Exam 2 Studyguide- Human Sex & Reproduction

Human papillomavirus (HPV) 1) Type of pathogen that courses the disease (bacteria, virus, parasite or protozoa) 2) Scientific name of the pathogen 3) Incidence of the disease in the USA 4) Age group most affected 5) Mode of transmission 6) General symptoms (or in men and women) 7) Women specific symptoms 8) Men specific symptoms 9) What are the long term consequences of not treating the disease? 10) How is the disease diagnosed 11) How is the disease treated? 12) How is the disease prevented?

**HPV is MOST common STI in the USA. 1) virus 2) Human papillomavirus 3) 43 million 4) 15-59 year olds. 5) Sexual contact with someone who has the virus. Commonly spread during vaginal or anal sex. ALSO by close skin to skin touching during sex. Can be passed even when the person has no symptoms or signs. 6) Warts, unusual growths, lumps or sores. Can cause anal cancer in both men and women. Oropharyngeal cancer. 7) Can cause cervical cancer in women 8) Most men are asymptomatic. Cancers from HPV are uncommon in men. But can get penile cancer. 9) In women it can cause cancers of vulva, vagina (cervical cancer). It can lead to cancer of the anus (anal cancer) in both men and women. Can cause oropharyngeal cancer in both men and women. Its rare but men can get penile cancer. 10) There is no test fpr HPV status. No test for HPV in throat/mouth. There are HPV tests that screen for cervical cancer used for women 30+. Most people never known they have the infection. Often finding out of they get warts or an abnormal pap result. 11) No treatment for the virus itself. However, genital wart treatments w/ medicine. Cervical precancer treatment is avaliable pap tets. 12) get vaccinated. Screened for cervical cancer. Use condoms. Monogamous relationship. Abstinence.

Describe the mechanism of penis erection. Explain the role of the autonomic system, tunica albumin (the collagen tissue sheath that surrounds the corpora cavernosa), the corpora cavernous (sinusoidal spaces), the Helicine arteries and veins. Refer to the TED lecture by Dianne Kelly and my notes.

**Hydraulics - hydro-static skeleton which is formed by filling a space w/fluid under pressure -The human penile erection is an autonomic nervous response that increases blood flow to corpora cavernosa of the penis. -the corpora cavernosa is made up of sinusoidal spaces that are surrounded by trabecular smooth muscle. -within the corpora cavernosa are helicine arteries that provide the arterial supply to those sinusoidal spaces -during an erection the trabecular smooth muscle and the helicine arteries relax. Relaxation of the trabecular smooth muscle and increased blood flow result in engorgement of the sinusoidal spaces within the corpora cavernosa. -the expansion of the sinusoids then compresses the venous return against the tunica albuginea which surrounds the corpora cavernosa. -the entrapment of blood results in the erectile tissue filling w/ blood which imparts rigidity to the penis.

Describe the role of female age in mate choice by males.

**Males are sensitive to age of female. -fecundity is low in teens peaking at 25 and decreasing to zero around 45. -males prefer females younger than them! *a 20 y/o marries 3 years earlier *60 y/o male marries 15 years yonger *females prefer men who are 5 years OLDER! **men prefer women with higher fecundity than their other female peers.

Describe Basson's intimacy-based female sexual response model. How does it differ from the Masters and Johnson and Kaplan Models?

**The model is distinct from others in that it is a cyclical and explicitly incorporates emotional intimacy. **According to her model a woman may move from sexual neutrality due to willingness of sexual stimuli to sexual arousal. Once arousal occurs, it will foster sexual desire to continue the experience for sexual and intimacy reasons. **The excess desire can also facilitate mental processing of additional stimuli (indicated by the ++ in the diagram) toward further arousal. AND previously unwelcome stimuli to the genitalia and breasts may now be welcomed and increase arousal. Other notes not necessary: Basson argued both these models are insufficient and that women's orgasms are much more complex then vasocongestion and myotonia. -she points out that women identify many more reasons as to why they are sexual over and beyond the inherent sexual drive. Ex: increase emotional closeness, commitment, sharing, tenderness and tolerance and to show a partner that he or she has been mi

Recognize that during the first 6 weeks of development the embryonic gonads are undifferentiated and that two duct systems (Mullerian and Wolffian) develop.

-During the first 6 weeks of development the gonads and genitalia of chromosomal males and females are IDENTICAL and undifferentiated. -during this time 2 duct systems develop in the embryos these are: The Mullerian Duct which devleops into the female reproductive anatomy and the Wolffian duct which develops into the male reproductive anatomy. -by the 8th week the chromosomes start to influence the anatomical and hormonal development of the embryo. Begging w/differentiation of the gonads in a process called ***Gonadogenesis -this process will determine the gonadal sex of the embryo.

Main STIs caused by Virus:

-Human papillomavirus -Herpes -HIV

Describe the changes that occur to the breast during the four phases of the female sexual response.

-During the excitement phase the breast size increases, the nipples become erect and the veins become more distinct on the surface of the breast. -during the plateau and orgasmic phases the breast size continues to increase, the areola increase in size and causes the nipple to appear less erect. Sex flush may appear on the breasts and upper abdomen. -during the resolution phase the areola subside to their original size, making the nipple look more erect again. The breasts return to their unaroused size, and the sex flush disappears.

Describe sexual activity that has been observed in children

-parents report that 2-5 yr olds may engage in masturbation, touch their genitals, touch their mother's breasts, try to look at people in the nude, and expose their sex parts to adults. after learning more modest behaviors etc -6-9 y/olds will still touch their genitals and try to look at ppl in the nude or undressing. -sexual activity increases at ages 11-12 become more interested in the opposite sex.

Describe why males and females find body and facial symmetry important when selecting a mate.

-prefer faces of symmetry: indicating genetic variability, lack of illness during development and current physical health. Why? in pathogen ridden areas females choose to mate w/ those males that have disease resistance as indicated by attractiveness (symmetry).

