer status)

a category of sociometric status that refers to rejected children who are socially withdrawn, wary, and often timid

androgens

a class of hormones that normally occur at higher levels in males than in females and that affect physical development and functioning from the prenatal period onward

self

a conceptual system made up of one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself

collaboration

a blending of the assertion and affiliation styles of behavior. Associated with gender-role flexibility, it is more common among girls than among boys.

identity-diffusion status

a category of identity status in which the individual does not have firm commitments and is not making progress toward them

moratorium status

a category of identity status in which the individual is in the phase of experimentation with regard to occupational and ideological choices and has not yet made a clear commitment to them

foreclosure status

a category of identity status in which the individual is not engaged in any identity experimentation and has established a vocational or ideological identity based on the choices or values of others

identity-achievement status

a category of identity status in which, after a period of exploration, the individual has achieved a coherent and consolidated identity based on personal decisions regarding occupation, ideology , and the like. The individual believes that these decisions were made autonomously and is committed to them.

neglected (peer status)

a category of sociometric status that refers to children or adolescents who are infrequently mentioned as either liked or disliked; they simply are not noticed much by peers

rejected (peer status)

a category of sociometric status that refers to children or adolescents who are liked by few peers and disliked by many peers

controversial (peer status)

a category of sociometric status that refers to children or adolescents who are liked by quite a few peers and are disliked by quite a few others

popular (peer status)

a category of sociometric status that refers to children or adolescents who are viewed positively (liked) by many peers and are viewed negatively (disliked) by few peers

meta-analysis

a statistical technique used to summarize the average effect size across studies

oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

a disorder characterized by age-inappropriate and persistent displays of angry, defiant, and irritable behaviors

conduct disorder (CD)

a disorder that involves severe antisocial and aggression behaviors that inflict pain on others or involve destruction of property or denial of the rights of others

personal fable

a form of adolescent egocentrism that involves beliefs in the uniqueness of one's own feelings and thoughts

relational aggression

a kind of aggression that involves excluding others from the social group and attempting to do harm to other people's relationships; it includes spreading rumors about peers, withholding friendship to inflict harm, and ignoring peers when angry or frustrated or trying to get one's own way

gang

a loosely organized group of adolescents or young adults who identify as a group and often engage in illegal activities

sociometric status

a measurement that reflects the degree to which children are liked or disliked by their peers as a group

punishment

a negative stimulus that follows a behavior to reduce the likelihood that the behavior will occur again

authoritarian parenting

a parenting style that is high in demandingness and low in responsiveness. Authoritarian parents are non-responsive to their children's needs and tend to enforce their demands through the exercise of parental power and the use of threats and punishment. They are oriented toward obedience and authority and expect their children to comply with their demands without question or explanation.

authoritative parenting

a parenting style that is high in demandingness and supportiveness. Authoritative parents set clear standards and limits for their children and are firm about enforcing them; at the same time, they allow their children considerable autonomy within those limits, are attentive and responsive to their children's concerns and needs, and respect and consider their children's perspective

permissive parenting

a parenting style that is high in responsiveness but low in demandingness. Permissive parents are responsive to their children's needs and do not require their children to regulate themselves or act in appropriate or mature ways.

uninvolved parenting

a parenting style that is low in both demandingness and responsiveness to their children; in other words, this style describes parents who are generally disengaged

secure attachment

a pattern of attachment in which infants or young children have a high-quality, relatively unambivalent relationship with their attachment figure. In the Strange Situation, a securely attached infant, for example, may be upset when the caregiver leaves but may be happy to see the caregiver return, recovering quickly from any distress. When children are securely attached, they can use caregivers as a secure base for exploration.

insecure attachment

a pattern of attachment in which infants or young children have a less positive attachment to their caregiver than do securely attached children. Insecurely attached children can be classified as insecure/ resistant (ambivalent), insecure/avoidant, or disorganized/disoriented.

