exam 2 review
What is the velocity of a stream with a cross sectional area of 300 m2 and a discharge of 600 m3/s?
2 m/s
Suppose a river database includes 29 floods over the past 100 years. What is the recurrence interval for the 10th ranked flood?
3
Imagine that you had three identical containers (A, B, C) filled with flour, uncooked rice, and coffee beans, respectively. Predict what would happen if you were to pour water into each container. How would they rank in terms of permeability? Place them in order from highest to lowest porosity.
3Coffee Beans 2 Flour 1 Rice See discussion section 12.2
A sample of rock has 25% of its original parent isotope remaining. How old is the sample if the half life of the isotope is 2000 million years?
4000 million years old
Suppose a stream has a 5% chance of flooding this year with a discharge of a 20 year flood. There has just been a 20 year flood. What is the probability there will be a 20 year flood next year.
5% next year just as it was this year.
What percentage of parent isotope is remaining if 1 half life has elapsed? Question 45 options: 100% 50% 25% 12.5% 6.25%
50%
What percentage of parent isotope is remaining if 4 half lifes have elapsed?
6.25%
If radioactive decay began with 300,000 isotopes, how many would be left after 2 half lives?
75,000
Using the diagram below, what is the possible age of F if A is 100 million years old and D is 70 million years old?
85 million yrs
Liquid hazardous waste is disposed of by pumping it down injection wells. On the following diagram, which well location would be the most suitable to use for an injection well?
A
Match the features in the relative time diagram with the events described in the short sentences. Assume all rocks are sedimentary unless otherwise indicated. Composed of granite and is older than F.
A
Use the diagram to answer the questions that follow. Which layer or event occurred first (is oldest)?
A
Which represents the extinction of the dinosaurs?
A B C D E
Determine the correct location on the Venn diagram for the following phrase based upon your understanding of volcanoes and volcanic landforms. Example: Hawaiian Islands
A B C D E F
Analyze the timeline shown. Which letter most likely represents when oxygen began accumulating in the atmosphere?
A B D E
Analyze the timeline shown. Which letter most likely represents the Cambrian explosion?
A C D E
Determine the correct location on the Venn diagram for the following phrase based upon your understanding of volcanoes and volcanic landforms. Intermediate silica rock
Andesitic
Match the features in the relative time diagram with the events described in the short sentences. Assume all rocks are sedimentary unless otherwise indicated. A sedimentary rock that did not experience contact metamorphism.
B
Use the diagram to answer the questions that follow. Which unit is likely a basalt that is older than K? Question 40 options: M T B
B
Which represents the Cambrian explosion?
B
The following excerpt is from: Ewert and Miller, June 1995, The USGS/OFDA Volcano Disaster Assistance Program: USGS Open-File Report 95-553. The strategy employed by the Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP) is to reduce loss of life and minimize economic disruption. It includes instrumental monitoring to detect the movement of magma (molten rock) toward the surface and thereby forecast eruptions and assessments of volcano hazards and risk based on past eruptive events at a volcano. A great majority of the world's potentially active volcanoes are unmonitored. until regular volcano surveillance is much more widespread, a mobile crisis-response capability is needed to quickly assess hazards and install monitoring equipment when a volcano becomes restless. VDAP sends groups of scientists to active volcanoes about to erupt that also pose a threat to humans. Which one of the magma types listed below is of least interest to VDAP?
BAsalt
Why is average stream velocity highest at the mouth of a river? Because there is low friction allowing turbulant flow. Because there is low friction allowing smooth (laminar) flow.
Because there is low friction allowing smooth (laminar) flow.
Use the diagram to answer the questions that follow. When did the fault occur? Question 27 options: Between T and B
Between G and T
Which type of sedimentary rock forms from the remains of previously living things?
Biochemical Detrital
Complete the following concept map for number 4.
