Exam 2- PSY Lab exam study questions
What is this subject's arterial oxygen content? You obtained the following data from your subject: (no units required)
(Hb x 1.39) x SaO2%
What is this subject's mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration? You obtained the following data from your subject: (no units required)
(Hb x 100) / (Hct)
if your muscle is 1.6 cm long and 0.9 cm wide, how many fibers are there across the diameter of this muscle? (no units required)
180 (.9cm)x2x(1m/100cm)
Possible hematocrit in an adult male with sickle cell disease
23%
Which of the following is closest to a healthy platelet count for a healthy adult male?
270,000/mm^3
MCHC in a adult male
32.5 g/dl
The fifth Korotkoff sound is associated with:
laminar blood flow
In a subject who has mitral regurgitation, we would expect to hear?
lub - swish - sup
When we use a stethoscope and blood pressure cuff to determine blood pressure, we place the diaphragm of the stethoscope where?
medial antecubital fossa
Specific locations around the thorax serve as the optimal sites for listening to sounds associated with normal/abnormal valve function. The 5th intercostal space at the mid-clavicular line is approximately the location of the apex of the heart. This is considered the best location for listening to sounds associated with the __________________ valve
mitral
The difference in surface EMG amplitude between point X and point Y is especially due to what type of summation?
multiple motor unit summation
In our frog leg length tension experiment we observed changes in active, passive, and total tension as we stretched the muscle. Which of the following best reflects the expected findings for active tension in this experiment?
muscle length (mm)24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 active tension (g)3 6 9 12 14 14 11 8 5 2
In our frog leg length tension experiment we observed changes in active, passive, and total tension as we stretched the muscle. Which of the following best reflects the expected findings for passive tension in this experiment?
muscle length (mm)24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 passive tension (g)3 6 9 12 14 18 23 29 37 50
If your subject was exercising at a moderate intensity (HR 120bpm), which of the following would we expect to observe if we injected them with atropine?
no change in heart rate
What does the 5th Korotkoff sound sound like?
no sound
Which of the following antigens would be found in blood type O-
none
The neurotransmitter released by sympatheteic postganglionic nerve fibers at the ventricles is ___________________.
norepinephrine
In our length tension experiment if we had a new baseline tension of 8, a passive tension of 15.3 grams aand an active tension of 25.5 grams, what would be the total tension at this length? (no units required, calculate to the closest tenth).
40.8 (15.3+25.5)
Several drugs, diseases, and toxins can cause probems by influencing the events at the neuromuscular junction. If a subject were injected with organophosphates, they would likely experience
spastic paralysis
if we heard lub - swish - dup it could mean that
E (mitral valve) is regurgitating
if we heard lub - swish - dup it could mean that
E is insufficient (mitral valve)
What is this subject's oxygen carrying capacity? You obtained the following data from your subject: (no units required)
Hb x 1.39
What is a typical value for cardiac output in a healthy adult human (in L)?
5
hemoglobin concentraiton in an adult female whose stomach no longer makes intrinsic factor
8.7 g/dl
hemoglobin concentraiton in an elderly adult female with pernicious anemia
8.7 g/dl
What is a typical value for diastolic blood pressure in a healthy adult human?
80
Which of the following antibodies would be found in blood type AB+
NONE... A, anti-A, anti-B, B, Rh, anti-Rh
In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that would only have B antigens and Rh antigens
B+
In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that could only have anti-A and anti-Rh antibodies
B-
Which of the following blood types can type B- receive blood from?
B-, O-
Your subject's heart is beating once every 0.86 seconds. Their heart is pumping out 6.4 liters of blood from the heart every minute. After every beat of the heart, there is still 63 milliliters of blood left in the ventricle. The minimum pressure recorded during diastole is 77 millimeters of mercury and every time blood is ejected the pressure increases by 38 millimeters fo mercury from this point. What is this subject's mean arterial pressure?
89.7 1/3(38)+77
You collected the following data from your subject cardiac output is 4.4 L/min , their heart rate is 70 bpm, their blood pressure is 114/88. What is their mean arterial pressure? (no units required)
96.667 (1/3)x(114-88)+88
Your subject's cardiac output is 5.1 L/min , their heart rate is 84 bpm, and their blood pressure is 123/63. Estimate their heart's oxygen demand? (no units required)
10,332.0 123*84
A number of events must occur at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) to allow the nervous system to stimulate contraction of skeletal muscle. Please put the following events in order. A blank figure of the NMJ is provided below to help you visualize these events. Note: some events have been skipped.
1.) action potential propagation down the axon via saltatory conduction 2.) opening of voltage gated calcium channels 3.)acetylcholine released from the terminal bouton by exocytosis 4.)acetylcholine traverses binds with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors 5.)formation of an end plate potential 6.)action potential is initiated on the sarcolemma 7.)acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine
If the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect to observe which of the following?
