Exam 2
Imagine a square meter of leafy forest soil underneath an oak or maple tree. Which of the following is likely to exist within this patch of soil?
All of the listed responses would be expected to occur within this patch of soil.
Environmental factors set limits on the growth of populations. What is this limit referred to?
Carrying capacity
The nations with the highest rate of contraceptive use (84%) are the United Kingdom and ________.
China
________ are typical primary consumers in a temperature deciduous forest.
Deer
Pollution changes the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) How does this occur?
GDP goes up when the polluting substance is produced and again when society pays to remove the substance from the environment.
What is the primary reason that China changed its one-child policy to a two-child policy?
Shrinking workforce
________ composes/compose just over half of all of the world's GM crops.
Soybeans
Which stage in the graph shows the greatest overall decline in death rate?
Stage 2
Using the most reliable information available, how much of the Earth's land surface is used for agriculture today?
30 to 40%, according to satellite imagery
At the point of peak consumption, how many barrels of MTBE were consumed in the United States?
300,000 barrels per day
Which part of the IPAT model represents the influence of wealth and its environmental impact?
A for affluence
Which statement is an accurate description of a keystone species?
A keystone species that is a predator controls the herbivore populations, which in turn maintains the plant populations and keeps balance.
Which of the following is most likely to be interested in acquiring the use of land in the Niger Delta?
A large agribusiness
When do smaller numbers of people have larger ecological footprints?
when they are from affluent, wealthier nations
Which of the following describes a community-supported agriculture program?
Consumers pay farmers ahead of time for a weekly delivery of in-season produce.
Which of the following people would be least likely to support an increase in regenerative farming?
The CEO of a pesticide company.
Which of the following is true?
The Paris climate deal and the Kigali deal are not connected to each other.
Which of the following is true about GM crops?
The United States leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops.
When birth rates decline, what happens to a given population?
The average age of the population grows older.
If the UN has its way, which of the following will happen first in the Niger Delta?
The drinking water will be made safe to drink.
What could be a roadblock to the success of the new two-child policy?
The increased cost of living could deter some couples.
In 1900, there were approximately 1.75 billion humans on Earth; in 1950, there were approximately 2.3 billion; in the year 2025, approximately 8 billion people will inhabit the biosphere. In the period between 1900 and 2025, what has happened to the human population?
The intervals between population doublings are decreasing.
How can you know if the information is based on scientifically collected data and if it's corroborated by other sources? Follow the links provided throughout the article. What do you find when you click these links?
The links redirect the reader to other PETA articles.
Which of the following is true?
The majority of Americans think climate change is a problem, but they are not willing to pay a large amount to combat it.
A new non-native species has recently been discovered in your area of North America. What information about the species would suggest the need for immediate action?
The non-native species occurs in lakes.
Which of the following best explain the "free rider" predicament?
This allows one party to "get away" with an environmental impact while other parties continue to use best environmental practices.
What is the status of GM products in the United States?
U.S. citizens have largely accepted the GM crops on the market.
Zero population growth occurs in a population when ________.
birth rate equals death rate and there is no migration
Desertification of soil __________.
can be caused by overgrazing
Aquaculture ________.
can bring economic benefits and food security to many developing regions
Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? In the future the birth rate and death rate will be balanced, so the total population will remain relatively constant.
cannot be determined from the graph
What potential energy-bearing compound is produced through photosynthesis and made available for consumers?
carbohydrates
What biome is highly seasonal, with mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers?
chaparral
Of the following, ________ requires the least land to produce 1 kg of protein.
chicken
While in the grocery store, Maria chooses to purchase the soy milk produced from non-genetically modified soybeans over the brand grown conventionally. Maria has made use of __________ for her decision.
ecolabeling
Which of the following groups advocates economies that neither grow nor shrink but remain stable?
ecological economists
To limit the growth of the Zambian population, humanitarian aid agencies and organizations such as UNICEF are focusing on __________.
educating and empowering women
In Queensland, Australia, cactus moths ________.
effectively cleared non-native prickly pear cactus from rangeland
The role of an administrative agency is that of _______.
enforcement and elaboration of laws passed by Congress
External costs include ________.
environmental damage
Which list includes biomes in the correct order from those that have the lowest annual rainfall to those that have the highest?
esert, grassland, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rainforest
Insects serve what beneficial role(s) in agriculture?
essential pollinators and predators
All of the following practices are used to control soil erosion EXCEPT __________.
industrial monoculture agriculture
Which of the following is a pathogen?
influenza virus
A company that produces household cleaners decides to produce a "green" version of its products, even though the formulas are virtually unchanged compared to the original formulas. This is an example of __________.
greenwashing
The GPI for the United States ________.
has leveled off since 1975
As the global human population continues to rise, increased food production will most likely come from __________.
increased productivity of the land already used for agriculture
Grazing animals such as deer are ________.
primary consumers
Which of the following correctly shows the order for grains that would blow the least distance to grains that would blow the greatest distance?
rolling grains, bouncing grains, suspended grains
Malthus was responsible for ________.
the idea that without social restrictions, increasing human population would lead to famine and war
About 100 years ago, agricultural production in the United States tripled due to __________.
the invention of fertilizers and use of more modern machinery
Next, can you identify what the source is trying to accomplish by providing this information? As you read the article, think about what the writer's agenda might be with regard to human meat consumption. What seems to be the main purpose of the article ?
to convince readers not to eat meat
What does the green graph line represent?
total number of individuals in the population
Erosion usually begins when __________.
vegetation is removed either naturally or by humans
Which of the following organisms has a feeding pattern most similar to a bald eagle?
vulture
When does the equilibrium price of a product (good or service) occur?
when the supply of the product is equal to the demand for the product
No-till farming would be most beneficial for farmers ________.
with steeply sloped fields
Herbivory is actually a type of ________.
predation
Why did China institute the one-child policy in 1970?