What symptoms are associated with the different phases?

Acute phase: patients experience flu-like symptoms during this phase. Chronic phase: patients can still fight off infections fairly well. *>500 T-cells -some patients develop a strain that goes to lymphoid tissue and slowly destroys T cells 200-500 T cells: swollen lymph nodes, white patch on tongue and yeast infection in the mouth. <200 T-cells: AIDS, people experience persistent fever, fatigue, weight loss and diarrhea.

Which types of cells does HIV target?

CD4 + cells

Define concealed ovulation and continuous receptivity. Why may these have evolved in human females

Concelated ovulation: hidden estrus in a species. Or the lack of any perceptible change in an adult female (for instance, a change in appearance or scent) when she is fertile and near ovulation. -Has evolved to promote male provisioning and paternal care in long term pair bonded relationships. -Is ovulation really concealed? A study was done to see if female body odor changes across the menstrual cycle and if those changes correlated w/ female attractiveness. A t-shirt study found female attractiveness to be higher during the follicular phase than luteal phase. Males judged women in the follicular stage to be more pleasant and sexy. In another study armpit swabs from women during the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle were taken. Similar to the t-shirt study, males rated smells to be more pleasant/attractive during the FOLLICULAR phase! -contraceptives vs. not taking them. Males rated non-pill users to smell most attractive at the midst of their cycle (point of ovulation). Female

Describe the different types of oral sex. What factors influence the rates of oral sex?

Cunnilingus: oral stimulation of the female genitals. Fellatio: oral stimulation of the male genitals. Anilingus: oral stimulation of the anus. Sixty-nine: 2 people can stimulate each others genitals simultaneously by orienting their bodies into position 69. -Incidence of oral sex is positively correlated w/ education levels, higher self esteem, having masturbated, emotional involvement w/ a partner, frequency of church attendance.

What is desire? Describe the two types of desire that may be identified.

Desire occurs when a person wants sexual stimulation or intimacy. It is a mental state rather than a physical state. *Typically occurs before the 4 phases of Masters and Johnson 2 Types of Desire: 1) Perceptivity: known as lust or libido, and is hormonally driven, autonomic and intense. *mostly associated with male sexual desire. 2) Arousability: the capacity to become aroused once certain triggers, ques or situations are **mostly associated w/ female sexual desire.

Define the terms differentiation and sexual differentiation.

Differentiation: the process of going from a nonspecific or monomorphic state to a specific state. Sexual differentiation: the process of going from a sexually monomorphic state to a sexually dimorphic state.

Explain the link between pheromones and major histocompatibility complexes (MHC).

Do odors play a role in what makes a person attracted to another? -a study investigated whether female preference for male body odors were Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) dependent. -having significant variation in types of MHCs provides greater potential protection from a wider range of pathogens. ****females should prefer males whose MHC genes are more different than theirs, because their offpsring would have greater variation in MHCs and therefore GREATER resistance to disease! -in the study males were asked to wear tshirts for 2 nights when they went to bed. Then women were asked to rate 6 t-shirts (from 6 diff. men) in terms of attractiveness based on smell. 3 shirts had MHCs similar to their own and 3 shirts had MHCs dislike their own ***The study found that females preferred males that had MHCs MORE dislike their own! -This preference was also dependent on hormonal status. Women who took oral contraceptives that simulate pregnancy SHOWED A REVERSE RESPONSE! They

d. Resolution: Describe what generally happens during this phase

During this phase the sexual systems return to their non-excited state. (as long as there is no further stimulation) -this state begins immediately after orgasm -During resolution MALES experience a Refractory period.

What's an estrus (continuous receptivity) ?

Estrus is a phase of increased female sexual receptivity , preceptivity, selectivity and attractiveness. -designed to obtain mates of superior genetic quality. **Females in Estrus (heat): display the fact with anatomical or behavioral displays. -baboons show swelling cats wave butt in the air.

Describe the male response pattern and the specific events that typically occur for each of the four phases of Masters and Johnson's human sexual response model.

For males: 1) Excitement: the penis becomes erect and the testes become elevated and enlarged. The scrotal skin thickens and tenses ad lifts toward the body. 2) Plateau: the engorment and elevation of the testes becomes more pronounced. -The bulbourethral gland secretions may occur. The glans penis may become darker in color. -the prostate enlarges in prep for ejaculation 3) Orgasm: Has 2 phases. a) Emission phase in which the vas deferens, seminal glands and prostate contract causing a pooling of seminal fluid in the urethral bulb. -the internal sphincter of the bladder contracts to prevent semen from entering the bladder and preventing urine from mixing w/ the seminal fluids. b) Expulsion (ejaculatory) phase in which semen is expelled by contractions of muscles around the base of the penis. (3-8 times at 0.8 intervals) -ejaculation occurs in spurts w/ the first emission containing a mix of sperm and fluid from the prostate and later emissions containing fluid from the

How does HIV enter a human cell?

HIV binds to the CD4 molecule and a co-receptor (CXCR4) to get inside the cell. -and then injects its single stranded RNA into the T cell.

How does Kaplan's three phase model of sexual arousal differ from that of Masters and Johnson's four phase model.

Her model has 3 stages, desire, excitement and orgasm. Inclusion of desire into the model.

Describe William Masters and Virginia Johnson's four phase model of human sexual arousal.

The 4 phases are: 1) excitement 2) plateau 3) orgasm 4) resolution

What occurs during the acute phase of the disease

The R5 strain of HIV which binds to the CCR5 co-receptor gets into macrophages, dendritic cells, and T-cells. -causes replication of HIV. -leads to huge spike in HIV-in the blood -patients experience flu-like symptoms during this phase.

Non-reproductive roles hypothesis

The female orgasm may have a non-reproductive role in human biology or psychology for instance in pair bonding or other functions.