1.) an increase in contractility 2.)an increase in heart rate
Which of the following would be expected to decrease heart rate?
1.) applying atenolol (a beta-1-adrenergic receptor blocker) 2.) applying potassium to the heart 3.) applying cold Ringer's solution 4.) applying acetylcholine to the heart
Which of the following would be expected to have a negative chronotropic effect?
1.) applying cold Ringer's solution 2.) applying acetylcholine to the heart 3.) applying potassium to the heart 4.) applying atenolol (a beta-1-adrenergic receptor blocker)
Which of the following would be expected to cause a positive inotropic effect?
1.) applying epinephrine to the heart 2.) applying calcium to the heart
Which of the following would be expected to increase heart rate?
1.) applying epinephrine to the heart 2.) applying warm Ringer's solution to the heart
The following depicts two muscle actions recorded with a 20 pound weight: action ABC and action XYZ. Based on their appearance match the following:
1.) eccentric action-> ABC 2.) concentric action-> XYZ 3.) isometric action-> not represented in this figure
The following depcits EMG activity of your subject's repeated bicep curls to fatigue, based on this recording, which of the following is/are likely true? (assume the subject used good form the entire time)
1.) if A and B are either concentric actions or eccentric actions; B is likely the eccentric action 2.) the fatigue could be due to loss of excitability in motor areas of the brain 3.)the subject likely experienced central fatigue
The following depcits EMG activity of your subject's repeated bicep curls to fatigue, based on this recording, which of the following is/are likely true? (assume the subject used good form the entire time)
1.) the fatigue could be due to factors within the muscle, not the nervous system 2.)The difference in EMG amplitude between contraction A and contraction B is likely mostly due to differences in numbers of motor units active 3.)The subject likely experienced peripheral fatigue
We did two experiments related to hemostasis: determing bleeding tie and clotting time. Put the following events related to hemostasis in order ultimately ending in formation of a clot (the last answer.... note: not all steps are presented)
1.) vascular spasm 2.) platelet plug 3.) activation of factor X 4.) activation of prothrombin to its active form 5.) formation of clot
If EMG tracing ABC below was recorded from the Biceps Brachii during a single concentric dumbbell curl with a 10 pound weight. Which of the following statements best explains why electrical activity is higher at some parts of this movement than others even though the weight remained the same throughout the range of motion?
1.)EMG activity could be higher at point B because the subject may have had poorer leverage at this joint angle 2.)EMG activity could be higher at point B because the Biceps Brachii's synergists (brachialis and brachioradialis) may have been relatively less active 3.)EMG activity could be lowest at point A because of very good leverage
if your muscle is 2.5 cm long and 1.0 cm wide, how many sarcomeres are there in series down the length of this muscle? (no units required)
12,500 (2.5/2cm)x(1m/100cm)x(10^6um/m)
For a subject with healthy blood pressure (neither hypo- or hypertension), R (Pressure (mmHg --> highest letter) on this figure would be approximately:
120
Based on current (after 2017) guidelines a systolic blood pressure of __________ mmHg would be classified as elevated (more than one acceptable answer)
125
Based on pre-2017 guidelines a systolic blood pressure of __________ mmHg would be classified as pre-hypertensive (more than one acceptable answer)
130
You are taking a subject's blood pressure by the auscultatory method. When you have worked with this patient before, their blood pressure is usually around 140/86 with a heart rate of 56. How high should you pump up the pressure in the cuff before you begin taking their BP?
165 (higher than sys by 15-ish)
Your subject's heart rate is 69 bpm, their stroke volume is 66 ml/bt, their mean arterial pressure is 89 mmHg, their pulse pressure is 35 mmHg, the distance from their heart to the top of their head is 43 cm, and the distance from their heart to the bottom of their feet is 106 cm. What is the pressure at the bottom of their feet?
170.6 89+(.77*106)
if your muscle is 3.4 cm long and 0.6 cm wide, how many sarcomeres are there in series down the length of this muscle? (no units required)
17000 (3.4cm/2)x(1m/100cm)x(10^6)
In our length tension experiment if we had an intial tension of 3.1 grams and then stretched the muscle by 4 mm and recorded a new baseline tension of 8.2 grams and an active tension of 10.4 grams, what would be the passive tension by stretching the muscle this distance? (no units required, calculate to the closest tenth).
5.1 (3.1) + (4mm)/2
Which of the following is closest to a healthy erythrocyte count for a healthy adult male?
5.6 million/mm3
Your subject's heart rate is 70 bpm, their stroke volume is 68 ml/bt, their mean arterial pressure is 86 mmHg, their pulse pressure is 34 mmHg, the distance from their heart to the top of their head is 44 cm, and the distance from their heart to the bottom of their feet is 111 cm. What is the pressure at the top of their head?