Resources were becoming strained, and pollution was increasing.
As the price of a good increases, the quantity of that good that sellers are willing to supply to the market ________.
increases
In the year 2005 there were approximately ____ more sea otters in total than in 1985.
1,400
10,000 kcal of producer could support approximately _____ kcal of tertiary consumer.
10
The figure illustrates that it requires roughly ________ times more feed input to produce 1 kg of eggs than 1 kg of milk.
4
Approximately _____% of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to the next highest trophic level.
5-10
How could these data be best represented graphically?
Bar graph
_____ are secondary consumers.
Carnivores
Sylva emphasizes the dangers to economies and social welfare systems from declining fertility rates. In comparison to Sylva, what would Seager say about declining fertility?
Declining fertility would provide many social benefits, such as less crowded schools and roads.
Which was Thomas Malthus's argument?
He argued that if there was no control over population growth, then the population would come under check because of war, disease, and starvation.
What is the sex ratio in China because of the one-child policy?
It is skewed toward more males, causing a slowing in population growth.
A graph of world population growth over the past 500 years most closely resembled the letter ________.
J
Daniel Simberloff states that non-native species are responsible for which of the following?
Modifying fire regimes
Which of the following is in the correct chronological order from first to most recent?
Montreal Protocol, Paris climate deal, Kigali deal
How does predation differ from parasitism?
Parasites rarely kill their host, while predators kill their prey.
The first national park in the world was ________.
Yellowstone
According to the figure, the basis for government policy regarding environmental issues ________.
comes from the sciences, with additional input from the public and private sectors
To control pollution, industry has been given limits and been threatened with punishment if these limits are violated. This approach is called ________.
command and control
A high concentration of eagles that spend several days in a small region is most likely the result of __________.
concentrated food
The results of overapplying fertilizer can include ________.
eutrophication in nearby waterways
What costs are associated with transactions that can result in damage to the environment, human health, and property?
external costs
Since 1960, pesticide use has increased ________ worldwide.
fourfold
Who are most prone to overnutrition in the United States?
low-income Americans
Secondary succession ________.
occurs after a fire or flood
In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____.
producers
Environmental policy aims to ________.
promote human welfare and protect natural systems by regulating resource use and reducing pollution
Leaching ________.
removes water-soluble nutrients from topsoil
When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____.
secondary consumer
Fish that eat zooplankton would be considered ________.
secondary consumers
Which of the following is a living museum of genetic crop diversity?
seed banks
Humus is ________.
the organic soil component that holds soil moisture and enhances soil fertility
Calculate the ratio of the agricultural land index to the population index for 1960 and compare it to the ratio for 2000. The ratios suggest that _____.
the per capita demand on agricultural land has increased over time
Wetlands provide a multitude of ecological, economic, and social benefits. They provide habitat for many organisms and are nurseries for many saltwater and freshwater fishes and shellfish. Wetlands also hold and slowly release floodwater and snow melt, recharge groundwater, act as cleansing filters, recycle nutrients, and provide recreation. As of 2000, the contiguous United States was estimated to have about 105 million acres of wetlands remaining. Over the past 60 years, it has lost over 16 million acres of wetlands, and the loss continues at about 58,000 acres annually. Nearly one-third of the loss is due to urban development, with the rest being nearly equally divided between rural development, agriculture, and silviculture (predominantly logging). The southeastern United States is experiencing the greatest losses. The Emergency Wetlands Resources Act of 1986 requires the Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct status and trend studies of the nation's wetlands and to report the results to Congress each decade. The overall goal is to have no more net loss of wetlands. In the past 5 years, money for flood control projects in Louisiana has been cut dramatically. During that time, two simulations, one of a category 4 hurricane and one of a category 5 hurricane, indicated catastrophic damage and loss of life along the Gulf Coast. The levees were predicted to break, and massive flooding to occur, in part due to the loss of the sheltering wetlands. Wetlands in the United States ________.
have decreased due to human development
Many plants have developed complicated defenses to protect themselves against __________.
herbivory
Normal Borlaug, who passed away in 2009, pioneered the development of ________.
high-yield wheat
Until about 10,000 years ago, our species depended on ________.
hunting and gathering
Which of the following is a young man in Ogoniland most likely to be involved with?
illegal oil refining
What factor would contribute to a sharp decline in death rate, such as the one shown in Stage 2?
improved sanitation
The most accurate terms describing the trend over the past 50 years for human use of natural resources are ________.
increasing and unsustainable
Imagine a large state park near your home. Which of the following are probably the most crucial and essential part of that park's ecosystem?
insects
Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to decrease in size will have what shape?