Describe the two hypothesis (female choices vs. male-male competition) that have been proposed to explain the occurrence of a longer and thicker flaccid penis in human males when compared to our primate relatives. The first hypothesis:

The first hypothesis, focuses on intersexual selection and suggests that penis length evolved as a result of female choice. *studies were done where women are shown the same looking male but with different lengths of penises show that females prefer an intermediate size penis (not too small not too large) this supports the hypothesis that female mate choice may have played a role in the evolution of a relatively large human male penis.

Describe chromosomal sex determination in humans.

The male and female chromosomal sex is determined by the combination of the sex chromosomes received by the mother and father. -Female eggs carry 1 X chromosome while Male sperm can carry either an X or Y chromosome. -if you receive an X chromosome from both father and mother your chromosomal sex will be female (XX). -if you receive an X chromosome from the mother and Y chromosome from the father your chromosomal sex will be male (XY). **It is the father's sperm that determines the genetic sex of an offspring!

c. Orgasm: Describe what generally happens during this phase

The peak of excitement -results from rapid contraction of both voluntary and involuntary muscles of the pelvic floor -orgasms almost ALWAYS occur in males -orgasms are highly variable in females. -this phase typically lasts just a few seconds.

How is HIV transmitted between people? What determines risk?

Sexual intercourse

Main STIs caused by protozoa:

Trichomoniasis

Module 6: Describe the two fundamental physiological responses of the human sexual response: vasocongestion and myotonia.

**Vasocongestion: in repsponse to sexual excitement the penis, testes, nipples, clitoris, labia and vagina become engorged with blood, blood flow into these tissues increased while blood flow out of the tissues decreased resulting in Vasocongestion. -These areas become warm and swollen in response to increase in blood flow. **During sexual arousal there is an increase in muscle tension or Myotonia throughout the body. -evident in voluntary flexing and involuntary contraction.

Why do females have orgasms? if _____

fertility is NOT dependent on orgasm.

Female ejaculation is

fluid ejected from urethra at orgasm by stimulation of the G-spot

What is HIV?

human immunodeficiency virus -is a virus that kills the human bodies' cells that help fight off infection and disease. -is a virus that targets cells of the immune system, overtime it begins to fail and results in immunodeficiency and this increases the risk of infections and tumors.

Module 8: What are sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

pathogens that are transmitted between individuals as a result of sexual contact between their hosts.

Females are more likely to say they had sex to express love for a person while males were more likely to have had sex for

physical reasons.

Main STIs caused by parasites:

pubic lice

________ is the most common form of sexual expression

sexual fantasy

The term infection is preferable to disease because the term disease is associated with

specific symptoms. Many STIs are asymptomatic and have no symptoms at all.

Describe the alternative hypothesis proposed by Elizabeth Lloyd called the... Byproduct Hypothesis:

this theory argues that the female orgasm is a developmental byproduct of strong selection pressures on the male orgasm. -It is the same theory that is used to explain why males have nipples even though they don't lactate. -The byproduct hypothesis suggests during the early developmental stage (when male and female embryos are identical) that the male orgasm is selected for, the as the embryo develops into a female, the capacity for orgasm is maintained as a less developed trait. -Loid argues that the high level of variance observed in female orgasm is evidence that the trait is less developed.

Main STIs caused by Bacteria:

-Chlamydia -Gonorrhea -Syphilis

Only 1 of a females X chromosome is needed as a result the other X chromosome is INACTIVATED and it becomes a condensed structure called a

Barr Body -which x chromosome becomes inactivated is RANDOM EX: turtle shell

What happens when T cells drop below 200 cells per mm3

-Immune system becomes severely compromised -HIV has progressed to AIDS! -people experience persistent fever, fatigue, weight loss and diarrhea. -HIV count in the blood increases significantly.

How do people define what counts as sex?

-Older men think only acts that lead to procreation are sex while 18-20 yr olds think penile anal and penile vaginal intercourse counts as sex. -most ppl think penile-vaginal and penile-anal is sex with an increasing amount beginning to believe oral-genital contact is sex. -few believe manual contact w/genitals and deep kissing constitutes as sex. **Another study shows a person's definition of sex revolves around their own personal experiences Ex: if the outcome is negative like hurting ones image or against one's religious belief the person describes the activity as not having sex.

Describe the differences between the X and Y chromosomes.

-The Y chromosome is the SMALLEST of ALL chromosomes. And carries FEWER than 100 genes. -on the Y chromosome we find genes that control sperm production and the ability to control testes. It does not carry genes essential for life. -only half the population has a Y chromosome. IN CONTRAST... -the X chromosome is VERY large and carries about a 1,000 genes; many of which ARE ESSENTIAL or important for survival. Ex: genes that control eye color and blood clotting are on the X chromosome.

How may HIV be prevented?

-abstinence from sex -never sharing needles -use of condoms -HIV prevention medicines like PrEP and PEP.

Describe the characteristics that males generally find visually more attractive in females torsos and faces. Why might these features be attractive to males?

-body mass and waist to hip ratio. -in poor society (lower status) bigger women are preferred -in cities men prefer slimer but not underweight women. While higher BMI are preffered in nonurban populations worldwide. ***SO, men prefer overall a normal BMI with neither 1 extreme or the other. -wider hips for birthing children -prefer fat around hips instead of waist. ****Male preference for WHR is 0.7! *BMI is more important to men than WHR. **Males prefer medium sized breasts over both small and large breasts. (small breasts show she hasnt reached sexual maturity, while large indicate enlarged pregnant breasts or potential lactation is not available) **Symmetry between breasts is important. (breast asymmetry is negatively correlated with fecundity) **males are most attracted to female skin that is free of lesions, eruptions, moles, cysts, tumors, or acne. **smooth skin is MORE attractive! **full lips, short narrow lower jaw, high cheek bones and large eyes are pre

What are some of the myths about how HIV may be transmitted?