Biochemical Evaporation Clastic
Determine if the phrase in bold applies to only volcanic rocks, only plutonic rocks, both types of rocks or niether type of rock. Have texture
Both volcanic and plutonic igneous rocks
Determine if the phrase in bold applies to only volcanic rocks, only plutonic rocks, both types of rocks or niether type of rock. May form from basaltic magma
Both volcanic and plutonic igneous rocks
Determine if the phrase in bold applies to only volcanic rocks, only plutonic rocks, both types of rocks or niether type of rock. May form from rhyolite magma
Both volcanic and plutonic igneous rocks
Use the Venn diagram for this question. This forms mostly from ash deposits.
Cinder Cone
Which type of volcano has the highest viscosity magma?
Cinder cones
Which type of volcanoes are made mostly of tephra?
Cinder cones
Which of the following is a biochemical sedimentary rock? Question 35 options: Coal Conglomerate
Coal
Which type of metamorphic rock would result if a volcanic dyke cut across limestone?
Contact
Which relative time principle assumes that D is younger than G?
Cross-cutting
Analyze the timeline shown. Which letter most likely represents when dinosaurs became extinct (not counting birds)
D
The four schematic cross sections show the potential groundwater resources for an area of hills and valleys. Assume the region is underlain by an open aquifer composed of sand and gravel and receives plentiful rainfall. Which diagram is the best representation of the relationship between topography and water table?
Diagram A Diagram C Diagram D
What causes streams to migrate? Question 18 options: Erosion as the water mnstream.oves dow Erosion as the water moves upstream. Deposition as the water moves downstream. Deposition as the water moves up.
Erosion as the water moves downstream
It is exceedingly rare to find measurable amounts of arsenic in groundwater in the United States.
False
Moving a town from a flood plain is an example of a flood prevention measure (as compared to an adjustment measure).
False
Radioactive isotopes disappear when they decay.
False
Which statement best explains the shape of the sea surface salinity patterns observed in the Pacific Ocean?
Freshwater input near the equator and poles coupled with evaporation at the tropics.
Which one of these is a low silica rock that cooled slowly?
Granite Gabbro Basalt
The following diagram illustrates the Rock Cycle. Match the letters below to the step number on the diagram (note: some letters are used more than once). Which term or phrase best represents Step 6?
Heat and Pressure
How does permeability of aquifer rocks relate to recharge rate?
Higher permeability implies faster recharge rates.
What is used to sub-divide the Phanerozoic into 3 eras?
It is divided by mass extinction events.
Analyze the Big Black River, Mississippi hydrograph shown and answer the questions that follow. Units are CFS (cubic feet per second). Suppose the average recurrence interval flood you found above occurs in 2012. Based on the data , how likely is it that a 50,000 cfs or greater flood will occur in 2013.
Just as likely
Use the diagram to answer the questions that follow. Which layer is older than M, but younger than B?
K
Which of the following materials would be the worst to have in an aquifer?
Material D has low porosity, low permeability.
Determine if the phrase in bold applies to only contact metamorphism, only regional metamorphism, both types of metamorphism or niether type of metamorphism. Limestone is an example
Neither contact or regional metamorphism
Determine if the phrase in bold applies to only contact metamorphism, only regional metamorphism, both types of metamorphism or niether type of metamorphism. Form on Earth's surface
Only contact metamorphism
Determine if the phrase in bold applies to only volcanic rocks, only plutonic rocks, both types of rocks or niether type of rock. Granite is an example
Only plutonic igneous rocks
Determine if the phrase in bold applies to only volcanic rocks, only plutonic rocks, both types of rocks or niether type of rock. Present at Earth's surface only after erosion
Only plutonic igneous rocks
Determine if the phrase in bold applies to only contact metamorphism, only regional metamorphism, both types of metamorphism or niether type of metamorphism. May contain a foliation.
Only regional metamorphism
Determine if the phrase in bold applies to only volcanic rocks, only plutonic rocks, both types of rocks or niether type of rock. Made of small grains
Only volcanic igneous rocks
Where is the highest average stream velocity?
