Exam 3
external forces
-general environments (political & legal, sociocultural, technological, economic, and internal) -task environments (customers, suppliers, competitors, substitutes, and potential new entrants)
change strategy
A plan to move from the current state to the future state to achieve the desired business objectives. even globally
comprehensive model of planned change
A step-by-step plan for implementing major change
___________ is the stage in which task forces, project teams or committees complete their task and disband.
Adjourning
The right to give work orders in the organization; associated with a position within an organization, not with the individual occupying that position can be defined as?
Authority
Which term best defines the design of jobs based on the view that workers are independent parts of the production process whose individual characteristics should be taken into account in forming jobs?
Behavioral approach to job design
Christian is part of a product development team. His role is to collect information from the marketing department and from the production department to later use that knowledge with his team to improve the design of new product not only having in mind the customer, but also the operational cost. What is the group role that Christian is demonstrating?
Boundary-Spanning Role
Which term is best described by an organizing concept that ensures that all positions are directly linked in some way to top management?
Chain of Command
__________ involves changing the processes of communicating, motivating, leading, and interacting in groups.
Changing people processes and culture
Fernando, manager/owner of Shaffer Inn at Faribault, decided to change the orientation/training process that every new employee does to improve customer service. What type of organization change is Shaffer Inn taking?
Changing people, processes, and culture
A union and a major company negotiate on a 3% increase in salary adjustment in a way that both parties find acceptable. What type of conflict management style is it?
Compromising style
The number of defects have increased 5% in the last 8 months. In order to find the problem a group with people from R&D, production, and finance has been formed. What type of group or team is it?
Cross functional
____________________ groups that cut across the firm's hierarchy and are composed of people from different functional areas and possibly different levels.
Cross-functional
________ is when authority is dispersed to several positions at various levels in the organization.
Decentralization
_________ is the assignment of work activities and authority to a subordinate.
Delegation
________ is the grouping of related jobs to form an administrative unit department, area, or center.
Departmentalization
_________ informs employees about the need for change and communicate the potential positive outcomes.
Education and communication
________ includes fewer layers, faster communication and decisions. Employees are empowered to make more decisions in this type of organization.
Flat Organizations
A product design team has failed to provide new attractive designs for the last 7 months . The group members consider disagreement with the group inappropriate, so they don't critically evaluate each design. What type of problem is the team facing?
Groupthink
_______ is an organization composed of several very different kinds of businesses, each of which is permitted to operate largely autonomously.
Holding company
_______ is a relatively small change in processes and behaviors within just one or a few systems or levels of the organization.
Incremental Change
Refreezing stage of change
Individuals aquire new attitudes and values are rewarded -Consolidate improvements + produce more change -Institutionalize new approaches
Co-optation
It seeks to buy off the leaders of a resistance group by giving them a key role in the change decision.
______ is a behavioral approach to job design aimed at increasing the number of tasks that comprise a job.
Job Enlargement
A behavioral approach to job design involving a deliberate plan to move workers to various jobs on a consistent, scheduled basis describes which term?
Job rotation
___________ provides stress counseling, special training, and simply good listening to reduce fear of change.
Managerial support
__________ is selectively distributing information to control the perception of a change.
Manipulation
__________ includes cross-functional engagement and problem-solving, flexibility in deploying resources, reducing cost, the balance of power between functions, and balance competing priorities.
Matrix's Benefits
Which term best describes structures that are highly formal, complex, and centralized?
Mechanistic Organizations
Unilever's research and development division is located in the USA. However, Unilever's team is form with managers located not only in USA, but also in France, India, and China. What kind of span control do you think it is used?
Narrow Span of Control
Which term best describes structures that are less formal, fairly simple, and decentralized?