friend

a person with whom an individual has an intimate, reciprocated, positive relationship

sexual orientation

a person's preference in regard to males or females as objects of erotic feelings

strange situation

a procedure developed by Mary Ainsworth to asses infants' attachment to their primary caregiver

secondary prevention

a program designed to help individuals at risk for developing a problem or condition, with the goal of preventing the problem or condition

tertiary intervention

a program designed to help individuals who already exhibit a problem or condition

primary prevention

a program targeting all individuals in a particular setting (e.g., a school) in order to prevent the occurrence of a problematic behavior or condition

service learning

a strategy for promoting positive youth development that integrates school-based instruction with community involvement in order to promote civic responsibility and enhance learning

psychosocial moratorium

a time-out during which the adolescent is not expected to take on adult roles and can instead pursue activities that may lead to self-discovery

insecure/resistant (or ambivalent) attachment

a type of insecure attachment in which infant or young children are clingy and stay close to their caregiver rather than exploring their environment. In the Strange Situation, insecure/resistant infants tend to get very upset when the caregiver leaves them alone in the room. When their caregiver returns, they are not easily comforted and both seek comfort and resist efforts by the caregiver to comfort them.

disorganized/disoriented attachment

a type of insecure attachment in which infants or young children have no consistent way of coping with the stress of the Strange Situation. Their behavior is often confused or even contradictory, and they often appear dazed or disoriented

insecure/avoidant attachment

a type of insecure attachment in which infants or young children seem somewhat indifferent toward their caregiver and may even avoid the caregiver. In the Strange Situation, they seem indifferent toward their caregiver before the caregiver leaves the room and indifferent or avoidant when the caregiver returns. If the infant gets upset when left alone, he or she is as easily comforted by a stranger as by a parent

According to attachment theory as proposed by John Bowlby, which of the following is an example of a child in the attachment-in-the-making phase? a. Juan favors his father more than others and tends to laugh and smile more in his presence. b. Ava is easily soothed by anyone who picks her up when she cries. c. Devon actively seeks the company of his grandmother and is emboldened to explore the environment in her presence. d. Serena shows a clear preference for her mother and demonstrates visible destress upon separation.

a. Juan favors his father more than others..

Which of the following statements is not true about racial and ethnic identity during adolescence? a. The more an adolescent identifies with his or her ethnic and racial identity, the lower his or her self-esteem. b. Minority-group members can face challenges in adopting the values of their ethnic group or those of the dominant culture. c. Because they may have had early experiences with discrimination, ethnic- and racial -minority adolescents may feel ambivalent about their own ethnic status. d. Development of a bicultural identity can lead to positive benefits for some minority youth and can lead to challenges for others.

a. The more an adolescent identifies with his or her ethnic and racial identity, the lower his or her self-esteem.

Six-year-old Trevor has a tendency to act aggressively in order to get his way. His parents react to this behavior with harsh discipline, including spanking. Trevor's response, however, is to act out even more, which escalates his parents' reactions. This cycle of parent-child behavior is an example of what concept? a. bidirectionally b. interdependence c. equifinality d. child effects only

a. bidirectionally

An individual who is high in both assertion and affiliation is likely to display which of the following communication styles? a. collaboration b. withdrawal c. obliging statements d. controlling statements

a. collaboration

Which of the following statements in NOT true about sibling relationships? a. Differential treatment by parents affects children most in late adolescence. b. Children are likely to report positive relationships with their parents and sibling if they feel that differential treatment is justified rather than unfair. c. Children from collectivist cultures have been shown to report less sibling conflict than children from individualistic cultures d. Siblings get along better in families where the parents get along well together.

a. differential treatment by parents affects children most in late adolescence

For sexual-minority youth, the process of first recognition is noted by a. feelings of alienation resulting from the realization that they are different from others. b. a preference for social interaction with other sexual minority individuals. c. an individual's first experience with same-sex sexual activities. d. an individual's initial disclosure about his/her sexual identity.

a. feelings of alienation resulting from the realization that they are different from others.