inverted pyramid
Monoculture farming ________.
is a development of industrial agriculture
The view held by both Malthus and Paul Ehrlich suggests that depletion of resource supplies due to greater numbers of people ________.
is a problem because most resources are limited and can be depleted
Recombinant DNA ________.
is the merging of DNA from unrelated organisms to create new genetic varieties
A community may undergo a regime shift or a phase shift if ________.
it loses a keystone species or suffers a major climatic change
If you were to randomly visit a specific area on Earth, what two factors would you need to know to determine the type of biome you will visit?
its annual rainfall and temperature
According to the figure, Nigeria has a ________ population size than Canada, with a ________ median age and a ________ proportion of the population at postreproductive age.
larger; lower; smaller
The age structure diagram of Canada suggests that its total fertility rate (TFR) is ________.
less than the replacement rate
Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. Which of the following might be first to populate an area after glaciers melt in response to global climate change?
lichens
In recent decades, a great deal of scientific research and observation has been funded and published by commercial and corporate interests. Since this science may not have to pass the peer review process and the researchers may have motives for biased reporting, such science could be included in the diagram as ________.
lobbying by the private sector
Ecologists researching Mount Saint Helens after the 1979 eruption determined that ________.
many species in the blast zone survived the eruption
Temperate deciduous forests are characterized by ________.
moderate temperatures and moderate amounts of precipitation
Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species (such as flowering plants and bees) "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. The relationship between flowering plants and bees is best described as ________.
mutualism
Many wild orchids cannot be successfully dug up and transplanted because they need the native mycorrhizae (a fungus) in the soil to survive. What kind of interaction is this?
mutualism
"If domestic gas prices rise to $5 per gallon, growth will slow significantly and our quality of life will decline." This view is consistent with ________ economics.
neoclassical
The principle that "internal costs," which are the costs and benefits borne by the buyer and seller alone, represent the true and full economics of all transactions is a principle of ________.
neoclassical economics
For most Americans, factory farms and feedlots are their source for the foods shown in the figure. All of the following are negative impacts from factory farms and feedlots EXCEPT:
overgrazing.
Over time, pesticides become less effective. This is because __________
pests can evolve defenses against pesticides
A cow eating grass is an example of a _____.
primary consumer
Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. If the climate warms significantly, glaciers may melt, exposing underlying rock. This may lead to ________ in the community.
primary succession
Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to increase in size will have what shape?
pyramid
John Seager describes several benefits of smaller families, including ____________.
reduced carbon emissions
The social changes in the United States in the 20th century gave rise to environmental laws concerned primarily with ________.
reducing pollution caused by industry
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ________.
required environmental impact statements for any projects funded by the U.S. government
Why aren't more couples using birth control in Zambia? Birth control in Zambia __________.
requires travel that many families cannot afford.
Two species of lizard live on the same tree and consume the same sorts of food. Regardless, neither species is in direct competition with the other. The key to this scenario is that one of the species is nocturnal; the other is diurnal. What is this called?
resource partitioning
Ecological restoration tries to __________.
return ecosystems to a more "natural" state, often what they were like before industrial civilization altered them
What is the relationship between family income and family size? In general, as family income levels __________.
rise, families have fewer children
Irrigation can result in the salinization of soils because ________.
salts in the water are deposited on the soil surface as water evaporates
Of the following, chaparral has a climate most similar to ________.
savanna
When many bald eagles are concentrated within a small region, their feeding behavior usually involves __________.
sharing prey and taking turns feeding on the same organism
Which of the following changes in your diet would decrease the size of your ecological footprint without causing health problems?
shifting your protein intake from beef and pork to eggs and dairy products
As industrial chicken farming increases in Africa, which of the following groups will likely benefit most as a supplier of feed for chickens?
soybean farmers
In the demographic transition model, the highest population growth rate in a country is likely to occur during ________.
stage 2, the transitional stage
A distinguishing feature of ecological economics is the concept of ________.
steady-state economies that neither grow nor shrink
Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? The population grows most rapidly when the birth rate is significantly greater than the death rate.
supported
Which of the following particles made up the dust that gave the Dustbowl its name?
suspended grains
Population growth is at the root of many serious environmental problems. From the ancient Babylonians thousands of years ago, to Thomas Malthus two centuries ago, to present day neo-Malthusians, humans seem to possess an awareness of Earth's limitations in the face of growing populations. Today, our ability to accurately quantify and monitor population growth is very sophisticated. We can measure growth and make predictions about world growth with mathematical and computer models. Despite long-lasting, rapid global population growth that is only recently starting to show signs of slowing, we have thus far been able to avoid global catastrophe. Can we continue to avoid disaster? Despite dire predictions in the past, humans still inhabit Earth. A few economists would argue that this is because ________.
technological developments have alleviated some of the strain on Earth's resources
What biome is depicted in this climate graph?
temperate rainforest
A seal that just ate a clam is eaten by a shark. The shark is acting as a _____.
tertiary consumer
Which of the following was NOT part of public policy during the early years of the United States?
the Superfund
The term demographic transition refers to ________.
the decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates, occurring as a country economically develops
Declining population growth rates in poor countries can be partially attributed to ________.
the education of women
The number of children in a family in Zambia has largely been determined by __________.
the father
Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. Some models of climate change for North America predict that the grassland regions of the prairie states will become warmer and drier. This would result in ________.
the need to develop varieties of agricultural crops that tolerate desert conditions
What does the y-axis show?
the price of a good or service
Swidden agriculture is necessary in rainforests for all of the following reasons EXCEPT __________.
the soil of rainforests is not suitable for forest growth
What does the blue graph line represent?
the supply of a good or service
Gross domestic product (GDP) is ________.
the total monetary value of goods and services produced by a country
A grain of what size would be most likely to cause surrounding grains to become airborne?