Organic Organizations
_______ is a graphic display of the official lines of authority and communication within the organization.
Organizational Chart
________ is the difference between an organization's desired and actual performance levels.
Performance Gap
Malibu Coffee & Tea is competing in the Chinese market by adapting its offering and having Chinese teas and dessert as part of the menu. They put together a team and at the last meeting the members agree on how equitably to divide up the tasks for developing a new product line. They have been working efficiently and now they are turning in results. This group is at the ____ stage of group development.
Performing Stage
Google's employees can wear shorts, slacks, or jeans, t shirts or shirts. Clearly, at Google how people dress doesn't determine the likelihood of success at the company. What is the norm that Google's employees are responding to?
Peripheral
When Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos meets with product-development teams, he asks some very pointed questions about both the technical and financial aspects of the project. Those who are not prepared, might not last long at Amazon. What type of norm level is it?
Pivotal
_______ is a situation in which organizational members react spontaneously to external and internal forces but do little to modify these forces or their behaviors.
Reactive change
_______ stabilizes the organization at a new state of behavioral equilibrium.
Refreezing
_________ is a routine coordination of activities using rules and procedures that set priorities and guidelines for actions.
Rules and Procedures
example of relevant norms
Salesperson be on time for work
Which term is the principle of organizing whereby authority should flow through the organization from the bottom to the top, one level at a time?
Scalar Chain
______________________ is a team of employees who are responsible for a process or segment of a job that delivers a good or service to a customer either internal or external.
Self-directed work team
________ are positions intended to provide expertise, advice, and support to line positions. Have advisory authority; can give compulsory advice. Have functional authority to enforce compliance with organizational policies and procedures.
Staff Positions
Comcast is trying to compete for the Japanese market by offering more Japanese channels. They put together a team, but at the last meeting the members could not agree on how equitably to divide up the tasks for developing a marketing plan. Two people tried to assume leadership roles, which led to more conflict. This group is at the ____ stage of group development.
Storming
Harry, Michael, Richard and Claudia have being assigned to revise, modify and update the quality process handbook. After 6 months, they will have to turn in the manuscript and present the major changes to their boss. They will no longer remain as a team after that. What type of team or group is used in this case?
Task Force
Which of the following refers to a temporary group of employees responsible for bringing about a particular change?
Task force
Job Specialization
The process by which a division of labor occurs as different workers specialize in different tasks over time
_______ is the principle that a subordinate should report to only one immediate superior.
Unity of Command
examples of large batch/mass-production technology
Whirlpool Corporation, Ford
An owner/manager of an auto body shop deals with customers and directs several experienced mechanics. What is the appropriate span of management?
Wide span of control (experience, knowledge, skill)
Which is NOT an advantage of job specialization?
Workers combat monotony by being absent and tardy.
network organization
a collection of independent, mostly single-function firms that collaborate on a good or service ex: vizio: only 3 people that started company, and they used this organization by figuring out who best providers were to provide the product. a lot cheaper and competitive
unrelated diversification
a growth strategy whereby a new business lacks any common elements with the present business
related diversification
a growth strategy whereby the current target market and/or marketing mix shares something in common with the new opportunity
managerial liaison roles
a manager coordinates interdependent units by acting as a common point of contact, facilitating the flow of information
type of team: committee
a permanent formal team that does some specific task
type of team: product development team
a special type of project team that is formed to devise, design, and implement a new product
Team structure
a structure in which the entire organization is made up of work teams with little or no underlying hierarchy ex: valve software: work in teams and individually; 300 employees
multidivisional structure
a structure that organizes departments into larger groups called divisions ex: CEO hotels look over multiple different hotel names like Hilton Inn, Embassy Suite, Hilton Garden Inn, etc
type of team: Research & Development (R&D) team
a team formed to conduct basic and applied research to discover new approaches that will add to the company's profitability
Peripheral Norms
accepted by some but are not important for success ex: dress code
employee participation
allowing employee participation in the deciding the distribution of rewards
job enrichment
attempts to overcome the deficiencies in specialized work by increasing the number of tasks and by giving workers the authority and control to make meaningful decisions about their work. *Includes decision making or granting authority*
managerial support
backing by top managers decreases resistance -managers must do more than talk about the importance of change; must provide training, resources & autonomy needed for change
task specialist role
behaviors oriented toward generating information and resolving problems ex: initiating activity summarizing
Starbucks decided to open stores in China. What type of change is Starbucks doing?