Susan Harter argues that a child's sense of self-concept: a. is a social construct influenced in large by the evaluations of others b. is an innate sense that is based entirely on evolutionary mechanisms c. does not begin to emerge until middle childhood, around the ages of 6-9 years old. d. is fully developed by the time the child enters elementary school, at about age 6.

a. is a social construct influenced in large by the evaluations of others

_____________ involves a person's overall subjective evaluation of oneself and the feelings associated with that evaluation. a. self-esteem b. self concept c. self-reflection d. self-measure

a. self-esteem

Two year old Lani walks by a mirror and notices chocolate around her mouth. She uses the bottom of her shirt to carefully wipe it off. Lan is displaying: a. self-recognition b. self-consciousness c. self-deterinmation d. self-esteem

a. self-recognition

Gender segregation refers to a. the tendency of young children to associate with same-gender peers and avoid other-gender peers. b. the difference between the sexes in cognitive and behavioral tendencies. c. the tendency for an individual to engage in gender-typed behaviors. d. the tendency for an individual to retain information that is gender schema-consistent.

a. the tendency of young children to associate with same-gender peers and avoid other-gender peers.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of divorce? a. Young children tend to react more negatively to their parent's remarriage than young adolescents. b. For children in high-conflict families, divorce may increase the likelihood of positive outcomes for their adjustment. c. Children from divorced and remarried families are at greater risk for becoming divorced themselves as adults. d. Most children do not suffer significant, enduring problems as a result of their parent's divorce.

a. young children tend to react more negatively to their parent's remarriage than young adolescents

self-socialization

active process during development whereby children's cognitions lead them to perceive the world and to act in accord with their expectations and beliefs

instrumental aggression

aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal

positive youth development

an approach to youth intervention that focuses on developing and nurturing strengths and assets rather than on correcting weaknesses and deficits

attachment

an emotional bond with a specific person that is enduring across space and time. Usually, attachment are discussed in regard to the relation between infants and specific caregivers, although they can also occur in adulthood.

parental sensitivity

an important factor contributing to the security of an infant's attachment. Parental sensitivity can be exhibited in a variety of ways, including responsive caregiving when an infant is distressed or upset and engaging in coordinated play with the infant

identity confusion

an incomplete and sometimes incoherent sense of self that often occurs in Erikson's stage of identity versus identity confusion

body image

an individual's perception of, and feelings about, his or her own body

identity achievement

an integration of various aspects of the self into a coherent whole that is stable over time and across events

conscience

an internal regulatory mechanism that increases the individual's ability to conform to standards of conduct accepted in his or her culture

A child in which of Piaget's stages of moral development takes intentions into account when determining whether a behavior is moral or immoral?

autonomous morality

gender identity

awareness of one's own gender

gender stability

awareness that gender is stable over time

Critical to an infant's growth is the development of a positive emotional connection to a primary caregiver, such as a parent. This enduring emotional bond is known as a. coregulation b. attachment c. co-dependency d. imprinting

b. attachment

Jayden wanted to go to party at a friend's house. When she asks her father for permission, he immediately says no. Jayden asks why and her father angrily says, "Because I said so!" Jayden's father is displaying which parenting style? a. permissive b. authoritarian c. authoritative d. uninvolved

b. authoritarian

Studies have shown that the link between attachment security and genetic makeup: a. disappears by adulthood b. can be differentially impacted by the quality of the child's environment c. can be changed by altering the levels of oxytocin in the brain d. is proof that genetic markers cause specific attachment security types.