0.2 mm
The global human population recently surpassed 7 billion people, and its annual growth is approximately _____ at the present.
1%
During which of the following periods did the world's population more than double?
1950-2000
A population that is not growing will have a TFR of ________.
2.1 or lower
Compare the world population index for 1960 to the world population index for 2000. Then express the world population in 2000 as a percentage of world population in 1960.
200%
Wetlands provide a multitude of ecological, economic, and social benefits. They provide habitat for many organisms and are nurseries for many saltwater and freshwater fishes and shellfish. Wetlands also hold and slowly release floodwater and snow melt, recharge groundwater, act as cleansing filters, recycle nutrients, and provide recreation. As of 2000, the contiguous United States was estimated to have about 105 million acres of wetlands remaining. Over the past 60 years, it has lost over 16 million acres of wetlands, and the loss continues at about 58,000 acres annually. Nearly one-third of the loss is due to urban development, with the rest being nearly equally divided between rural development, agriculture, and silviculture (predominantly logging). The southeastern United States is experiencing the greatest losses. The Emergency Wetlands Resources Act (EWRA) of 1986 requires the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct status and trend studies of the nation's wetlands and to report the results to Congress each decade. The overall goal is to have no more net loss of wetlands. EWRA also established Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge along Lake Pontchartrain in New Orleans, Louisiana. According to the scenario, if the United States continues to lose wetlands at current rates, in approximately what year would the country run out of wetlands?
3800
Open the site in your browser. (If any pop-up windows appear, think about what they indicate about the web site before you close them.) Skim the article. Think about whether you trust the information presented or whether you have doubts about some of it. On a scale of 0 to 6, where 6 is the most trustworthy, how would you rate this site? (Note that all responses will be marked as "correct" at this point.)
5-6 (very trustworthy)
The global ecological footprint for humans is estimated to be ________.
50% greater than what Earth can support
How much lead was emitted in 1970 from nontransportation sources?
50,000 tons
Now compare fertilizer use in 1960 to fertilizer use in 2000. Express the year 2000 N fertilizer use as a percentage of N fertilizer use in 1960.
667%
There are approximately ________ people on Earth.
7.4 billion
If the actual increase in total sea otters was 1,400 individuals between 1985 and 2005, how many new sea otters were added to the population (on average) each year?
70
What percentage of households in 2000 had 3 or fewer people?
74.9%
If global fertility rates remain at 2008 levels, the United Nations predicts that world population will surpass ________ billion in 2050.
9
Predict which of the following United Nations funding proposals both Sylva and Seager might support.
A development plan to build schools for girls in a poverty-stricken country
What will occur if the demand for a product increases but the supply of that product remains the same?
A shortage of the product will cause the price of the product to increase.
When it comes to American views on climate change, which of the following is true?
A small amount is still undecided if climate change is a problem.
Which statement is correct concerning the process of ecological succession?
After a disturbance, the community goes through a somewhat predictable set of changes until reaching a final state.
Despite increased agricultural production by developed countries about 100 years ago, less developed countries continued to use traditional agricultural practices. Then, in the 1960s, the research of Dr. Norman Borlaug increased crop production by nearly 500% in Mexico and India by using __________.
All of the above responses are correct. (modern farm equipment; high yielding crops; disease resistant crops)
Data in the graph in Part A show that the Montreal Protocol and subsequent treaties to restrict the production of ozone-depleting substances have halted the advance of ozone loss in the stratosphere. Although this is a success worth celebrating, certain individuals or groups might question why there have not been more significant gains in the recovery of ozone. What's taking so long? Science has the answer. Researchers now understand that there is a considerable lag between the time that CFCs are released on Earth and the time when they diffuse into the stratosphere. Also, CFCs are halocarbons that have a long residence time (meaning these molecules stick around for a while staying in the atmosphere for a long time after they have been emitted). Because much of the 5.5 million tons of CFCs previously emitted has yet to reach the stratosphere, levels may not peak there until 2020. In fact, according to experts, ozone is not expected to completely recover until after 2060. The graph below, which shows data averaged from multiple satellite and ground-based sources (red line), reveals a global decrease in observed ozone concentrations, followed by a gradual increase. Simulations from many computer models (blue dashed line shows mean; gray band shows statistical uncertainty) indicate that recovery should be complete later this century. Imagine you are a researcher asked to speak to a group of policymakers who must decide whether or not to continue supporting treaties that ban ozone-depleting substances. The group has recently received pressure from industries to back off the agreements, based on the argument that atmospheric ozone levels have stabilized in recent years. Based on the information in the graph, which argument would be most effective in convincing the policymakers to maintain support of the treaties?
Although models forecast full recovery of ozone by 2060, reaching this target depends on the maintenance of existing treaties that ban CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances.
