Exam 2 Vocabulary and Notes

Mount Wutai

one of the four most sacred mountains in Chinese Buddhism -also: several sites in Shanxi Province, Nanchan Monastery, Fogong Temple

kyozo

sutra repository

Circumambulation

the act of moving around a sacred object or idol (integral part of Hindu and Buddhist devotional practice) *original mosaics *geometric & floral motifs (arabesques)

Garbhagriha

the most important structure of the sacred complex where the patron deity of the temple is installed Garbahagriha = also called "womb chamber"

Brihedesvara Temple, Tanjor, India

11th Century, Rajaraja temple to Shiva, southern style temple, built by the Chola dynasty =longitudinal axis (along the length)

Mt. Moriah

= temple mount site of Jewish temple and Dome of the Rock

Istanbul (Constantinople), Hagia Sophia

=(Patrons: Justinian and Theodora) =(Architects: Anthemius and Isidorus) Early Byzantine Period (c. 532-537 CE) *domed basilica (hybrid) *40 windows at the base of the dome *the addition of the two semi-domes creates a clear span of nearly 250 feet *dome is supported on pendentives *two half domes at E and W supported by three arches *four smaller half domes at corners

cantilever

A kind of bracket or support of stone, wood, or iron, whose length is many times its breadth and more than twice its depth, which projects from the wall of a building for the support.

Rome, Theater of Marcellus

(13-11 BCE) *semicircular seating area (cavea) *semicircular orchestra *raised stage (pulpitum) *scaenae frons = elaborate stage background *freestanding (not built into hillside) *use of concrete *barrel vaults (radial inclined, annular) *exterior facade of travertime *decorated with engaged columns (Greek inspired columns) *Doric -> Ionic -> Corinthian?

Selimiye Mosque, Edirne, Turkey

(1568-1575 CE)

Pont Du Gard, Nimes, France

(20-16 BCE) =Roman Aqueduct *public fountains *public baths *houses of wealthy

Palestrina, Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia

(2nd - 1st century BCE)

Rome, Temple of Portunus (formerly called "Fortuna Virilis")

(2nd century BCE) *pseudoperipteral plan (psuedo = false, peripteral = surrounded by freestanding columns)

Dura Europos (Syria)

(303 BCE - 256 CE) *Hellenistic, Parthian, Roman *multicultural border city *assembly hall and baptistery with early christian wall paintings *Christian meeting house (domos ecclesiae)

Maurya Dynstasty

(322 - 185 BCE) "Ashokan Pillars" Maurya king Ashoka (3rd century BCE) was first to sponsor Buddhist art and architecture in India.

Golden House of Nero

(64-68 CE) *last of Julio-Claudian Emperors *Great fire Rome 64 CE *construction of Golden House *private mansion, garden, artificial lake, giant bronze statue

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, Israel

(687-691 CE = late 7th century CE) *central plan *derived from Roman & Byzantine precedents *circumambulation *calligraphy

Great Supta at Borobudur, Java, Indonesia

(ca. 800-850 CE) *Stupa on top of a pyramidal form, oriented to cardinal directions. *Four galleries on three rising terraces, 72 smaller stupa shrines, and 500 Buddhas and bodhisatvas set in niches. *Three miles of sculpted friezes showing the life of Buddha

Rome, Flavian Amphitheater ("Colosseum")

(completed 80 CE) *begun 70-72 CE by Vespasian *Completed and opened 80 CE by Titus *modifications by Domitian *family name = Flavius *before the Colosseum was the Golden House of Nero *first permanent amphitheater in Rome *freestanding through concrete, brick and stone *4 stories *Corinthian pilasters, Corinthian columns, Ionic columns, Tuscan Doric Columns *radial and annular passageways allowed people to move in and out quickly *annular cross vaults *cavea, arena, hypogeum

bodhisattva

(in Mahayana Buddhism) a person who is able to reach nirvana but delays doing so out of compassion in order to save suffering beings.