b. can be differentially impacted by the quality of the child's environment

Rose is a 9-year-old girl. She strongly prefers wearing t-shirts and jeans to dresses and other "girly" clothes. She loves sports and hates playing with dolls. Rose's preferences are an example of __________. a. gender-role intensification b. cross-gender-typed behavior c. cisgender modeling d. gender segregation

b. cross-gender-typed behavior

Three attachment types were initially identified in research by Mary Ainsworth. Which attachment type was later added to categorize those that did not fit well into Ainsworths initial three categories? a. securely attached b. disorganized/disoriented c. insecure/resistant d.insecure/avoidant

b. disorganized/disoriented

The tendency of adolescents to integrate elements of traditional gender roles into their personal values, which can lead to increased gender discrimination, is known as ___________. a. gender-role flexibility b. gender-role intensification c. assimilation d. collaboration

b. gender-role intensification

Small but consistent gender difference have been found in all of the following domains except __________. a. self-concept b. general intelligence c. communication skills d. mental spatial rotation tasks

b. general intelligence

Self-concept in adolescence is characterized by a reemergence of a form of egocentrism, exemplified by the individual overly differentiating his or her feelings from those of others. This type of egocentrism is called the: a. looking glass self b. personal fable. c. imaginary audience. d. introspective mirror

b. personal fable

The process through which children acquire the values, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate in their culture is known as _________. a. parenting style b. socialization c. behaviorism d. joint attention

b. socialization

aggression

behavior aimed at harming or injuring others

gender-typed

behaviors stereotyped or expected for a given person's gender

cross-gender typed

behaviors stereotyped or expected for the gender other than that of a given person

comorbid

being present simultaneously, as in the same individual developing another mental disorder

Kohlberg proposed that there are three stages of children's understanding of gender: gender identity gender stability, and gender constancy. Which of the following statements is most representative of gender constancy? a. "Girls can have babies, boys cannot." b. "I am a boy today, but could be a girl tomorrow." c. "Even if I cut my hair and dress like a boy, I am a girl." d. "I will always be a girl"

c. "Even if I cut my hair and dress like a boy, I am a girl."

Which of the following statements regarding physical maturation is NOT true? a. Genetic and environment factors significantly affect the variability in physical maturation seen among individuals of both sexes. b. The gender gap in physical and motor skills greatly increases as a result of puberty. c. Despite the physical changes that occur during puberty, researchers have found no evidence of similar psychological or behavioral changes. d. Researchers have found cross-cultural evidence of patterns of body image and eating disorders related to puberty.

c. Despite the physical changes that occur during puberty, researchers have found no evidence of similar psychological or behavioral changes

Which of the statements is true of the potential effect of socioeconomic context on child development? a. Poverty has little impact on children's academic achievement. b. Children living in high-income families tend to show lower rates of drug use, delinquency, and mental health problems than their low-income peers. c. Parents' relationships with supportive relatives and friends can help moderate the impact of economic stress on their children's development. d. Maternal employment tends to significantly diminish the quality of mothers' interactions with their children.

c. Parents' relationships with supportive relatives and friends can help moderate the impact of economic stress on their children's development.

Which measure of attachment security pays careful attention to children's reactions to their caregivers after a separation? a. attachment Q-sort b. inventory of parent and peer attachment c. Strange Situation d. internal working model

c. Strange Situation

Which of the following is NOT an area in which mothers and fathers tend to differ in interactions with their children? a. The type of play they tend to engage in with their children b. The amount of time they spend with their children c. The effect that their parenting style has on their children's mental health d. The amount of physical care and emotional support they provide for their children

c. The effect that their parenting style has on their children's mental health

Eric and his friend are playing a game that could become dangerous. Eric's father tells them to stop. Eric pleads with him to let them continue. His father firmly restates his refusal and explains why he thinks their game is dangerous. He then suggests some alternative activities. Eric's father is displaying which parenting style? a. permissive b. authoritarian c. authoritative d. friendly

c. authoritative

Which of the following statements represents a major difference between evolutionary psychology theory and biosocial theory? a. Biosocial theory does not account for the influence of evolutionary forces in gender differences. b. Evolutionary psychology theory places greater emphasis on the physical differences between the sexes. c. Biosocial theory places greater emphasis on the capacity for behavioral flexibility influenced by social and technological factors. d. Evolutionary psychology theory asserts that, from an evolutionary perspective, there are no significant differences between the sexes.

c. biosocial theory places greater emphasis on the capacity for behavioral flexibility influenced by social and technological factors