Decades before stratospheric ozone depletion was considered a global health crisis, researchers at a remote field station in Halley, Antarctica, were already measuring ozone in the atmosphere. The following graph shows how ozone levels changed after an international treaty, the Montreal Protocol, banned the production and use of ozone-depleting chemicals in 1987. Atmospheric ozone levels are measured in Dobson units, where 1 Dobson unit equals a 0.01 mm thick layer of pure ozone sea level temperature and pressure. As you examine the before and after data, consider how the availability of long-term scientific monitoring data can play a critical role in identifying problems and evaluating outcomes related to environmental challenges.
Although ozone levels stabilized after the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, recent measurements have yet to exceed pre-treaty levels.
Which statement is correct concerning international law?
An example of customary law is the idea that no nation should use its resources in ways that adversely affect its neighbors.
You visit a farm that practices regenerative farming. Which of the following does the farmer do?
Annual grazing in each pasture.
Which of the following is true?
As carbon increases in the soil, less fertilizer is needed.
Recent studies have examined the relationship between a society's quality of life or "happiness", and its resource use as measured by its ecological footprint. When the values for these measures were graphed for a large number of nations on one figure, it indicated that happiness increased with increased resource use up to a certain point (the point at which people's basic life needs were met). What trend do you think appeared in these data as resource use continued to increase?
As resource use increased, happiness level leveled off
You are developing a carbon-sequestration technique. Which of the following are you focused on removing to help combat climate change?
Carbon dioxide
Simberloff mentions Mediterranean cheatgrass as one example of a non-native species that has affected millions of acres. If Davis were the scientist talking to reporters, how might he frame the issue?
Cheatgrass is causing regional declines of native plant communities.
Which of the following is currently true?
Coal and oil both produce more global tons of carbon dioxide than natural gas.
Assuming emissions remain the same, as regenerative farming becomes more popular, which of the following will occur?
Concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will decrease.
Notice in the table that the energy consumed by the food retail and commercial food service component almost quadrupled from 1.05 quads in 2009 to 3.9 quads in 2016. What might be the reason(s) for this increase?
Consumers are eating out more at food establishments that serve fast food but with a focus on fresh and healthy ingredients Consumers are purchasing more processed and ready-to-eat foods, thus outsourcing much of the food prep to retail and wholesale grocery stores
In order for this endeavor to be successful many things need to occur, including which of the following?
Consumers must want to eat a lot of white breast meat.
Why do we study demography?
Demography investigates the relationship between population ecology and population changes.
________ is the loss of more than 10% of soil productivity in arid areas due to such factors as erosion, soil compaction, overgrazing, and forest removal.
Desertification
You are the head of fracking for ExxonMobil. You visit a town to discuss a new fracking project in the area. Which of the following is most likely to increase support from the public?
Discuss how much money it will save customers.
Which statement about food production since 1960 is true?
During this time our food production has grown even faster than our population.
Which type of advertising assists consumers in choosing products that are grown or manufactured with environmentally friendly methods?
Ecolabeling
________ encourages more sustainable business practices.
Ecolabeling
What type of economic discipline maintains that society, like natural populations, cannot surpass environmental limitations?
Ecological economics
Which term describes the amount of cumulative land and water required to provide the raw materials a person or population consumes and to dispose of the waste that is produced?
Ecological footprint
Which of the following would Lokiaka be most likely to support?
Empowering women through education.
Which of the following would likely work best to decrease fossil fuel use in the U.S.?
End production subsidies and consumption subsidies.
You are the assistant manager of a chicken farm in Iowa. Which of the following would be the best way to convince your boss to only raise Cobb 500s?
Explain that they grow quickly.
If the recommendations suggested here are followed, which of the following will happen first?
Fossil fuel subsidies will end.
Douglas Sylva gives four reasons why government population control is bad policy. Which of the following statements represents one of his reasons?
Government influence over family size is prone to abuse.
Although Sylva and Seager seem to agree that couples should be able to make their own family planning decisions, they would disagree about which of the following statements?
Governments should provide resources and education for family planning.
Demographers predict that global population will continue to increase. As population increases, which of the following statements represents future agricultural changes for maintaining an adequate food supply?
Higher food production per unit of agricultural land
What was the overall trend in household size from 1970 to 2000?
Household size decreased.
If current trends continue, with parents in the U.S. choosing to have fewer children on average (for example, 1 or 2 children versus 3 or more), how will future household sizes be affected?
Households of 3 and 4 people will increase and households with more than 5 people will decrease.
Which of the following statements about Earth's carrying capacity for humans is true?
Human beings are not unlike other animals concerning carrying capacity, but we utilize technology to artificially raise the carrying capacity increasingly higher.
For environmental scientists, the ability to make accurate projections or predictions into the future is important. For lack of a crystal ball, researchers must instead build statistical models, which use existing scientific data to make mathematical predictions about what may happen in the future. One of the most important components of statistical models is the notion of statistical uncertainty, or the estimate of how much variability there could be between actual measurements and the estimates predicted by the model. Recall from the graph in Part B that the red line represents actual, observed ozone concentrations, averaged from data collected by multiple satellite and ground-based sources. The blue dashed line shows what the predicted ozone concentration would be based on simulations from many models. Lastly, the gray shading shows statistical uncertainty of the models. Using the information from the graph in Part B, which statement accurately describes the statistical uncertainty of the mean percent change in stratospheric ozone concentration based on model simulations?