Vedas

(sacred writings) hymns to Aryan gods and divine king Indra

Great Supta, Sanchi, India (ca.250 BCE - 250 CE)

*3rd century BCE stupas = house cremated remains of Buddha (relics) *Fence/boundary/transition (Verdika) *4 Gates (Torana) *Orientation *Circumabulation paths *Multi levels *Dome Shape *"Umbrella" (Chatra) = Bodhi tree, 3 jewels: Buddha, law, Monastic life, Buddhas past, present, future *Vertical mast (creates axis mundi) The architectural form of the Great Stupa at Sanchi can be understood as a 3D representation of a 2D Mandala.

Constantine ("the Great")

*Roman Emperor and head of Roman state religion + patron of new religion

Ravenna, Church of S. Apollinare Nuovo

*basilica plan church *plain exterior *narthex *nave *aisles *apse *clerestory *triumphant arch *arcade columns *architectural decoration: mosiacs =Jesus as a young man, wears purple cloak (Roman Emperor symbolism)

Rome, Church of S. Costanza

*central-plan building *originally mausoleum of Constantia (Constantine's daughter) *central plan design *Domed central space with clerestory *arcade with 12 pairs of composite columns (corinthian = Ionic) *barrel vaulted ambulatory *ambulatory (an apse around the apse or a cloister in a church) *(some modeled on/adapted from "pagan" iconography)

Ravenna, Mausoleum of Galla Placidia

*mausoleum or oratory (chapel) *Cruciform (cross-shaped) *central domed space *exterior has a continuous arcade of blind arches INTERIOR: *barrel vaulted arms *central dome on pendentives (=concave, spherical triangle between square and dome)

Ravenna, Orthodox Baptistery

*octagonal plan *eight as a symbol of regeneration *decorative use of blind arches on exterior *interior is octagon, with niches

Roman Forum

*originally swampy land between hills *drained by Cloaca Maxima *main market and assembly place *Senate and Cornitium, civic center, law-courts (basilicas), temples, sacred processional road planned, rectangular, axial, symmetrical

Hinduism

A system of diverse beliefs and traditions, in which the prominent themes include *Dharma: ethics and duties, laws *Samsara (rebirth) *Karma (right action) *Moksha (liberation from the cycle of Samsara) A polytheistic religion *Brahma (Creator) *Vishnu (Preserver) *Shiva (Destroyer)

Architectural needs for the early christian celebration of the mass

1.) A path for the processional entry and exit of the clergy 2.) Alter area where the clergy celebrated mass 3.) A space for the segregation of the clergy from the congregation during the procession and communion 4.) An area for the separation of the catechumens (those in process of entering faith, unbaptized) from the faithful.

"Seat of Wisdom"

Apse Mosiac, c. 867 (Middle Byzantine c. 843-1204) Theotokos (bearer of christ) and Child

Vedic Period (1750-322 BCE)

Aryan nomads from central Asia entered India in the second millennium. *Vedas *Brahmins *religiously sanctioned social classes **Formation of 3 major religions: Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism

Hindu temple elements

Shikhara (sanskrit = "mountain peak") = rising tower (Vimana, south India) Orientation, Axiality, Plinth, Mandapa, Garbhagriha, Axis Mundi (vertical world axis), Verticality, Shikara

Shintoism

Shinto = the way of the kami *reverence for natural forces essential to agriculture *shrines dedicated to deities or spirits (kami) *festivals for planting and harvest *priests made offerings of grain and fruits *official state religion of Japan Japanese kingship: emperor, lineal descendant from the sun goddess Amaterasu Omikami

Geomancy

The art of divination by means of signs derived from the earth (Chinese) Good comes from the South, Evil comes from the north.

Mount Meru

The central square of mandala depicts as center of the Universe.

Architectural legacies of the Etruscans

Towns and house plans Tombs and wall paintings Temples plans and elevations Use of arches

Stupa

derived from traditional village burial mounds. A simple mound of rubble and earth built over the relics of Buddha.