-by saliva, sweat, tears -clothes -drinking fountains -phones -toil seats -kissing -sharing a meal -insect bites and stings -donating blood

1. Excitement: Describe what generally happens during this phase

-increase in myotonia -increased heart rate and blood pressure -vasocongestion of tissues (tissues engorge) -sex flush (red rash on chest or breasts, more common in females) -variable in length, ranging from less than a minute to several hours.

What other forms of intercourse do couples engage in?

-many positions only limited by imagination and flexibility. **MOST COMMON position in the US is: missionary -Female on top: advantageous for women as she can control angle, depth and speed of penile thrusting. Man can stimulate clitoris and its more likely the female will reach orgasm. -Side by side position: neither partner has to hold their weight. Penetration can be awkward and not as deep. -Rear entry or doggystyle: deep penetration and more direct stimulation of clitoris. *this position is best for women who are pregnant or obese. -the penis is more easily dislodged from the vagina. Less emotional attachment bc you aren't facing each other.

b. Plateau: Describe what generally happens during this phase

-myotonia, blood pressure and heart rate increases and becomes more pronounced -there is an increase in sexual tension with often involuntary muscular contractions of the hands and feet occur. -the genitals show increased coloration as they become further engorged. -this phase is often brief lasting a few seconds to several minutes.

Describe some of the different ways in which people engage in sexual intercourse.

-some people enjoy harder thrusting, some enjoy slower thrusting Some enjoy slow intercourse

Module 7: Describe the characteristics that females generally find visually more attractive in males torsos and faces. Why might these features be attractive to females?

-tall, wide shoulder to hip ratio, and waist to hip ratio of 0.9. -chest hair depended culturally -slightly larger eyes, broad smile area, prominent cheek bones and chin. Preferred during female ovulation! Masculine features. -during the rest of the cycle females preferred softer faces.

What has research discovered about what is going on in the vagina during sexual intercourse?

-vaginal tensing -the backwards and forwards movement of the vaginal wall -increase in volume of the uterus due to engorgement of blood. -penis was thought to be straight or s-shaped. ***In 1999, first image of MRI of a couple having sex and this revealed truth, that -during sex the penis was NOT straight or s-shaped, BUT shaped like a BOOMERANG. The root of the penis was larger than they thought during an erection and contributed to the shape. **Also found that during female sexual arousal without intercourse, the uterus rises up and the internal vaginal wall lengthens, The uterus DID NOT CHANGE SHAPE or size during sexual arousal.

What happens during the chronic phase of the disease?

-what occurs after the immune system's counterattack to control replication. -starts at 12 weeks and lasts 2-10 years. -the virus increases and T-cells decrease (you lose 1-2 billion ea. day) -During this phase T-cells remain >500 cells/mm^3 -and patients can still fight off infections fairly well. -some patients develop a strain that goes to lymphoid tissue and slowly destroys T cells (CXCR4).

The byproduct theory has the strongest support for ____ and the male induced ovulation hypothesis provides _____

-why the female orgasm has been maintained; -a possible explanation for its evolutionary origins

Other forms of intercourse 1) Femoral coitus 2) mammary coitus 3) anal intercourse

1) A man thrusts his penis between his partner's thighs. 2) A man rubs his penis between his partner's breasts. 3) The insertion of the penis into the anus of the partner. -assumed to be most prevalent in homosexual men. Studies reported: 20% of gay men have never engaged in anal intercourse and that heterosexual men are more likely to report having engaged in anal sex w/their female partners than gay/bisexual men.

1) What is the role of touch in sexual activity? 2) What areas are typically touched? 3) How do males and females differ?

1) Arousal/stimulation by touch of erogenous zones. 2) Primary erogenous zones: located around body openings such as: genitals, mouth, ears and anus. Also include breasts and fingers. Secondary erogenous zones: zones that become sensitized through experience and are unique to each individual. Ex: stroking the back of the knee causes sexual arousal for some partners. 3) In some women stimulation of the breasts can lead to an orgasm in others stimulation of the nipples may be uncomfortable and unsatisfying. -women often prefer partners to be caressing their entire body before focusing on the genitals. -many women like stroking of labia and clitoris but it can be painful if lubrication is not applied. -Some women like vaginal penetration using fingers or fists during manual stimulation. -Men also enjoy genital stimulation, especially early in the sexual encounter, men enjoy manual stimulation of penis and scrotum. The glans penis is more sensitive than the body of the penis a

Pubic Lice 1) Type of pathogen that courses the disease (bacteria, virus, parasite or protozoa) 2) Scientific name of the pathogen 3) Incidence of the disease in the USA 4) Age group most affected 5) Mode of transmission 6) General symptoms (or in men and women) 7) Women specific symptoms 8) Men specific symptoms 9) What are the long term consequences of not treating the disease? 10) How is the disease diagnosed 11) How is the disease treated? 12) How is the disease prevented?

1) Parasite 2) Pthirus pubis 3) ?? 4) most common in adults 5) Spread by sexual contact and most common in adults. Occasionally spread by close personal contact with clothing, bed linens, or towels that have been used by an infected person. Not spread by toilet bc cant live without warm human body. 6) Itching in the genital area, visible nits (lice eggs) or crawling lice. 9) secondary bacterial infection can occur from scratching the skin. 10) diagnosed by finding crab or louse or egg (nit) on hair in the pubic region or on other hair of the body. 11) A lice killing lotion containing 1% permethrin or a mousse containing pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide can be used to treat public lice. Lindane shampoo is a prescription medication that can kill lice and lice eggs. Ivermectin, Malathion. Machine dry clothes hot. Remove with comb. 12) Abstain from sexual contact. Machine wash and dry clothing and bedding in hot water. Do not share clothing or bedding w/infected.

Chlamydia 1) Type of pathogen that courses the disease (bacteria, virus, parasite or protozoa) 2) Scientific name of the pathogen: 3) Incidence of the disease in the USA 4) Age group most affected 5) Mode of transmission 6) General symptoms (or in men and women) 7) Women specific symptoms 8) Men specific symptoms 9) What are the long term consequences of not treating the disease? 10) How is the disease diagnosed? 11) How is the disease treated? 12) How is the disease prevented?