In general, the graph shows that the statistical uncertainty of the model simulations is greatest surrounding future projections of global ozone concentrations later this century.
Current Events: New and Novel Paradigm for Advancing Research on Beneficial Microbes (ScienceDaily, 07/25/2017) You are a farmer interested in low-input agriculture. Which of the following do you do?
Increase your use of microbes and decrease your use of chemicals.
Between the years of 1985 and 2005 the total number of sea otters:
Increased by approximately 100%.
Which of the following correctly illustrate the two ways that economic growth can occur?
Increased inputs to the economy and improvements in efficiency through technology
Due to many states' recent bans on MTBE, the use of ethanol in gasoline is increasing. What are some potential outcomes of the shift to ethanol?
Increased water pollution from fertilizers and pesticides
According to the Kigali deal, which of the following countries will be the last to stop using HFCs?
India
Despite the high cost of the technology to design genetically modified (GM) crops, American companies have invested in their development. The first genetically engineered crop was the Flavr Savr tomato, which was created by reversing the function of a normal tomato gene. It was approved by the FDA for sale in the United States in 1994. Its grower, the Calgene Corporation, maintained that it would ripen longer on the vine, taste and ship better, and last longer on supermarket shelves compared to conventional tomatoes. It is no longer marketed because of technical problems and public safety concerns. Today, most engineered crops are modified for insect and herbicide resistance. In 1997, the Monsanto company first marketed GM corn. This Bt corn was engineered using genes from the Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria that made the corn resistant to some pests. In 1999, environmentalists were alarmed when it was reported that pollen from Bt corn could kill monarch butterfly larvae if corn pollen drifted onto milkweed plants that monarchs fed upon. Consumers feared the unknown and were concerned about potential food allergies. Presently, soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola dominate the GM food market. These crops are grown and distributed mostly in the United States, Argentina, Canada, Brazil, and China. They are used mostly for animal feed, clothing, or to make oil or other ingredients for processed food, which has helped them gain public acceptance. Although GM crops such as strawberries, potatoes, and lettuce have all been marketed in the United States, GM food field trials involving biotech fruits and vegetables have dropped significantly during the past several years, and the pace of new product introductions has fallen sharply. This narrow range of crops could mean that biotechnology may not realize its full potential in the future. If GM crops can decrease pesticide use, why are environmentalists still concerned about them?
Inserted genes can spread to nontarget species.
How can you know if the person or organization providing the information has the credentials and knowledge to speak on this topic? One clue is the type of web site it is--the domain name ".org" tells you that this site is run by a nonprofit organization. Now scan the article to find the name and credentials of the person who wrote it. What is the affiliation of the writer?
It's not clear who wrote the content on this page.
Which of the following increases in temperature has been set as the goal of the Paris climate treaty?
Less than 2°C
In three years, global leaders meet to amend the Paris Climate Agreement, producing an agreement that is less effective than Paris. Which of the following do they agree on?
Limit the increase in average global temperature to 2.5 degrees Celsius.
Which of the following statements would the two authors agree on?
Many non-native species are not harmful.
It has been demonstrated that ectotherms (such as insects and reptiles) in warm climates tolerate higher temperatures than ectotherms in cooler climates. Angilletta hypothesized that urban heat islands could lead to similar differences in heat tolerance between urban and rural populations of leaf-cutter ants. He predicted that ants in urban areas would tolerate heat better than ants in nearby rural areas. Select the two best experimental designs for comparing the thermal tolerance of ants in urban areas to ants in nearby rural areas.
Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species as a function of the distance they live from a city center. Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from a city center and from a rural area in the same region.
When it comes to American views on policy, which of the following is true?
More Americans view health care policy, the economy and terrorism as a priority than climate change.
Mark Davis argues that non-natives rarely threaten natives with extinction. Davis would further say that:
None of the thousands of native plant species in North America has ever gone totally extinct due to a non-native species.
The initial degradation of plants by soil organisms, bacteria, and fungi occurs in the __________ soil horizon.
O
Torres-Porras supported his hypothesis that the tragedy of the commons is influencing populations of red deer. His results showed the predicted demographic differences between the fenced and unfenced populations of red deer. Recall that underlying his hypothesis is the assumption that hunter behavior differs between fenced and unfenced estates. Differences in hunting behavior would affect red deer population demographics. If Torres-Porras could show evidence that hunters do behave differently in fenced estates versus unfenced states, that would provide further support for his hypothesis that the tragedy of the commons is influencing the populations. Suppose that Torres-Porras decides to perform a second study where he will survey hunters to assess their behavior. He wrote 8 survey questions, but he wants you to select the 4 best questions. (The survey should be short so that hunters will be more likely to take it.) Select the 4 best questions to include in the survey. Be sure to avoid:Questions that are not strongly related to the predictions or hypothesisQuestions that are complex or confusingQuestions that directly ask participants about the hypothesisQuestions with biased language Select the 4 best questions to include in the survey. Be sure to avoid:Questions that are not strongly related to the predictions or hypothesisQuestions that are complex or confusingQuestions that directly ask participants about the hypothesisQuestions with biased language
On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very unlikely, how likely are you to harvest a male deer with short antlers when you encounter one? On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very unlikely and 10 is very likely, how likely are you to harvest a male deer with long antlers when you encounter one? On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very little control and 10 is a great deal of control, how much control do you feel you have over the population of deer where you hunt? On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very unlikely and 10 is very likely, how likely are you to harvest a female deer when you encounter one?