Buddhist Cosmology

design element of the hemisphere shows the cosmological associations of a circle (in plan), the world mountain and the dome of the heavens, and the vertical world axis (axis mundi)

jikido

dining hall

Christianity

does not become the "official" religion of Roman Empire until 380 CE (Emperor Theodosius I)

sobo

dormitory

Bryzantium

eastern roman empire

Buddhism

founded by Siddhartha Guatama ca.563-483 BCE He achieved enlightenment while sitting under a bodhi tree (ficus religiosa). Four Noble Truths: *Life is suffering *Suffering is caused by craving *Craving can be overcome *The true path to salvation lay in the eightfold path of right view (between self indulgence and self mortification)

kodo

lecture hall

Transmigration of the soul

living souls pass through an endless cycle of rebirth and suffering

Rome, Old St. Peter's

location and orientation: *built over grave of st. Peter *east - west alignment *entrance at east *Martyrium (burial site) of St. Peter *has nave, aisles, apse, transept, narthex, atrium

Kondo

main image hall

Brahmins

Fire sacrifice overseen by preisthood

Pillars (Buddhist)

First forms of Buddhist monumental stone art, 30 - 40 feet tall. Placed along pilgrimage routes to sites important to Buddha.

Hindu Temple Architecture

Focus for all aspects of everyday life - religious, cultural, educational and social. Serves as a cosmic intersection of man, God and the Universe. The temple integrates the different elements of the cosmos into a single whole.

Ashokan Pillar from Sanarth, India (ca. 250 BCE)

Four lions may be symbols of Buddha. 4 directions = universal natures of Buddhism. Wheel (chakra) which refers to the wheel of law (dharma) Lotus Blossoms symbolizes the presence of divine purity in the imperfect world.

Roman Baths (thermae)

Furnace Complex (hypocaust = below the floor heating) Caldarium (Hot Room) Tepidarium (Warm Room) Frigidarium (cold room) Apodyterium (dressing room)

Katholikon at Hosios Loukas Monastery, Greece

Katholiken = early 11th century *dome on squinches and pendentives *dome fresco = Christ the pantokrator 1593

mirhab

a niche in the wall of a mosque, at the point nearest to Mecca, toward which the congregation faces to pray.

First temple in Jerusalem = Temple of Solomon

(c. 957 BCE) destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon TEMPLE: *porch has two pillars *cella *Adyton (holy of holies)

Chaitya Hall (Cave Temple), Karli (Karla), India

(ca. 100 BCE) 45 feet wide, 150 feet deep. Porch has pairs of columns, sculpted and painted decoration Interior ceiling decorated with ribs to imitate a barrel vault. Stupa with chatra at back.

Ravenna: Church of S. Apollinare in Casse

(ca. 532-549) Built under the patronage of the Emperor Justinian (Early Byzantine period)

squinche

a straight or arched structure across an interior angle of a square tower to carry a superstructure such as a dome.

Christ as Pantokrator

"Angry Jesus" displays Christ as a man with a beard to display authority

Muslim

"one who has submitted to God"

Islam

"submission to God's will"

Fogong Temple, Pagoda, Shanxi Province, China

(1056 CE) Inspired by stupa. Function: holds relics of the Buddha Form: holds relics of Buddha and often the possibility of circumambulation Design Precedents: The vertical quality seems to have been inspired by Chinese watchtower design, and had an added benefit of providing a vertical element clearly visible in the landscape.

Fogong Monastery, Shanxi province, China

(1056 CE) = South and Southeast Asia *Buddhist temple complex with image hall and pagoda. *Plan contains: Gatehouse, Bell-tower, drum tower, fogong tower(pagoda, inspired by Indian Stupa) and main hall. *built entirely out of wood *octagonal plan, five stories *support system is two rings of columns in each floor, but inclined towards center. *Eaves and floors supported by pairs of brackets. System of cantilevering forces within structure.