Point c or b
Which geologic time principle places events in order based on their position? Question 39 options: Numerical time
Relative time
Which type of organism would provide the best index fossil? Question 23 options:
Species lived in many environments, present for 10's millions of years.
Determine the correct location on the Venn diagram for the following phrase based upon your understanding of volcanoes. Example: Mount Hood, Oregon
Stratovolcanoes
Which type of volcano is likely to have the highest Volcano Explosivity Index value?
Stratovolcanoes
A groundwater well is pumped for a period of time creating a cone of depression. What happens to the cone of depression after the pumping stops?
The cone of depression gets smaller and eventually completely refills with water.
In the reading you learned about changes that are occuring to one of the largest freshwater aquifers in the US, the High Plains Aquifer. Which is the best explanation for the changes in water level in the High Plains aquifer? The distribution of present-day rainfall on land above the aquifer. The number of water wells that have been drilled into the aquifer. Differences in thickness of the rocks that make up the aquifer.
The type of crops supplied by irrigation from the aquifer.
If you could travel back in time to when the Earth first formed as a planet: What kind of life would you encounter?
There would be no life on Earth.
A fault would be a cross cutting feature.
True
Dendritic stream patterns are characteristics of areas with relatively uniform geology.
True
Most aquifers east of the Mississippi are recharged because conditions support a postive water budget.
True
Most of the water falling as precipitation returns to the atmosphere by transpiration and evaporation.
True
Porosity is the ability of a material to store water.
True
The bed load in a stream is responsible for most of the erosion caused by streams.
True
What feature is found when there is a time gap in the geologic record?
Unconformity in the rock unit
Which section of the diagram represents small-grained rocks
Volcanic
Explain the importance of hydrograph data for understanding river floods. Describe what the graphs show, how the data are used and how the shape of the curves on the graph relate to runoff surfaces.
Your answer should note that hydrographs are a historical record of river discharge over time. The flood data can be extracted and used to predict the frequency and magnitude of future floods. The shape of a curve relates to factors afffecting runoff. Those factors include slope, surface permeability, vegetation density, drainage basin area and flood prevention measures. Urban areas tend to cause faster runoff than rural areas.
Select the letter in the Venn diagram that applies to the following statement. Low silica rocks.
both
Determine the correct location on the Venn diagram for the following phrase based upon your understanding of volcanoes. Smallest features
cedar
Examine the image before answering the question. D represents a magma chamber. Which relative time principle assumes that C is older than F? superposition
cross-cutting
House A and House B are identical in terms or their size, features, and price. House A is located on the point bar side of a meandering stream. House B is located on the cut bank side of the same stream. Which house would be the better long-term investment?
house A
xamine the image before answering the question. D represents a magma chamber. Which relative time principle assumes that A is the youngest unit?
inclusions original horizontality superposition
The diagram illustrates the Hydrologic Cycle. Match the terms below to the arrow on the diagram (note: some words may be used for more than one arrow). What process of the hydrologic cycle is illustrated by arrow 6? precipitation infiltration evaporation transpiration
infiltration
The cross section simplifies the groundwater sources in a county in a Midwestern state. Which location would have the potential for the best groundwater production?
not b
Select the letter in the Venn diagram that applies to the following statement. Large-grained. Question 4 options: B) B
plutonic
Which of the following is a high silica rock that forms on or near the surface?
rhyolite
The diagram illustrates the Hydrologic Cycle. Match the terms below to the arrow on the diagram (note: some words may be used for more than one arrow). What process of the hydrologic cycle is illustrated by arrow 8?
runoff
In your reading you learned about the High Plains Aquifer. True or False - This graph is representative of changes in the High Plains aquifer from 1900-2000.
true
The less permeable a surface the less the infiltration to a groundwater system.
true
The maximum velocity in a stream occurs along the cut bank side of a meander.
true
List and describe the main hazards associated with volcanoes.
your answer should include a description of how each of the following contribute to hazard assessment: distance from the volcano, direct blasts, mudflows, lahars, tephra fallout, pyroclastic flows and population density.