Which of the following statements best describes the implications of household size for energy consumption and land use and development?
Overall energy and land use will depend on the type and density of housing developments in an area.
Which of the following is true in the United States?
Partisan opinions tend to factor into how a person views climate change.
Imagine that Torres-Porras conducted the survey with 100 hunters—50 from fenced estates and 50 from unfenced estates. Below are the average scores for each question. To help deal with situations in which tragedy of the commons is occurring, governments enact laws. For example, during a drought, governments may limit the amount of water that individuals can use. Would government regulation help with the red deer populations in Spain? How can these survey results inform lawmakers? Given these results, what is the best hunting regulation the government could enact in order to increase the harvest of male red deer with long antlers in unfenced populations?
Pass a law that restricts harvesting young male deer.
Which of the following is the main concern of neoclassical economics?
Production
Which of the following would likely do the most to reduce carbon emissions over time?
Prohibit big businesses from donating to political campaigns.
You are a chemical engineer working on a replacement for HFCs. Which of the following industries will likely be most interested in your product?
Refrigerator manufacturer
In 1991, scientist James Estes and his team observed a new trend of orcas preying on sea otters. Orcas normally prey on great whales, but those populations had been dramatically reduced by industrial whaling. Estes hypothesized that the decrease in the great whale population had caused orcas to turn to smaller prey -- sea otters. If this hypothesis is correct, predict what might happen to sea otter numbers if great whale population numbers increase.
Sea otter populations would increase.
Regions with otters tend to host dense forests of kelp, a brown seaweed that anchors to the seafloor. Kelp forests provide a physical structure in which diverse marine communities find shelter and food. Sea otters prey on urchins, which consume kelp. According to James Estes, sea otter populations have dropped dramatically in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. If sea otter populations in these areas continue to decline, what might happen with populations of sea urchins and kelp?
Sea urchins increase and kelp decreases.
What is the title of the book by Rachel Carson that refers to the absence of birdsongs due to the poisoning of birds by pesticides?
Silent Spring
Assuming they all consume the same amount of calories, which of the following people is responsible for the least amount of greenhouse gases from their diet?
Someone who does not eat any animals or animal products at all.
Which stage represents the fertility transition--a period of declining fertility rates related to economic and social change?
Stage 3
In which stage or stages is the size of the population relatively stable?
Stages 1 and 4
________ involves meeting the needs of the present without sacrificing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable development
Which of the following is true?
The Montreal, Paris and Kigali deals all have different goals.
Based on trends, who will continue to acquire land in the Niger Delta?
The Nigerian government
Which of the following can be inferred from the age structure shown?
The population in Nigeria is growing more rapidly than Canada.
Which of these statements about the growth of the human population is true?
The rate at which the population has been growing has slowed in the past 50 years, but the human population is still getting larger.
The period in a woman's life between sexual maturity and menopause is known as what?
The reproductive window
If the goals from this proposal are met, which of the following will be true?
The use of coal will end before the use of oil.
Current Events: New and Novel Paradigm for Advancing Research on Beneficial Microbes (ScienceDaily, 07/25/2017) If current trends continue, which of the following will be true?
The use of microbes in agriculture will increase.
If trends of the last decade continue, which of the following will occur?
The use of renewable energy will increase.
Which of the following is an example of the use of a biological control?
The use of the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, in the 1920s to control the invasive prickly pear cactus that was overrunning rangeland in Australia.
You visit a traditional Tanzanian village while on a service trip. Which of the following is most likely?
The village residents keep chickens for their eggs.
On what basis is the writer primarily appealing to his or her readers?
The writer is appealing to the readers' emotions.
Current Events: New and Novel Paradigm for Advancing Research on Beneficial Microbes (ScienceDaily, 07/25/2017) Which of the following is true regarding soil microbes?
There are many species and large populations.
What is occurring in the region around the Chilkat River in Alaska that allows chum salmon to spawn during the winter months?
Thermal springs heat and break up the ice.
Despite the high cost of the technology to design genetically modified (GM) crops, American companies have invested in their development. The first genetically engineered crop was the Flavr Savr tomato, which was created by reversing the function of a normal tomato gene. It was approved by the FDA for sale in the United States in 1994. Its grower, the Calgene Corporation, maintained that it would ripen longer on the vine, taste and ship better, and last longer on supermarket shelves compared to conventional tomatoes. It is no longer marketed because of technical problems and public safety concerns. Today, most engineered crops are modified for insect and herbicide resistance. In 1997, the Monsanto company first marketed GM corn. This Bt corn was engineered using genes from the Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria that made the corn resistant to some pests. In 1999, environmentalists were alarmed when it was reported that pollen from Bt corn could kill monarch butterfly larvae if corn pollen drifted onto milkweed plants that monarchs fed upon. Consumers feared the unknown and were concerned about potential food allergies. Presently, soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola dominate the GM food market. These crops are grown and distributed mostly in the United States, Argentina, Canada, Brazil, and China. They are used mostly for animal feed, clothing, or to make oil or other ingredients for processed food, which has helped them gain public acceptance. Although GM crops such as strawberries, potatoes, and lettuce have all been marketed in the United States, GM food field trials involving biotech fruits and vegetables have dropped significantly during the past several years, and the pace of new product introductions has fallen sharply. This narrow range of crops could mean that biotechnology may not realize its full potential in the future. Why do soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola dominate the GM crop market?