Inner Ise Shrine, Uji-Yamada, Japan

(690 CE to present) *dedicated to the kami of the Japanese imperial family *an outer shrine (Geku) is dedicated to Touke Okami (abundant food kami) *inner shrine (Kaiku) is dedicated to Amaterasu- Omikami (heaven-illuminating kami) *120 other shinto shrines *located in sacred forest *approach along proscribed path, through gates (torii), across the Uji (bridge) *Purification at fountains before entering *access is determined by rank, only emperor can visit innermost shrine (Shoden) *axial alignment: four concentric sets of fences surround the shrine (Shoden), each enter through a gateway (torii). *Shoden is rebuilt very 20 years Shoden: made of Japanese Cyprus, elevated above ground, two principal posts, wooden cross beams, pitched roof with thatch. Horizontal beams to keep thatch in place. Architecture form of the shoden is based upon the Japanese grain storehouse (granary)

Great Mosque, Damascus, Syria

(706-715 CE = early 8th century CE) *Ummayad Caliphs *built on the site of a Roman Temple of Jupiter and a 4th century church of st. John the Baptist *rectangular enclosure with towers (minarets) for the muezzin's call to prayer *arcaded courtyard (sahn) with fountain *hypostyle prayer hall (haram) *dome marks traverse aisle leading to central mirhab *Qibla wall = towards Mecca *minbar (pulpit)

Nanchan Monastery, Shanxi Province, China

(782 CE) = South and Southeast Asia Design Principles: Axiality, Modular Design, Orientation (important rooms face south), Sequence (important rooms at back), Elevation (important buildings = highest) Timber Temple Hall: raised platform, columns and bracket sets (duogong), beams and purlins (rafters), roof with colored ceramic tiles Temple plan and section. The central bay is wider than the others, timber ceiling is visible inside, statues are inside.

Great Mosque, Cordoba, Spain

(785 and 833-988 = late 8th and 9-10th centuries CE) *interlaced arches *lobed archers *horseshoe arches *Prayer Hall : reused Roman & Visigoth columns

Friday Mosque, Ishafan, Iran

(8th -17th centuries CE)

Horyuji temple comlex, near Nara, Japan

(=Japan, Buddhist and Shinto traditions) Founded by Prince Shotoku in 607, burnt in 670 and rebuilt 670-714. *Earliest surviving Buddhist temple complex in Japan. *Borrows design elements from China, but uses balanced asymmetry in place of strict axiality. *use the cloud-pattern bracketing and columnar entasis *pagoda contains the symbolic relics of Buddha Center is "axis mundi column", with single wooden support. Golden hall: contains images of Buddha, entasis on wooden columns, Buddha flanked by two Bodhisattvas.

Feng Shui

(=wind and water) a system of spirit influences which inhabit the natural features of landscapes

Ravenna, S. Vitali (including mosaics)

(Early Byzantine period, c. 538-548) *central plan *domed octagon *Apse mosaic of Christ enthroned, flanked by angels, Saint Vitalis and Bishop Ecclesius, with model of church

Theotokos Church at Hosios Loukas Monastery, Greece

(Middle Byzantine Period) Theotokos = late 10th century *cloisonne masonry *kufic brickwork *decorative, exotic *cross in square plan *dome on pendentives

Vishnu Temple at Deogarth

(Post Gupta Period c. 530 CE) = one of the earliest Hindu temples made from masonry (quarried stone) Contains a tower (shikara), garbhagriha, axis mundi, plinth Vishnu Narayana on Cosmic Water

"Arch of Augustus", Perugia, Italy

(after 310 BCE)

Drawing of a Roman Temple (plan and elevation)

(based on the Roman architect Vitruvius) *Terracotta tiles and acroteria *Wood and mudbrick superstructure *stone foundation (tufo = volcanic tuff) = Tuscan Doric, non-peripteral, podium, no pediment, more acroteria *different orientation of cella *emphasis on deep front porch *raised podium with central stair