Alex is a 6-year-old boy. His father disapproves when Alex plays with his sister's dolls, but happily engages with him when Alex plays with trucks. This scenario is an example of the influence of _______ in shaping Alex's gender identity. a. observational learning b. collaboration c. enactive experience d. intersectionality

c. enactive experience

The combined influence of gender stereotypes and a child's own perceived competence in a given academic subject is described by which of the following theories? a. gender intensification model b. evolutionary psychology theory c. expectancy-value model of achievement d. Piaget's theory of gender development

c. expectancy-value model of achievement

The complex web of influences- including gender, sexual orientation, race, social class, and other group affiliations- that shape an individual's social identity and experiences is known as ________. a. gender schema b. in-group assimilation c. intersectionality d. collaboration

c. intersectionality

A recent trend in family structure in the United States is the increasing ages of first-time parents. Which of the following is NOT true of these older parents compared with younger parents? a. Older parents tend to be more highly educated. b. Older parents tend to earn higher incomes. c. Older parens tend to use a harsher parenting style. d. Older parents are less likely to get divorced within 10 years of having a child.

c. older parents tend to use a harsher parenting style

Exposure to high levels of prenatal androgens in genetic females may influence the development of their nervous system in such a way that results in certain cross-gender-typed behaviors. This example demonstrates the effect of ___________. a. activating influences b. cisgender disposition c. organizing influences d. self-socialization

c. organizing influences

In both Harlow's work with rhesus monkeys and Ainsworth strange situation paradigm , researchers observed the baby monkey or child continually return to the mother after exploring an unfamiliar space or situation. This behavior is an example of a. disoriented behavior b. ambivalent attachment c. secure attachment d. parental sensitivity

c. secure attachment

The gender similarities hypothesis emphasizes that in areas of cognitive behaviors and social abilities a. all measurable differences between the sexes are trivial. b. boys and girls develop on parallel but unequal tracks. c. similarities between boys and girls far outweigh differences. d. difference between boys and girls outweigh similarities.

c. similarities between boys and girls far outweigh differences

Gender typing refers to a. the identification of an individual based on sex chromosomes. b. an individual's personal identification as male, female, or neither. c. the process of gender socialization that occurs during development. d. the genetic forces that determine an individual's sex during prenatal development.

c. the process of gender socialization that occurs during development

Internalization is best described as a. the feelings of guilt that a child may experience after his or her parents divorce. b. the process by which parent-child interactions reinforce and perpetuate the parent's and child's behavior. c. the process through which a child learns and accepts a desired behavior as a result of appropriate discipline. d. the negative impact harsh punishment can have on a child's sense of self-esteem.

c. the process through which a child learns and accepts a desired behavior as a result of appropriate discipline

Recent research has shown which of the following to be true of children of same-sex parents, compared with children of heterosexual parents? a. They report higher levels of stigmatization and teasing. b. They tend to perform better socially and academically. c. They are similar in their sexual orientation and degree of gender-typed behavior. d. They report higher levels of parental aggression in adolescence.

c. they are similar in their sexual orientation and degree of gender-typed behavior

gender segregation

children's tendency to associate with same-gender peers and avoid other-gender peers

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

condition during prenatal development in which androgen receptors malfunction in genetic males, impeding the formation of male external genitalia; in these cases, the child may be born with female external genitalia

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

condition during prenatal development in which the adrenal glands produce high levels of androgens; sometimes associated with masculinization of external genitalia in genetic females; and sometimes associated with higher rates of masculine-stereotyped play in genetic females

You are interviewing your little brother with the Heinz dilemma. When you ask him if Heinz should steal the drug, he replies that he should steal the drug because it is his duty as a good husband to take care of his wife. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, at which level is your brother's reasoning?

conventional

Which of the following statements is an accurate description of punishment? a. Punishment is a more effective form of discipline. b. Punishment, though more harsh than other forms of discipline, can teach the child how to behave. c. Punishments, such as yelling and revoking privileges, have been found to be successful at encouraging internalization. d. Punishments, when mild, provide minimally sufficient pressure for internalization.