1) Bacteria 2) Chlamydia trachomatis 3) 2.86 million 4) 15-24 year olds 5) Transmitted by sexual contact and mothers can pass it to their babies during childbirth. People can be reinfected. 6) Often asymptomatic in men and women. Symptoms could be rectal infections. Chlamydial conjunctivitis due to contact w/ infected secretions. Throat infections via oral sex. 7) Infection of the cervix can lead to cervicitis, mucopurulent discharge and bleeding. Infection of urethra can cause urethritis, pyuria, dysuria, and frequency of urination. PID can be asymptomatic or acute w/abdominal and pelvic pain and tenderness of the cervix and uterus. 8) urethritis, w/ mucoid or watery discharge and painful urination. Rare: unilateral testicular pain, tenderness and swelling. 9) In women PID, which causes permanent changes in the uterus, uterine tubes and tissues resulting in chronic pelvic pain, infertility and increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. Pregnant women may have pre-term deliveries or deliver babies w/ conjunctivitis and pneumonia. Men or women can develop perihepatitis or reactive arthritis. 10) Women have vaginal swabs then NAATs. In men urine is chosen. Chlamydial culture may be used for rectal or throat specimens. 11) Antibiotics. 7-day course of antibiotics. (antibacterial medication) 12) abstinence from sexual contact, vaginal oral or anal. -use of condoms lowers risk -monogamous relationship lowers risk

Gonorrhea 1) Type of pathogen that courses the disease (bacteria, virus, parasite or protozoa) 2) Scientific name of the pathogen 3) Incidence of the disease in the USA 4) Age group most affected 5) Mode of transmission 6) General symptoms (or in men and women) 7) Women specific symptoms 8) Men specific symptoms 9) What are the long term consequences of not treating the disease? 10) How is the disease diagnosed 11) How is the disease treated? 12) How is the disease prevented?

1) Bacteria 2) Neisseria gonorrhoeae 3) 1.6 million 4) young people ages 15-24 5) sexual contact of an infected person. Ejaculation does not have to occur for Gonorrhea to spread. Can be spread from mother to baby during childbirth. 6) Rectal infection in both men and women, soreness, discharge, bleeding and painful bowel movements. Dysuria (pain when peeing), discharge. 7) Most women asymptomatic. Often mild and mistaken for bladder infection or vaginal infection. Dysuria, increased vaginal discharge or vaginal bleeding between periods. 8) Many men are asymptomatic. Urethral infection including dysuria, white yellow green discharge appears 1-14 days after infection. Urethtral infection can be complicated by epididymitis and men complain of testicular or scrotal pain and swelling. 9) Women: can spread to uterus or fallopian tubes and cause PID. Can include abdominal pain and fever. PID can lead to internal abscesses and chronic pelvic pain. PID can damage fallopian tubes and cause infertility or increase risk of ectopic pregnancy. Men: Gonorrhea can be complicated by epididymitis. In rare cases it can lead to infertility. Can spread to the blood and cause disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI), can be life threatening. 10) Testing urine, urethral for men or endocervical or vaginal for women specimens using NAAT. Also by gonorrhea culture. 11) A single dose of 500mh cefriaxone. 12) condoms -monogamous relationship -abstinence from sex

Syphilis 1) Type of pathogen that courses the disease (bacteria, virus, parasite or protozoa) 2) Scientific name of the pathogen 3) Incidence of the disease in the USA 4) Age group most affected 5) Mode of transmission 6) General symptoms (or in men and women) 7) What are the long term consequences of not treating the disease? 8) How is the disease diagnosed 9) How is the disease treated? 10) How is the disease prevented?

1) Bacteria 2) Treponema pallidum 3) 176,000 cases 4) 5) Spread from person to person by contact with syphilitic sore known as a chancre. Chancres are in or around penis, vagina, rectum, lips or mouth. Can spread during vaginal, anal or oral sex. Pregnant people with syphilis can transmit infection to their unborn child. 6) There are 4 stages of syphilis (primary, secondary, latent and tertiary). primary: notice a single sore or multiple. The sore is the location where syphilis entered your body. Occur in or around the penis, vagina, anus, rectum, lips or mouth. -usually firm, round and painless. Sore lasts 3-6 weeks. secondary: skin rashes or sores in your mouth, vagina or anus. Shows up where primary sore is healing or after it has healed. Rash can be on the palms or feet and look rough, red or brown. -other symptoms: fever, swollen lymph, sore throat, patchy hair loss, headaches, weight loss, muscle aches, fatigue. latent: no visible signs or symptoms. tertiary: affects many organ systems. Like heart and blood vessels, brain and nervous system. Occurs 10-30 years after infection began. Can result in death. 7) Syphilis can spread to the brain and nervous system (neurosyphilis), the eye (ocular syphilis) or the ear (otosyphilis). 8) Use a blood test for syphilis. Or by testing fluid from a syphilis sore. Treponemal tests detect antibodies that are specific for syphilis. 9) Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 million units administered intramuscularly in a single dose. -neuro, ocular etc treatment is Aqueous crystalline penicillin G administered intravenously every 4 hours for 10-14 days. 10) condoms, abstinence of sex, monogamous relationship w/ non-infected person.

Describe the factors that influence our sexual expression.

1) Biological 2) Psychological 3) Religious 4) Cultural 5) Societal 6) Physical fitness 7) Gender 8) Hormones

Module 5: List the four stages of sex determination.