52.1 86-(.77*44))
In our length tension experiment if we had a new baseline tension of 6, a passive tension of 41.9 grams and an active tension of 11.6 grams, what would be the total tension at this length? (no units required, calculate to the closest tenth)
53.5 (41.9+11.6)
Your subject's heart is beating once every 1.02 seconds. Their heart is pumping out 6.0 liters of blood from the heart every minute. After every beat of the heart, there is still 50 milliliters of blood left in the ventricle. The minimum pressure recorded during diastole is 66 millimeters of mercury and every time blood is ejected the pressure increases by 29 millimeters fo mercury from this point. What is this subject's rate pressure product?
5588.2 (6.0/1.02)x(100)+(50*100)
You are taking a subject's blood pressure by the auscultatory method on a hot day outside and they just finished exercising in the heat. When you have worked with this patient before, their blood pressure is usually around 116/82. You pump the cuff up until the pressure is 144 mmHg. You then release the pressure from the cuff, while listening for changes in sound as the pressure in the cuff gradually becomes lower. The needle on the sphygmomanometer is moving down and is at 112 mmHg when you hear a relatively loud sound, then it becomes a little softer at around 105, then a little louder again around 95, becomes muffled around 64, and then disappears at 0 mmHg. Based on this information what is their diastolic blood pressure?
64
Your subject's heart is beating once every 0.79 seconds. Their heart is pumping out 5.0 liters of blood from the heart every minute. After every beat of the heart, there is still 61 milliliters of blood left in the ventricle. The minimum pressure recorded during diastole is 63 millimeters of mercury and every time blood is ejected the pressure increases by 50 millimeters fo mercury from this point. What is this subject's stroke volume?
65.8 CO= SV x HR 5.0/(60/.79) x1000
Possible hematocrit in an adult female who has a kidney tumor that causes an increase in erythropoiten secretion
68%
Possible hematocrit in an adult male with relative polycythemia
68%
Possible hematocrit of a patient with severe obstuctive pulmonary disease whose SaO2% (even with supplemental O2) is usually around 92% the last six months
68%
neutrophils are usually close to this percent of our leukocytes
68%
Possible red blood cell count in an adult male with secondary polycythemia
7.4 million/mm3
What is a typical value for stroke volume in a healthy adult human (in mL)?
75
Your subject's cardiac output is 5.3 L/min, their RRinterval is 0.88 seconds long, and their blood pressure is 125/77. What is their stroke volume (use ml, not L)? (no units required)
77.7 (5.3x10)/(60/.88) x100
In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that could only have anti-B antibodies
A+
Which of the following blood types can type O+ donate to?
A+ , O+, AB+, B+
Which of the following antigens would be found in blood type A+
A, Rh
In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that could only have anti-B and anti-Rh antibodies
A-
Which of the following blood types can type AB- receive blood from?
A-, B-, AB-, O-
Which of the following blood types can type A- receive blood from?
A-, O-
Match the cell types in this image with the most appropriate description:
A: enter tissues and becomes macrophages (monocyte) B: some of these can differentiate and make antibodies (lymphocyte) C: filled with hemoglobin, carries a lot of oxygen (erythrocyte)
In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that would have A antigens, B antigens, and Rh antigens
AB+
Which of the following blood types can type AB+ donate to?
AB+
Which of the following blood types can type AB- donate to?
AB-, AB+
Which of the following drugs could be used to block the effects of epinephrine on the SA Node?
Atenolol, a type of beta1-antagonist (blocker)
Which of the following drugs could be used to block the effects of acetylcholine on the AV Node?
Atropine
Which of the following antigens would be found in blood type B-
B
The sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter that acts on the heart binds with ______________________________ in the SA Node
Beta-1-adrenergic receptors
The sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter that acts on the heart binds with ______________________________ in the ventricles
Beta-1-adrenergic receptors
Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, for example, ________________ causes explosive release of all vessicles of Ach from the terminal bouton
Black Widow Spider Venom
In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that could only have anti-A and anti-B antibodies
O+
In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems, a blood type that would only have Rh antigens
O+
Put the following blood types in order of most common to least common
O+ -most common O- 2nd common B- 3rd common AB- least common O+ - most common B+ 2nd common AB+ 3rd most common AB- least common O+ -most common A+ 2nd common AB+ 3rd common AB- least common A+ -most common O- 2nd common A- 3rd common B- least common
In the ABO and Rh antigenic systems , a blood type that could have anti-A, Anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies
O-
Which of the following blood types can type B- receive blood from?
