Exam 2 study guide
A general eukaryotic cell is typically in the area of
10-100 micrometers.
How many times must the Calvin cycle turn to yield a single molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)?
3
A poison that disrupts the H+ gradient in the thylakoid space would most likely cause which of the following to accumulate during the Calvin cycle reactions?
3-phosphoglycerate (3PG)
How many turns of the Calvin cycle would be required for a plant to make one molecule of glucose?
6
Which of the following organelles would form a membrane-bound package, also known as a vesicle?
Golgi apparatus
Which of the following organisms can perform photosynthesis?
algae
Some proteins within a cell can be viewed with
an electron microscope.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in that they both ________, but are different in that mitochondria, but not chloroplasts, ________.
are involved in energy conversions; are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells
The figure below demonstrates which key concept regarding cell activities?
coupled reactions
All cells have some characteristics in common; both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have
cytoplasm, a plasma membrane, and DNA.
What does the folding of the mitochondrial inner membrane, shown here, provide?
greater surface area for ATP production
A plant that uses CAM photosynthesis is most likely to be successful in what type of environment?
hot, dry
The figure below reflects how these two cells would respond in a(n) ________ environment.
hypertonic
When a cell is in a solution where the concentration of the solute is the same in the cell as in the solution, the solution is called
isotonic.
Eukaryotic cells have DNA enclosed in a double membrane called the nucleus. The nucleus functions to
separate the DNA from other activities that occur in the cytoplasm.
If blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, the cells will
shrink due to water loss by the cell.
The only molecules that can pass freely through the plasma membrane are ones that are
small and hydrophobic.
The enzyme-rich solution found within the chloroplast is called the
stroma.
Cell size is limited because ________ is critical to a cell's function.
surface-area-to-volume ratio
The localization of the electron transport chains to the thylakoid membrane ensures that
the energy released can be used to establish an H+ ion gradient.
Once the substrate moves into the active site of the enzyme,
the enzyme alters in shape to more closely fit the substrate.
The figure below represents a metabolic pathway. What happens if Enzyme2 is defective and nonfunctional?
Substrate Y would not be metabolized.
Which of the following is not an example of osmosis?
Sugar in coffee dissolves.
Probable factors that affect the passage of materials across cell membranes include all of the following except
color.
Chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar in that they both
contain DNA.
The light reactions act much as a battery to power the reactions of the Calvin cycle. This energy is stored as
ATP and NADPH.
ATP and NADPH are both used during the Calvin cycle. What is the function of each?
ATP supplies energy and NADPH supplies electrons for reducing power.
Without receptor proteins, a cell would not be able to
bind to signal proteins from other parts of the body.
Which statement below is correct when comparing plant and animal cells?
Both plant and animal cells have a plasma membrane, and plant cells also have a cell wall.
In a high latitude rainforest, the dominant type of photosynthesis is most likely to be
C3.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of C4 photosynthesis relative to C3 photosynthesis?
C4 plants need energy to move fixed carbon compounds into bundle sheath cells
A small, low-growing plant found on the surface of a sun-exposed rock on a dry hillside would most likely use which type of photosynthesis?
CAM
The three stages of the Calvin cycle reactions are
CO2 fixation, CO2 reduction, and RuBP regeneration.
Why do metabolic pathways require tens to hundreds of different enzymes?
Each enzyme has a specific substrate and produces a specific product.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another.
Which statement most accurately describes the second law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy.
The nuclear membrane differs from the plasma membrane in that the nuclear membrane is a single layer of phospholipids.
False
How does ATP synthase obtain the energy to produce ATP?
Hydrogen ions flow down a concentration gradient from the thylakoid space to the stroma through ATP synthase, releasing energy that can be used to produce ATP from ADP + Pi.
Which energy association is correct?
Kinetic energy is energy of motion.
Which of the following is not derived from G3P?
NADP+
Both starch and cellulose are made by stringing together many glucose molecules, but starch is easily digested by humans, while cellulose is indigestible. The starch polysaccharide has every bond occurring below the sugar rings while the bonds in cellulose alternate between one bond above the ring and the next below the ring. How can you explain humans' inability to digest cellulose?
The enzyme that breaks down starch can only fit the specific bond configuration of bonds below the ring.
Which of the following is best associated with a coupled reaction?
The metabolic reaction requires energy from ATP.
What is the biological risk of using salt on icy roads in parts of the country that have a cold winter season?
The salt has the risk of leeching into the ground and creating a hypertonic environment for plant cells.
The chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction center of a photosystem participate directly in the capture of solar energy. What is the purpose of the accessory pigments?
They funnel solar energy to chlorophyll a in the reaction center.
Less energy is needed to bring about a reaction when an enzyme is present.
True
Proteins within the extracellular matrix play a role in communicating between the matrix and the cytoskeleton.