1) Chromosomal or genetic sex stage: sex is determined by the chromosomal contribution of the sperm. (Sperm X-egg becomes female, Sperm y- egg becomes a male) 2) Gonadal sex stage: sex is determined by the chromosomal constitution of the zygote, either XX or XY and the development of the gonads into either ovaries or testes. 3) Phenotypic sex stage: sex is determined by the nature of the internal and external genitalia. (internal genitalia in females is the uterine tubes and uterus; in males are the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands) -external genitalia in females is vagina, clitoris and labia; in the males it is the penis and scrotum. 4) Puberty: the final growth and maturation of the internal and external genitalia occur as well as a full expression of the behavioral differences between the 2 sexes.

Describe the specific events that typically occur for each of the four phases of Masters and Johnson's female sexual response model.

1) Excitement: the clitoris, labia minora and labia majora engorge with blood. The labia majora, separate from the vaginal opening exposing the vaginal vestibule. The labia minora swell and darken -The Bartholin's glands at the entrance of the begin to secrete a small amount of fluid. -Internally the vaginal wall secretes lubricant and the uterus becomes elevated away from the bladder and more in line w/ the vagina. 2) Plateau: The Uterus becomes FULLY elevated. -The orgasmic platform is formed (engorgement of the outer third of the vagina) -the clitoris withdraws under its hood. 3) Orgasm: The orgasmic platform contracts rhythmically 3 to 15 times. -uterine contractions occur and anal sphincter -the clitoris remains retracted under its hood 4)

1) Define foreplay and describe some of the activities involved. 2) What is the typical duration of foreplay.

1) Foreplay is the sexual activity including touching, cuddling, kissing, and manual and oral sexual contact before or without intercourse. -these are typically various forms of OUTERCOURSE: sexual activities that occur without penetration, include: mutual masturbation, erotic massage and frottage (dry humping). 2) Average duration is ***12 minutes. Males thought foreplay lasted longer than females did. Both men and women report wanting longer foreplay than they experienced. -duration of foreplay as correlated to amount of women reaching orgasm.

1) What is the frequency of orgasm in males and females during a sexual encounter. Under what circumstances are orgasms more likely to occur in males and females?

1) Males orgasm between 85-95% of the time. Women report having an orgasm LESS frequently, between 64-69% of the time. *men had perceived that the women had an orgasm more often than what they reported. 2) Women are more likely to achieve an orgasm if the sexual activity included manual or oral stimulation rather than vaginal intercourse alone.

Describe the reasons we have sex using Meston and Buss (2007) categories.

1) Physical reasons: -stress reduction, pleasure, physical desirability (person had desirable body), experience seeking (excitement/adventure) 2) Goal attainment reasons: obtaining resources (wanted to get a raise), obtain a social status, revenge (wanted to get back at a partner for cheating), burn calories 3) Emotional reasons: love and commitment (wanted to feel connected to the person), expressive reasons (wanted to say thank you) 4) Insecurity reasons: boosting self esteem, for pressure (didn't know how to say NO), mate guarding (wanted to keep my partner from straying)

Trichomoniasis 1) Type of pathogen that courses the disease (bacteria, virus, parasite or protozoa) 2) Scientific name of the pathogen 3) Incidence of the disease in the USA 4) Age group most affected 5) Mode of transmission 6) General symptoms (or in men and women) 7) Women specific symptoms 8) Men specific symptoms 9) What are the long term consequences of not treating the disease? 10) How is the disease diagnosed 11) How is the disease treated? 12) How is the disease prevented?

1) Protozoa 2) Trichomonas vaginalis 3) >2 million 4) More common in women. Older women! 5) Sexual intercourse with an infected person. Does not commonly infect other body parts than sexual ones (not anus, hands or mouth). 6) most people are asymptomatic. Mild to severe inflammation. Itching or irritation of genitals, dysuria, discharge. 7) Itching, burning, redness or soreness of the genitals, discomfort while peeing, and a clear/white/yellow/greenish vaginal discharge that's thin, increased volume and with a fishy smell. 8) Itching or irritation inside the penis, burning after peeing or ejaculating, discharge from penis. 9) Trich increases risk of getting or spreading STIs. It is easier to get HIV or pass it. Pregnant women w/ trich are more likely to have their babies early and of low birth weight. 10) Not diagnosed on symptoms alone but by laboratory tests. 11) Most common curable STI. Treated w/ pills. Reinfection can occur. 12) Abstinence from vaginal anal or oral sex. -using condoms -monogamous relationship both uninfected

Describe the possible putative effects of pheromones in humans.

1) Sexual Attraction: they may influence who we find attractive. 2) Pheromones play a role in female monthly cycles. -women who live in dorms synchronize their cycles. 3) Play a role in infant-mother identification and bonding -mothers are able to distinguish the odor of their own newborn baby compared to others. -infants prefer laying on clothes that were close to the armpit or worn by their mother rather than other mothers. -breast fed infants rapidly become familiarized with their mother's unique olfactory signature while

1) What is the female prostate and its relationship to female ejaculation during orgasm. 2) What does the fluid that is ejaculated resemble?

1) The female prostate is the "Skene Glands" (proposed to be equivalent to male prostate) 2) some studies show that the fluid consists entirely of urine and therefore comes from bladder.

Herpes 1) Type of pathogen that courses the disease (bacteria, virus, parasite or protozoa) 2) Scientific name of the pathogen 3) Incidence of the disease in the USA 4) Age group most affected 5) Mode of transmission 6) General symptoms (or in men and women) 7) Women specific symptoms 8) Men specific symptoms 9) What are the long term consequences of not treating the disease? 10) How is the disease diagnosed 11) How is the disease treated? 12) How is the disease prevented?