changing strategy
__________ involves changing the firm's fundamental approach to doing business.
changing strategy
moving stage of change
clarifies the need to change, explores alternatives, defines goals and objectives, plans the change, and implements the change plan
type of team: virtual teams
composed of geographically and/or organizationally dispersed co-workers who use telecommunications and information technologies to accomplish an organizational task. members come from different departments, different levels, and perhaps different locations
groupthink
condition in which poor decision making occurs because the desire to maintain group cohesiveness precludes the critical evaluation of alternative courses of action
top managment team
consists of higher-level executives of the organization whose responsiblities include setting strategic goals for the firm
people, process and culture change
culture, values, attitudes, abilities and skills, performance
since the beginning of 2009, Dell has taken a different approach focusing around four customer groups: consumers, corporations, small and midsize businesses, and governments and educational buyers. Dell believes that an outward focus will empower managers to better respond to client needs. What type of division is Dell having?
customer division
anti-group roles
disrupt the group, draw attention to individual rather than group functioning, and detract from positive interactions. ex: dominating the conversation
example of periferical norms
dress code might be more important at IBM, but no at Levi's jeans (everyone wears Levi's jeans)
factors affecting organizational structure
environment, technology, strategy, size, organizational life cycle
outputs of the congruence model of change
finished products, Group commitment and cohesiveness, and Job satisfaction turn over
Ciplex, a marketing agency, cut down the number of middle managers which allowed the company to reduce costs by 25%. By changing the company structure, Ciplex is turning into a _____________ organization.
flat
Stages of Development
forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning
Stages of Development: forming
group members meet for first time, become acquainted, and become familiar with the groups tasks
customer division structure
grouping activities to respond to and interact with specific customers and customer groups
A product development team has not created a new successful product for the last 2 years. The group has taken poor decisions because they prefer to agree on everything instead of critically evaluating each alternative course of action. What type of problem is the team facing?
groupthink
group maintenance role
help the group to engage in constructive interpersonal relationships and help derive satisfaction from group participation ex: encouraging, harmonizing, tension relieving
job enlargement
increasing the number of different tasks that a worker performs within one particular job. *You just have extra tasks*
change in technology and operations
information technology, equipment, work processes, work sequences, control systems
internal forces
inside the organization cause it to change its structure and strategy; some internal forces are responses to external pressures ex: owners, TMT, employees
Fernando, manager/owner of Shaffer Inn at Faribault, decided to change the orientation/training process that every new employee does to improve customer service. Even though there has not been competition's level changes or complains from customer. What is the Nature of this organization Change?
internal forces
boundary-spanning roles
involve interacting with members in other unites of the organization or outside ex: quality team visit and work with client
change in organization structure and design
job design, overall design, line staff structure, departmentalization, authority distribution, coordination mechanism
an IT manager also becomes responsible for information security is:
job enlargement
Store managers, at Whole Food, do not only take care of the profitability of the store, but also of the store design, which is based on location-specific customer's taste. Managers have the authority to buy a balanced portfolio of products that are locally and internationally produced. This is an example of
job enrichment
a product development team is given additional decision making authority over design
job enrichment
a civil engineering intern switched her job duties every three months
job rotation
quantum change
large scale plan change that involves significantly wondering how the firm operates
narrow span of control
manager has a limited number of people reporting (higher level managers set at 6-7)
wide span of control
manager has several people reporting (operative span for lower level: up to 30 workers)
unfreezing stage of change
managers try to instill in employees the motivation to change, encouraging them to let go of attitudes and behaviors that are resistant to innovation
tall organization
many layers of management and the span of control management is narrow
Stages of Development: performing
members have reached level of maturity that facilitates total task development
mind guarding
members of group prevent dissenting opinions from permeating the group by filtering out info that go against group beliefs
a manager in an international advertising agency directs a team of professionals who are located in offices around the world. customers are very diverse.