They are ingredients in processed foods, so they are more easily accepted.
How do women cause a reduction in the total fertility rate?
Through empowerment, personal choice, and education
You are a landowner interested in regenerative farming. Which of the following should you avoid?
Tilling.
Current Events: New and Novel Paradigm for Advancing Research on Beneficial Microbes (ScienceDaily, 07/25/2017) You study beetles and wish to apply niche partitioning to your research. Why?
To decrease competition.
Current Events: New and Novel Paradigm for Advancing Research on Beneficial Microbes (ScienceDaily, 07/25/2017) Which of the following appears to be critical for successful use of microbes?
Uniting agriculture and ecology.
Why is variety in crop plants important for "food security"?
Varieties contain genes that, through conventional breeding, might confer resistance to disease.
The ________ promotes free trade by reducing obstacles to international commerce and enforcing fairness among nations in trading practices.
WTO
A new power plant is being built in your area. Which of the following would be best for the environment?
a natural gas power plant
Ignoring migration, the age structure diagram of a human population likely to maintain a relatively stable size will have what shape?
a rectangle tapering toward the top
What causes a decline in fertility rates?
an increase in family planning and birth control
The original Clean Air Act was designed to reduce lead emissions, and the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments were designed to reduce urban smog. As implied by the graph's data, one unintended consequence of the legislation and its amendments was _________.
an increase in water pollution
Zebra mussels ________.
are an invasive exotic species that clog pipes and cover boat propellers
Which of the following are probably the most abundant but least understood of all forms of life on Earth?
bacteria
After examining every single cell in your body, you would conclude that humans are made up mostly of __________.
bacterial cells
If global climate change results in an area of temperate grassland receiving less rainfall and higher temperatures, it will ________.
begin to support more desert species
The statement, "hiking up a mountain in the southwestern United States is like walking from Mexico to Canada," is meant to demonstrate that ________ change(s) rapidly as you change altitude and latitude.
biomes
What does the left y-axis of the graph represent?
birth rate or death rate
Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion, farming, and deforestation, are known to increase atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Measurable warming of Earth due to these gases can alter ecosystem dynamics. In addition to the direct climatic effects on organisms within biomes, warming can melt permafrost in the tundra and increase precipitation in arctic areas. Global warming also can increase sea surface temperatures, melting sea ice in the Arctic and increasing the intensity of hurricanes in temperate and tropical coastal areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species (such as flowering plants and bees) "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species. Global warming has been hypothesized to cause many plants to flower earlier. If bees and other pollinators begin the search for food earlier in response to this, this would represent ________ within the community.
coevolution
Which of these behaviors is not involved in determining the market price of a product?
consumers seeking to maximize external costs
In a country where there are increasingly more households, ________.
consumption should increase
Which of the examples below illustrates the economic principle of a negative externality?
cost of rebuilding roads damaged by trucks heavily loaded with goods
According to the graph's data for lead and MTBE use, from 1992 to 2000 lead emissions ________ and MTBE consumption _________.
declined nearly 100%; increased nearly 200%
In comparison to 1970, the overall percentage of households with 4 or more people in 2000______.
decreased by approximately 10%
In 1960 the ratio of food production to N fertilizer use was 40:15 or 2.7:1. By 2000 the ratio was 1:1. The efficiency of N use in agriculture _____.
decreased—over time we have produced less food with the same amount of N fertilizer
As the price of a good increases, the quantity of that good that buyers are willing to purchase ________.
decreases
An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____.
detritivore
Population growth is at the root of many serious environmental problems. From the ancient Babylonians thousands of years ago, to Thomas Malthus two centuries ago, to present day neo-Malthusians, humans seem to possess an awareness of Earth's limitations in the face of growing populations. Today, our ability to accurately quantify and monitor population growth is very sophisticated. We can measure growth and make predictions about world growth with mathematical and computer models. Despite long-lasting, rapid global population growth that is only recently starting to show signs of slowing, we have thus far been able to avoid global catastrophe. Can we continue to avoid disaster? Aside from contraception, human society and government policy can ________ to control population growth's negative effects on the environment.
discourage population movement into sensitive environmental areas
Which trophic level provides energy for all of the other trophic levels?
first
The World Bank was established in 1944 to ________.
fund economic development for all countries, rich and poor, including dams and irrigation in the poorest countries, for the poorest peoples
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) _________.
gave citizens the right to see and comment on proposed government projects through the creation of environmental impact statementswas needed because the EPA was unable to control pollutionwas part of the first wave of U.S. environmental policy
Which of the following acts to discourage unsustainable activities?
green tax
Organic farming ________.
has increased in the United States, Canada, and Europe in recent years