d. punishments, when mild, provide minimally sufficient pressure for internalization

Which of the following factors has NOT been shown to influence children's adjustment in stepfamilies? a. The age of the child at the time the parent's remarriage. b. The relationship between the noncustodial parent and stepparent. c. The genders of the child and stepparent. d. The age difference between the biological parent and the stepparent.

d. the age difference between the biological parent and stepparent

social-conventional judgments

decisions that pertain to customs or regulations intended to secure social coordination and social organization

moral judgments

decisions that pertain to issues of right and wrong, fairness, and justice

personal judgments

decisions that refer to actions in which individual preferences are the main consideration

antisocial behavior

disruptive, hostile, or aggressive behaviors that violate social norms or rules and that harm or take advantage of others

sex

distinction between genetic females (XX) and genetic males (XY)

internalization

effective discipline that leads to a permanent change in the child's behavior because the child has learned and accepted the desired behavior

The assertion that the tendency for girls to play with dolls is the result of an evolved predisposition toward maternal care is based on the premise of which theory? a. evolutionary psychology theory b. biosocial theory c. social learning theory d. gender schema theory

evolutionary psychology theory

All of the following are aspects of temperament associated with antisocial behavior EXCEPT:

fearful temperament

Children who are classified as neglected by their peers using sociometric measures receive which types of peer nominations?

few positive, few negative

All of the following are changes to family structure in the U.S. that have taken place in the last 50-60 years EXCEPT:

first-time parents are younger

In the cyberbullying and popularity study described in class, which of the following did the researchers find?

greater cyberbullying in the fall predicted greater perceived popularity by spring

crowds

groups of adolescents who have similar stereotyped reputations

altruistic motives

helping others for reasons that initially include empathy or sympathy for others and, at later ages, the desire to act in ways consistent with one's own conscience and moral principles

negative identity

identity that stands in opposition to what is valued by people around the adolescent

5-year-old Olivia just took a cookie from the cookie jar without anyone seeing her. But, Olivia believes that she will be punished anyway. Olivia's belief is called:

immanent justice

If a child is very distressed when separated from their caregiver in the Strange Situation Procedure and shows a mix of proximity-seeking and angry behavior upon reunion, which type of attachment is shown?

insecure/resistant

verbal bullying

insulting, teasing, harassing, or intimidating someone

tuition

learning about gender through direct teaching

enactive experience

learning about gender through experiencing the reactions one's behavior evokes in others

observational learning

learning through watching other people and the consequences others experience as a result of their actions

As discussed in class, the results of the NICHD study of early child care and youth development showed that:

low maternal sensitivity combined with poor quality out-of-home care predicted insecure attachment

self-esteem

one's overall evaluation of the worth of the self and the feelings that this evaluation engenders

spermache

onset of capacity for ejaculation

gender schemas

organized mental representations (concepts, beliefs, memories) about gender, including gender stereotypes

parenting style

parenting behaviors and attitudes that set the emotional climate in regard to parent-child interactions, such as parental responsiveness and demandingness

peers

people of approximately the same age and status who are unrelated to one another

physical bullying

physically hurting or threatening to hurt someone

activating influences

potential result of certain fluctuations in sex-linked hormone levels affecting the contemporaneous activation of the nervous system and corresponding behavioral responses

organizing influences

potential result of certain sex-linked hormones affecting brain differentiation and organization during prenatal development or at puberty

identity foreclosure

premature commitment to an identity without adequate consideration of other options

Compared with children of heterosexual parents, children of gay and lesbian parents are:

pretty much the same

ingroup assimilation

process whereby individuals are socialized to conform to the group's norms, demonstrating the characteristics that define the ingroup

gender dysphoria

psychiatric diagnosis included in the DSM-5 to refer to children who experience distress because they do not identify with the gender assigned to them at birth

social bullying

purposely excluding someone from conversations or activities, spreading rumors, or withholding friendship

gender-role flexibility

refers to advances in cognitive development that can allow adolescents (more often girls than boys) to transcend traditional conventions and pursue a more flexible range of interests

secure base

refers to the idea that the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security that makes it possible for the child to explore the environment