1) Virus 2) herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2) 3) 572,000 ea.yr 4) 14-49 ages. 5) Transmitted by contact with HSV in herpes lesions, mucosal surfaces, genital secretions, or oral secretions. Contact w/ an infected person who doesn't have visible lesions. Asymptomatic HSV2. HSV2 by genital contact. HSV1 by sex or orally. Passed from pregnant mother to baby during childbirth. 6) Most asymptomatic or mild that go unnoticed or mistaken for another skin condition. Herpes lesions appear as 1 or more vesicles or small blisters on or around genital, rectum or mouth. These vesicles break and leave painful ulcers. "outbreak" or episode. -1st outbreak is longer duration of hepetic lesions, increased viral shedding and systemic symptoms like fever, body aches, swollen lymph nodes, or headache. -recurrent outbreaks: genital pain, tingling or shooting pain in the legs, hips, butt which occurs hours or days before herpetic lesions. Recurring common in HSV1 than HSV2. 9) Genital herpes causes ulcers that are painful and severe for people w/ suppressed immune systems like ppl w/ HIV. Aseptic meningitis. Development of extragenital lesions. Neonatal herpes for pregnant women. 10) HSV, NAAT tests. Type-specific virologic tests. Type-specific serologic tests. 11) No cure for herpes. Antiviral medication can prevent or shorten outbreaks. Daily suppressive therapy (daily use of antiviral medication) can reduce likelihood of transmission to partners. No vaccine! 12) condoms, reduces risk. Abstain from sexual contact. Monogamous relationship. Daily treatment of valacyclovir decreases rate of HSV2 transmission.

1) What is kissing. 2) How might it be categorized? 3) What are the different reasons for kissing? 4) What are the potential benefits and risks of kissing?

1) a human behavior that is preformed under many different circumstances and is NOT always associated w/sexual or romantic activities. 2) Oscula: friendly Basica: Romantic Savia: Passion 3) -a person may kiss a flag or religious relic to show respect -a mother may kiss a child's injury to make it feel better -different cultures categorize kisses in a # of ways: Ancient Indian Text, describes 17 types of kissing and Romans describe 3 types. 4) Benefits: enhance physical and emotion health and can improve relationship satisfaction. Lower blood pressure, lowers total amount of blood cholesterol and help relieve stress. Risks: Transmission of viral infections such as herpes and mono.

Describe the three female sexual response patterns describe by Masters and Johnson

1) most closely resembles male pattern (Excitement to orgasm), EXCEPT a woman can have 1 or more orgasms without dropping below plateau level **females can have multiple orgasms. 2) A variation of the first which includes an EXTENDED plateau but NO orgasm. 3) Rapid rise in excitement to quick orgasm with NO definitive plateau and quick descent to resolution.

Describe the two hypothesis that have been proposed to explain the occurrence of permanent enlarged breasts in human females when compared to our primate relatives.

2 hypothesis are 1) Sexual Selection: They may be a sexually selected trait and they have evolved as a permanent fixture outside of feeding bc they increase the chance of the female obtaining a mate. 2) May be an adaptation for feeding the infant, by preventing suffocation of the infant during suckling. This is criticized because it does not require the breasts to be permanent.

Average ejaculation time:

2 minutes

Describe the ways that we learn about sexual practices and the information that we are typically taught.

3 primary sources: 1) parents 2) school 3) peers Typically these conversations revolve around: abstinence, STIs, and contraception.

Why do females have orgasms? Describe the four hypotheses for adaptive facilitation.

Adaptive Facilitation: A number of hypotheses that argue that the female orgasm is currently adaptive because it in some way facilitates fertilization by the sperm. -Ex: 1) vaginal fluids may increase sperm motility and energy and that the orgasms increase the amount of vaginal fluid produced, therefore increasing the chance of fertilization. 2) Another: suggests that orgasms result in exhaustion of the female. Which will make it more likely that she will lie in a horizontal following sex, this means sperm would not have to swim against gravity within the female reproductive tract. -3) "upsuck" hypothesis): it argues that during orgasm the cervix contracts and dips into the pool of sperm in the upper reaches of the vagina, thus facilitating the transfer of sperm into the uterus-This hypothesis relies on reinforcement theory. -4) given that orgasms are enjoyable it encourages the female to engage in sex more frequently therefore increasing the likelihood of fertilization. *This h

How is HIV diagnosed ?

An antigen/antibody test performed by a lab on blood from a vein can usually detect HIV 18 to 45 days after exposure. -rapid antigen test done w/finger stick -antibody test (HIV in blood or oral fluid) -antigen/antibody test (both HIV antibodies and antigens) -NAT (actual virus in blood)

What treatments are available for people with HIV?

Antiretroviral therapy ART, taking medicines. Reduces HIV in body. No cure for HIV but you can control it with HIV treatment.

Describe the historical views on masturbation and how these views have changed.

Historically, masturbation was thought to be dangerous and sinful. And leading to impaired morals, depression, social failure, epilepsy, TB, blindness, insanity, early death etc. -this unfortunately lead to many so called "cures" for masturbation. Ex: in victorian times women caught masturbating were forced to get a clitoridectomy (remove the clitoris to "protect them") Other cures: for men Spermatorrhea ring which had inward facing spikes, if a man got an erection it would puncture his penis. -in Severe cases the foreskin was stapled shut or castration of the penis. -straightjacket PJs. ***The 20th century saw a change in attitudes Ellis who questioned the current ideas about masturbation and Kinsey who influenced ppls perception of masturbation in US. -by the 60s masturbation was more accepted, acceptance continues to grow today.

Describe the recent male induced ovulation hypothesis for the origin of the female orgasm.

Hypothesis for evolutionary origins of the female orgasm -argues that the 2 preceding groups of hypothesis rely on evidence strictly from human biology and therefore focus on modification of the trait rather than its origin. **They suggest that a comparative study of other species may provide insight by identifying a homolog of the female orgasm. -they note that the human female orgasm is associated w/ an endocrine surge similar to the copulatory surges in species w/induced ovulation (that is an act of copulation by a male induces the female to ovulate) -suggesting the homoloug of female orgasm is the reflex that ancestrally induced ovulation and that this reflex became superb w/ the evolution of spontaneous ovulation in humans. **females that ovulate every month regardless of whether they copulate with the male.