Maison Carree, Nimes, France

(c. 10 CE)

Rome, Forum of Trajan

(c. 100-114 CE) Complex includes: law-court, Greek and Latin libraries, temple of Divine Trajan, markets *largest imperial forum in Rome *formal, axial entrance *courtyard with equestrian statue *colonnades *hemicycles within colonnades BASILICA ULPIA: central nave, 2 apses, 2 aisles, clerestory, timber roof (Architect = Apollodorus of Damascus) COLUMN OF TRAJAN: commemorated emperor's conquest of Dacia (Romania), visible from the Greek and Latin libraries to either side, decorated with relief sculpture 'scrolling' up the column

Rome, Markets of Trajan

(c. 100-114 CE) = Apollodorus of Damascus *basic unit = taberna, 170 present today. *made of concrete with brick facade *five levels up the slope of the Quirinal Hill *Hemicycle facade next to forum *two storied covered market *Via Biberatica ("Drinks" street) *two storied interior of market: cross vault (groin vault) *use of concrete instead of stone masonry

Rome, Pantheon

(c. 118-128 CE) (Architect? Hadrian or Apollodorus) *Design: Combination of traditional and innovative *Rotunda (round cella) *hemispherical concrete dome resting upon a cylindrical drum. *Roman High Imperial Period *weight of dome rests on concrete foundations 15 feet thick and 34 feet wide *interior divined into three zones: =opening at top is an oculus =dome with coffers, diminishing in size and depth =attic with decorated facade *Corinthian columns and interior niches at ground level *April 21, birthday of Rome. Equinox.

Rome, Baths of Diocletian

(c. 298-306 CE) *Groin vaults into engaged columns *thermal window = type of window Romans used in the bath complex

Rome, Basilica of Constantine and Maxentius (Basilica Nova)

(c. 307-315 CE) *concrete and brick *coffered barrel vaults in aisles *Groin vaults in nave , 115 feet high *clerestory above groin vaults *corbelled barrel vaults *colossal head of Constantine, from seated statue in apse

Early Islamic Architecture

(c. 687 - 1500 CE)

Pompeii, Amphitheater

(c. 80 BCE) *one of the earliest surviving stone amphitheaters *oval shape (double theater) *part built into ground, part supported on arches and vaults

Principles of Chinese Architecture

Construction: Wood, post and lintel, bracket to support tile roof (principles laid out in a book of building standards, the Yingzao-fashi, 1103) Design: Modular Design, Axial Design, Orientation to cardinal points Sequencing, elevation, decoration to establish importance: -more important buildings are elevated on a podium, distinguished by greater size, central location, elaborate ornamentation, and timber bracketing, hipped roofs, and symbolic color schemes (yellow and red) Philosophical principles: *indigenous practices: life after death, ancestor worship, animism *Daoism: 'harmony of human action and the world through the study of nature' *Confucianism: advocated 'respect for authority as established by state'. Planning elements include: axiality and hierarchical arrangements.

mausolea

Jewish shrines of the prophets

minaret

a tall slender tower, typically part of a mosque, with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer.

Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan), c 2600-19CE

Major sites include: Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro *city walls *terraces *orthogonal plan *drainage systems *kiln baked bricks *ceremonial centers *public storerooms *animal altars *divinities & worshipers *yogi *supernatural and composites creatures

Architectural elements ("anatomy") of an arch

Voussoir, arch extended in line (longitudinally) = vault, barrel vaults Cloaca Maxima ("Great Drain")

Shikinen Sengu

a ceremonial reconstruction of the shoden and renewal of sacred clothing and treasures

Mandala

a geometric design that represents the Hindu and Buddhist symbolism

blind arch

an arch found in the wall of a building which has been infilled with solid construction so it cannot serve as a passageway, door, or window

arabesque

an ornamental design consisting of intertwined flowing lines, originally found in Arabic or Moorish decoration.

shoro

bell tower

pendentive

concave, spherical triangle between square and dome