According to lecture, children are most likely to be assigned cross-gender responsibilities in families where they have:

same-gender siblings

Studies of developmental changes in self-esteem indicate that:

self-esteem begins high, decreases in adolescence, then rises again in adulthood

gender

social assignment of self-categorization as female or male (or possibly neither or a different category)

gender-essentialist statements

statements about males and females that imply that the descriptions and characterizations contained therein generally apply to all members of the gender in question and always will

Maria is a preschooler in the stage of gender stability. According to the cognitive developmental theory of gender development, when her brother Tony dresses up as a girl for Halloween, she will most likely:

suspect that Tony has turned into a girl

The feeling of concern in reaction to another's negative emotion or negative situation is referred to as:

sympathy

ingroup bias

tendency to evaluate individuals and characteristics of the ingroup as superior to those of the outgroup

imaginary audience

the belief stemming from adolescent egocentrism, that everyone else is focused on the adolescent's appearance and behavior

internal working model of attachment

the child's mental representation of the self, of attachment figure, and of relationships in general that is constructed as a result of experiences with caregivers. The working model guides children's interactions with caregivers and other people in infancy and at older ages.

puberty

the developmental period marked by the ability to reproduce and other dramatic bodily changes

opportunity structure

the economic resources offered by the macrosystem in Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, and people's understanding of those resources

bidirectionally of parent-child interactions

the idea that parents and their children are mutually affected by one another's characteristics and behaviors

intersectionality

the interconnection of social identities such as gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and class, especially in relation to overlapping experiences of discrimination

effect size

the magnitude of similarity and difference between groups

family structure

the number of and relationships among the people living in a household

spermarche

the onset of males' capacity for ejaculation

menarche

the onset of menstruation

adrenarche

the period, prior to the emergence of visible signs of puberty, during which the adrenal glands mature, providing a major source of sex steroids. This period correlates with the onset of sexual attraction.

organizational hormonal influences

the potential result of certain sex-linked hormones affecting brain differentiation and organization during prenatal development or at puberty

social comparison

the process of comparing aspects of one's own psychological, behavioral, or physical functioning to that of others in order to evaluate oneself

gender typing

the process of gender socialization

socialization

the process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future role in their particular culture

gender self-socialization

the process through which children's biases to behave in accord with their gender identity is strengthened by their greater attention to and involvement with entities and activities deemed appropriate to their gender

identity versus identity confusion

the psychosocial stage of development, described by Erikson, that occurs during adolescence. During this stage, the adolescent or young adult either develops an identity or experiences an incomplete and sometimes incoherent sense of self.

gender constancy

the realization that gender is invariant despite superficial changes in a person's appearance or behavior

discipline

the set of strategies and behaviors parents use to teach children how to behave appropriately

affiliation

the tendency to affirm connection with others through being emotionally open, empathetic, or cooperative

assertion

the tendency to take action on behalf of the self through competitive, independent, or aggressive behaviors

cyberbullying

the use of technology, including texts, e-mails, websites, videos, embarrassing photos, and fake profiles, to harass or upset another person

family dynamics

the way in which family members interact through various relationships: mother with each child, father with each child, mother with father, and siblings with one another

attachment theory

theory based on John Bowlby's work that posits that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival

activational hormonal influences

thepotential result of certain fluctuations in sex-linked hormone levels affecting the contemporaneous activation of certain brain and behavioral responses

proactive aggression

unemotional aggression aimed at fulfilling a need or desire

prosocial behavior

voluntary behavior intended to benefit another, such as helping, sharing, and comforting of others

adult attachment models

working models of attachment in adulthood that are believed to be based on adults' perceptions of their own childhood experiences especially their relationships with their parents and of the influences of these experiences on them as adults

sexual-minority youth

young people who experience same-sex attractions