O- and B-
Which of the following antigens would be found in blood type O+
Rh
If the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect to observe which of the following?
a negative chronotropic effect
If the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the heart, we would expect to observe which of the following?
a positive chronotropic effect a positive inotropic effect
If your subject was resting and relaxed, which of the following would we expect to observe if we injected them with atropine?
an increase in heart rate
Which of the following antibodies could be found in blood type O-
anti-B, anti-Rh, anti-A
Which of the following would be expected to increase cardiac contractility?
applying epinephrine to the heart applying calcium to the heart
Several diseases, drugs, toxins and venoms influence neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, for example, ________________ prevents release of acetylcholine from the terminal bouton.
botulinum toxin
When we use a stethoscope and blood pressure cuff to determine blood pressure, we place the diaphragm of the stethoscope over which blood vessel?
brachial artery
When the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the SA Node it would result in which of the following changes to intracellular signals (2nd messengers)?
decrease cAMP
The fourth heart sound would occur when during the cardiac cycle?
during late filling of the ventricle when the atria contract
The third heart sound would occur when during the cardiac cycle?
early filling of the ventricles right after the AV valves open
Which heart sound is associated with closing of the AV valves?
first
Several drugs, diseases, and toxins can cause probems by influencing the events at the neuromuscular junction. If a subject were injected with curare, they would likely experience _____________________
flacid paralysis
If we wanted to cause tetanus in our forearrm stimulation experiemnt, we would have increased the -------- setting on the stimulator.
frequency
If we wanted to simulate twitch summation, we would have increased the -------- setting on the stimulator.
frequency
Several of the experiments we did in the cardiac lab are similar to experiments we did in the frog skeletal muscle lab. These experiments help to illustrate differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle. For example we applied acetylchoine to the heart in lab this week and in the muscle lab acetylcholine would have been released when we stimulated the sciatic nerve to cause skeletal muscle contraction. Which of the following findings is/are NOT true about similarities and/or differences in acetylcholine's roles and effects in cardiac and skeletal muscle? select the single best answer
in cardiac muscle acetylcholine causces the muscle to contract
Several of the experiments we did in the cardiac lab are similar to experiments we did in the frog skeletal muscle lab. These experiments help to illustrate differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle. Which of the following findings is/are NOT true about similarities and/or differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle? select the single best answer
in cardiac muscle, applying frog ringer's with extra calcium (CaCl2) shouldn't effect the strength of contraction becuase in cardiac muscle, nearly all of the calcium for muscle contraction comes from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
When the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the ventricles it would result in which of the following ionic/permeability changes?
increase Ca2+ influx
When the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the SA Node it would result in which of the following changes to intracellular signals (2nd messengers)?
increase cAMP
When the sympathetic nervous system is acting on the ventricles it would result in which of the following changes to intracellular signals (2nd messengers)?
increase cAMP
We demonstrated a couple different methods for determining blood pressure in lab X. Taking a subject's blood pressure using a blood pressure cuff and sphygmomanometer and noting when the pressure in the cuff started to fluctuate (which could cause the needle to bounce) is called the _____________________________________________________________ method for determining blood pressure.
indirect-palpatory
When we use a stethoscope and blood pressure cuff to determine blood pressure, what is true of the first sound we hear?
it is called the first Korotkoff sound
The first heart sound would occur when
pressure in P (top) increases above pressure in S (below)
In one of our experiments we observed the changes in force production as we stimulated the frog muscle with progressively increasing voltages. Which of the following sets of data best reflects the expected findings of this experiment?
stimulus stength (V)2 4 6 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 tension (g)1 3 5 7 9 13 16 16 16
When we talk about a patient's blood pressure, if we do not say otherwise we are referring to pressure in what part of the circulatory system?
systemic arterial presssure at the level of the heart
The lumbricals of the hand are intrinsic hand muscles that play a role in fine motor control of the hand. Given this role, what would we predict about the size of motor units of these muscles?
they would have few fibers per motor unit
The tibialis anterior is a major dorisflexor of the foot and is not used for any fine motor activities. Given this role, what would we predict about the size of motor units of these muscles?
they would have many fibers per motor unit
The neurotransmitter released by parasympatheteic postganglionic nerve fibers at the ventricles is ___________________.
this branch of the autonomic nervous system does not innervate this part of the heart
Several of the experiments we did in the cardiac lab are similar to experiments we did in the frog skeletal muscle lab. These experiments help to illustrate differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle. The following figure depicts the last experiment we did with the frog heart, which entailed stimulating it. We did a very similar experiment with skeletal muscle. Which of the following findings is/are NOT true about similarities and/or differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle for this experiment? select the single best answer
this experiment involved stimulating the frog heart with progressively increasing frequencies
When the parasympathetic nervous system is acting on the SA Node it would result in which of the following ionic/permeability changes?
two of these answers would happen
If we wanted to simulate multiple motor unit summation (MMUS), we would have increased the -------- setting on the stimulator.
voltage
When we use the auscultatory method for determining blood pressure:
we are listening for Korotkoff sounds