narrow span of control
tall organizations have what type of span of control?
narrow span of control
the more complex the job, the narrower or wider the span should be?
narrower
Relevant Norms
norms that are important, but not as critical as the pivotal norms ex: late, but productive
Product Organizational Structure
one product where all activities are integrated and coordinated ex: Kraft: made salad dressing, Mac&Cheese, Ketchup, lunch meat, etc
Wide span of control looks like:
one supervisor/owner and then up to 30 employees
narrow span of control looks like:
one supervisor/owner, than two regular employees, than lower level employees from that
________ is any modification in the behaviors of ideas of an organization or its units.
organizational change
Since the beginning of the year, store managers can choose what products should be on the shelves. Top managers decided to have this change so that Honeybee supermarkets have better product selection in each store. What type of change is it?
organizational structure and design
Geographic Departmentalization
organizing work and workers into separate units responsible for doing business in particular geographic areas
Apple CEO Tim Cook meets with product-development teams, he asks some very pointed questions about both the technical and financial aspects of the project. Team leaders and members must be prepared to answer these questions or they may not last long at Apple
pivotal norms
Managerial Hierarchy
placing one manager in charge of interdependent departments or units
_______ is the deliberate structuring of operations and behaviors, often in anticipation of environmental forces.
planned change
examples of continuous-process technology
process, refineries, British petroleum, Shell, Chemical refineries like Dow Chemical.
Inputs of the Congruence Model
raw material, environmental factor, customer feedback stratefy
matrix organization challenges
reduced accountability greater conflict employees may not understand what's expected of them slower decision making focus on internal politics at the expense of customer focus
job rotation
rotation attempts to overcome the disadvantages of job specialization by periodically moving workers from one specialized job to another to give them more variety and the opportunity to use different skills.
type of team: project team
similar to task forces, but responsible for running their operations and are totally in control of a specific work projects
Grandganett Orthodontist has technology that allows dentists to provide a customized service to their patients. What is the basic level of technology used by Grandganett Orthodontist?
small batch technology
Stages of Development: storming
stage where conflict occurs as team members assert their roles, jockey for leadership positions, and make known their feelings and thoughts about the tasks
pivotal norms
standards that are critical for group success ex: members prepared
type of team: quality-assurance team
team formed to recommend changes that will positively affect the quality of the organization's products
type of team: self-directed work team
team of employees who are responsible for a process or segment of a job that delivers a good or service to a customer, either internal or external ex: not very popular anymore
difference between teams and groups
teams have more the ability to hold each other accountable, so they are more inclined to work harder as the team where as groups
processes of congruence model of change
technology, HR activity, culture structure
span of control
the number of people reporting to a manager
Job Design
the number, kind, and variety of tasks that individual workers perform in doing their jobs
small-batch technology
the production of small numbers of goods in response to a specific customer request
Stages of Development: norming
the stage where conflicts are resolved and harmony ensues
Stages of Development: adjourning
the tasks are completed and the team or group disbands
Abilene Paradox
the tendency of people to resist voicing their true thoughts or feelings in order to please others and avoid conflict
coercion
threatening people ex: threaten of firing if don't go with it
organizational structure
way that managers group jobs into departments and departments into divisions
flat organizations have what type of span of control?
wide span of control
functional organizational structure
work is arranged within main business functions such as production, operations, marketing, and human resources ex: managers of different functional areas all report up to one director or vice president who has responsibility for all of the operational areas.
matrix organizational structure
work is structured around specific projects, products, or customer groups ex: album manager, recording engineer, product manager, etc report to the music publisher