True
As a molecule moves through the plasma membrane it passes through,
a hydrophilic layer of phospholipid heads, then a hydrophobic layer of phospholipid tails, and then another hydrophilic layer of phospholipid heads.
The concentration of calcium in a cell is 3%. The concentration of calcium in the surrounding fluid is 1%. How could the cell obtain more calcium?
active transport
Which of these words does not belong with the rest as it relates to concentration gradient?
active transport
Which of the following is not a function of the endomembrane system?
acts as the control center of the cell
In the following figure, which cell exhibits the condition of plant cells that have been placed in a hypertonic environment?
c
Which of the areas shown in the figure below indicates the presence of an enzyme in the movement of reactant over to product?
c
The main structural component of a plant cell wall is
cellulose.
RuBP carboxylase (rubisco) is able to bind with both
carbon dioxide and oxygen.
Which steps of photosynthesis does C4 photosynthesis partition in space?
carbon fixation and Calvin cycle reactions
Which of the following human cells would contain cilia?
cell from the trachea (windpipe)
Which of the following is not a type of intracellular protein?
cellulose
Because it is a passive process, which membrane transport process can continue whether the cell is alive or dead?
diffusion
Which of the following terms best describes entropy?
disorder
Simple diffusion across a plasma membrane is called passive transport because it
does not require energy from the cell.
Molecules move from greater to lesser concentration through a transport protein in
facilitated diffusion.
What process typically regulates the enzymes involved in metabolic reactions?
feedback inhibition
Which of the following is not a mechanism used to move materials in and out of the cell?
feedback inhibition
Grana are
flattened sacs of thylakoid membrane.
Without tight junctions in certain tissues,
fluids may leak out past the barrier the junction would create.
The function of a photosystem is to
funnel electrons to a central chlorophyll a molecule.
Which of the following is an incorrect match of molecule to the location where it is principally used?
glucose - lysosome
Sucrose, cellulose, amino acids, and starch are all made from what starter molecule in plants?
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
Carrie would like to observe the cilia on the surface of a live paramecium—a single-celled organism. The best device to do this would be a
light microscope.
Which of the following organelles is not involved in producing substances needed by a cell?
lysosome
Which of the following organelles would be abundant in a sperm cell that is seeking to fertilize an egg cell?
mitochondria
Which of the following structures would not be found in a prokaryotic cell?
nucleus
Which of the types of cellular activities listed below would not use ATP?
passive transport
Which complex or enzyme of photosynthesis splits H2O?
photosystem II
Identify the organelle - function pairing that is incorrect.
plasma membrane - provides strength to plant cell walls
Which feature is found in all cells?
plasma membrane composed of phospholipids
Which of the following is not a possible function of the extracellular matrix in animal cells?
produces numerous channels for continuous flow of water from cell to cell
Which structures determine the flexibility of the extracellular matrix?
proteins
Which of the following enables a cell to pick up and concentrate a specific type of molecule?
receptor-mediated endocytosis
The light-harvesting complexes of a chloroplast are located in the ________; the enzymes of the Calvin cycle reactions are located in the ________.
thylakoid membrane; stroma
The production of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) in the Calvin cycle requires six molecules each of ATP and NADPH. Another three molecules of ATP are then used in the cycle. What is the purpose of the three additional ATP molecules?
to regenerate the starter molecule RuBP
In feedback inhibition of a metabolic pathway, where does the inhibitor bind?
to the enzyme of the first reaction
During photosynthesis, ________ is oxidized, while ________ is reduced.
water; carbon dioxide
Why do plants contain other pigments besides chlorophyll?
The additional pigments are able to absorb other light wavelengths that chlorophyll cannot.
What two things are added to NADP+ to convert it into NADPH?
H+ and electrons
Energy to drive the formation of ATP in photosynthesis is derived from
H+ gradient.
The light reactions of photosynthesis are said to be similar to a battery because they form a current. In which direction do the electrons of this circuit flow?
H2O → PSII → electron transport chain → PSI → electron transport chain → NADPH
A cell being observed under a microscope has a cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, and chromosomal material that is not found in a nucleus. Based on this information, the cell could be a
bacterial cell.
The reaction center of photosystem I consists of what type of molecule?
chlorophyll a
A patient who is admitted to the hospital shares that she has been taking a series of "water pills" to help her lose weight. Her skin and mucous membranes are dry, and she is complaining of a headache. The physician on call asks for an IV treatment to be promptly administered. Based on the information given, what would likely be the type of IV solution given to this patient?
hypotonic
Compared with a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell
lacks organelles beyond ribosomes.
Which of the following is a byproduct of photosynthesis that is used during cellular respiration?
oxygen
The light reactions produce ________, which are used in the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle produces ________, which are in turn used in the light reactions.
ATP and NADPH; ADP and NADP
Identify which of the following statements is not true.
ATP is comprised of a sugar, base, and two phosphate groups.
In C4 plants, the light reactions will stop during the daytime when the supply of what compound is limited?
NADP+