Average age that boys and girls first engage in sexual intercourse:

M: 17.7 W: 17.4

Solitary sexual practices: 1) Masturbation -What is masturbation and how do various factors influence its frequency.

Masturbation is the stimulation of ones own genitals. -males report masturbating more frequently than females do. May be bc of testosterone levels that increase sexual desire and males have more ready access to their penises. -females are often taught to associate sexual pleasure with romance and intimacy rather than sexual pleasure and are less likely to admit to masturbating. -frequency of masturbating decreases with AGE in both males and females. (teenagers and college students have highest frequency of masturbating on avg. 2-3 times per week). -a person's education and ethnicity may influence a persons frequency of masturbation. **Caucasians and those with more education are MORE likely to report masturbating. *Commitment to religious beliefs may influence masturbation frequency. More devout ppl are less likely to report masturbating.

What types of sexual activities have men and women experiences between the ages of 24 and 44? What percentage of males and females have experience each activity?

Men and women ages 24-44; -Most men and women report having had vaginal intercourse and oral sex w/the opposite sex. -less than half reported having anal sex w/the opposite sex -and a small amount reported having sex w/ the same sex Percentages: -vaginal intercourse: M-97, W-98 -oral sex: M-90, W-89 -anal sex: M-44, W-36 -sex w/same sex: M-6, W-12

What happens when T cell counts drop to between 200-500 cells per mm3

Patients start to experience: -swollen lymph nodes -hairy leukoplakia (white patch on tongue) -oral candidiasis (yeast infection in the mouth)

Define pheromones and name the glands that produce them in humans. Where are these glands located?

Pheromones are chemical compounds released by one individual that elicit a physiological response in another individual. -Apocrine glands -located in the armpits, nipples, naval, and pubic regions -these glands mature at puberty and secrete an oily odorless substance.

Distinguish between primary and secondary sexual characteristics.

Primary Sexual Characteristics: characteristics a person is BORN with. Ex: females: ovaries, uterus, vagina and vulva structures. In males, testes, vas deferens, prostate and seminal glands and structures of penis and scrotum. Secondary Sexual Characteristics: characteristics that develop later in life. Ex: during puberty, in females: breasts, pubic hair, body shape, menstrual cycle, fat deposition in the hips and buttox, in males: facial and body hair, pubic hair, broad shoulders, narrow waist, muscle development and a deeper voice.

After orgasm males enter a _____ _______ during this time, NO amount of stimulation will result in another orgasm.

Refractory period -duration lasts anywhere from several minutes to several hours.

Define sexual dimorphism and give some examples.

Sexual Dimorphism: each sex having different forms. Having 2 different forms. (difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species) Ex: In why sex video there were a number of examples of where the female and male look distinctly different from each other. -peahens and peacock

Define coitus

Sexual activity where the erect penis is inserted into the vagina. -during coitus 1 partner moves their hips which allows the penis to thrust in and out of the vagina, causing friction on the penis and a pleasurable feeling in the vagina.

2) Sexual fantasies and erotic dreams - Define and explain the differences between the two.

Sexual fantasies are any mental images that are sexually arousing and may include stories, thoughts, images, memories, and future desires. -triggered spontaneously or intentionally Erotic dreams are involuntary images that occur while asleep. Can cause vaginal lubrication, clitoral and penile erection. Both can experience orgasm during an erotic dream.

Other terms that refer to Sexually Transmitted Infections STIs:

Sexually Transmitted Diseases STDs and Venereal Diseases (VDs)

What are the two main strains of HIV? Which is the most common?

The 2 strains are: HIV-1 and HIV-2 The most common is HIV-1.

The second hypothesis:

The second hypothesis focuses on sexual selection and argues that the human penis length is the result of male-male competition. -Diamond proposed in 1992 that the length of the male penis may have evolved in response to intrasexual competition between males. He argues that the penis is a threat or status symbol directed at other males. -Most phallic art is directed at males. Ex: in a number of ethnic groups in New Guinea the males wear phallocarps or penile sheaths, and they vary in length and its been suggested that the length of the phallocarp indicates social status. -a similar arguement has been used to explain cod pieces in midevial Europe. **there is a lack of evidence for this hypothesis and therefore hypothesis 2 is not supported.

MHC (major histocompatibility complex) is

a multi gene family that codes for key receptor molecules that recognize and bind to foreign proteins for presentation to specialized immune cells which initiate an immune response. AKA: they allow your body to recognize pathogens

a. Morphism b. Dimorphism c. Sexual Dimorphism

a. refers to the form of a structure or substance b. means that the structure has 2 different forms c. each sex having different forms. Having 2 different forms. Ex: In why sex video there were a number of examples of where the female and male look distinctly different from each other. -peahens and peacock

What are sex toys and how are they often used?

an object or device used for sexual stimulation to enhance sexual pleasure. Ex: dildos (penis shaped objects that can penetrate the vagina or anus), vibrators, rabbit (sex in the city mentioned) -men use: pocket pussies (shaped like a vagina), cock rings (around base of the penis, keeps blood from leaving the penis and maintains the erection).

Mechanism of erection in male dogs and cats is a bone called

baculum

Our _____ is often described as the largest sexual organ.

brain

Research from TED video:

earthworms use hydrostatic skeleton -a hydrostatic skeleton uses pressurized fluid and surrounding wall of tissue held in tension and reinforced w/fibrous proteins. *if you have just a wall with no fluid you get a wet rag and if you have no wall you just get a puddle, both parts are extremely important. -The penis has the makings of a hyrostatic skeleton. - The penis has a central space of spongy erectile tissue that fills w/ blood (fluid) which is the corpora cavernosa surrounded by a wall of tissue called tunica albumin that's rich in a stiff structural; protein called collagen. -The arrangement of wall tissue of the tunica albumin in longitudinal. and horizontal sections creating 90 deg angles is what allows erections to work it resists bending but helical structure of the wall in most hydrostatic skeletons would not allow erections to work because it would still be able to bend.