Exam 3

Female friendships involve more ________ than male friendships.

self-disclosure

Compared with earlier and later periods, middle age is influenced most by ________ and biological factors.

sociocultural

As he looks back at life, Chris realizes that his work was not as important to him as he believed and that he lost too much valuable time with his children. If he could do it over again, he would work less and spend more time with his children. According to Erikson, Chris is experiencing some degree of

stagnation

The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2003) has identified ________ among older adults as the "invisible epidemic" in the United States.

substance abuse

According to Levinson, the ________ rests on how effectively an individual reduces the polarities and accepts each of them as an integral part of his or her being.

success of the midlife transition

According to cellular clock theory, after about 70 or 80 replications, the cell can no longer reproduce and the ________ are dramatically reduced.

telomeres

"Many emerging adults are optimistic about their future, and for emerging adults who have experienced difficult times while growing up, emerging adulthood presents an opportunity to direct their lives in a more positive direction." These are the two ways described by Jeffrey Arnett in which emerging adulthood can be viewed as

the age of possibilities.

Just as the transition from elementary school to middle or junior high school involves change and possible stress, so does the transition from high school to college. The two transitions have many parallels. Which of the following is one of them?

the top-dog phenomenon

Piaget stressed that young adults are more quantitatively advanced in their thinking than adolescents in the sense that

they have more knowledge.

"Amelia's all excited about this new guy she met," says Julie. "I guess it makes sense because he's really a geek." Based on the concept of consensual validation, we can expect that Julie

thinks that Amelia is also a geek.

According to the Seattle Longitudinal Study of individuals aged 25 to 95, which of the following abilities showed the least decline with age?

verbal comprehension

If researchers measure an individual's self-esteem at ages 10, 20, 30, and 40 years, where are they likely to find the most stability?

when measured at the age of 20 and then again at the age of 30

The matching hypothesis says that we choose partners

who are close to our level of physical attractiveness.

The slowdown in learning new information has been linked to changes in ________, where individuals manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language.

working memory

Which of the following is a factor associated with increases in divorce?

youthful marriage

Haruto is a 103-year-old centenarian living in Okinawa, Japan. He leads a healthy life. Which of the following factors has most likely contributed to his longevity?

Haruto engages in spiritual practice.

Which of the following statements is true about diversity in the workplace?

In the United States, more than one-fourth of today's lawyers, physicians, computer scientists, and chemists are women.

According to research, which of the following is a difference between individuals high in conscientiousness and individuals high in neuroticism?

Individuals high in conscientiousness are more likely to live longer, whereas individuals high in neuroticism are more likely to die at a younger age.

Which of the following statements is true about the role of temperament among children and adults?

Individuals who had an inhibited temperament in childhood are more likely than other adults to delay entering a stable job track.

Which of the following is a significant observation by Neugarten regarding social clocks?

Individuals whose lives are synchronized with social clocks are less stressed.

According to evolutionary theory, which of the following is the reason Alzheimer disease has not been eliminated by evolution?

It does not appear until late middle adulthood or late adulthood.

Which of the following statements is true of the trends in life expectancy?

People today take longer to grow up and longer to age than in past centuries.

Which of the following is one of the findings from the Nun Study?

Positive emotions early in adulthood were linked to longevity.

Continuous accommodation of physiological systems in response to stressors may result in ________, a wearing down of body systems due to constant activity.

allostatic load

Research relating to individual temperaments has indicated that children with an easy temperament at ages 3 to 5

are more likely to be well adjusted as young adults.

Mrs. Hernandez has considerable pain and inflammation in her wrists, fingers, and knees. It is becoming quite difficult for her to maintain her usual routines as her stiffness increases. Mrs. Hernandez has

arthritis

Why does night driving become especially difficult in late adulthood?

because of diminishing sensitivity to contrasts and reduced tolerance for glare

With age, ________.

both brain weight and brain volume decrease

Exercise is related to reduced risk of developing

breast cancer.

________ diseases have a slow onset and a long duration, and they are rare in early adulthood.

chronic

Identify a possible reason for the changes in fluid and crystallized intelligence of different age groups in John Horn's cross-sectional study.

cohort effects

Cynthia is 91 years old. Doctors have found that Cynthia's optic nerves have been damaged because of accumulation of fluid in the eye. Cynthia is worried that she will lose her vision, but the doctor has told her that her condition can be treated with eye drops. The disease that has marred Cynthia's vision is

glaucoma

Maria is 75 years old. She is experiencing severe loss of bone tissue. Maria is most likely to be diagnosed with

osteoporosis

According to the Seattle Longitudinal Study, which of the following abilities showed signs of early decline?

perceptual speed

Some theorists have pieced together cognitive changes in young adults and proposed a new stage of cognitive development. This stage is termed as

postformal thought.

The ________ is one area that shrinks more than others with aging.

prefrontal cortex

According to Paul Baltes, which of the following is a component of cognitive pragmatics?

reading and writing skills

The transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred to as emerging adulthood, which occurs from approximately ________ years of age, and has been critiqued as applying mainly to privileged youth.

18 to 25

The young-old are people who are between ________ years of age.

65 to 84

In the context of stress, which of the following is a difference between a fight-or-flight manner and a tend-and-befriend pattern?

A fight-or-flight manner involves becoming aggressive and withdrawing from social contact, whereas a tend-and-befriend pattern involves seeking social alliances with others, especially friends.

Which of the following statements is true about gay and lesbian couples?

Gays and lesbians prefer long-term, committed relationships.

According to the surveys conducted by the Higher Education Research Institute at UCLA, which of the following is true of college students?

An increasing number of first-year college students report having higher levels of stress and depression.

Which theory is similar to the contemporary life-events approach in highlighting the importance of complex setting of people's lives?

Bronfenbrenner's theory

Which of the following statements is true of the trends in midlife?

Compared with previous decades and centuries, an increasing percentage of the population is made up of middle-aged and older adults.

Which of the following is the conclusion of the study conducted by Costa and McCrae on approximately 1,000 college-educated men and women aged 20 to 96?

Considerable stability occurs in the five personality factors.

Which of the following statements about cohabitation is true?

Couples who wait until they are engaged to cohabitate have a better chance of a successful marriage than couples who cohabitate before becoming engaged.

Which of the following is the finding of the longitudinal and cross-sectional assessment of intellectual abilities conducted by Schaie?

Decline in intellectual abilities was more likely in the cross-sectional assessments than in the longitudinal assessments.

According to Jeffrey Arnett, which of the following statements accurately describes emerging adulthood as a time during which individuals are self-focused?

Emerging adults have little in the way of social obligations, which leaves them with a great deal of autonomy in running their own lives.

Which of the following is one of John Gottman's seven main practices that help marriages succeed?

Establish love maps.

Identify a true statement regarding remarriage in the United States.

Men tend to remarry after a divorce sooner than women do.

What is the main difference between the way younger people and older people respond to stress?

Older people keep stress hormones in their system at elevated levels for longer periods than younger people do.

Which of the following is an advantage of having children late?

Parents have more income for child-rearing expenses.

Severe reductions in the production of dopamine have been linked with

Parkinson disease.

Apart from consensual validation, what is the other reason that similarity matters in relationships?

People tend to shy away from the unknown.

Which of the following statements is true about creativity?

Researchers have found that creativity peaks in adulthood and then declines.

Compared to relationships established in person, what is a significant finding about romantic relationships initiated on the Internet?

Romantic relationships initiated on the Internet are more likely than relationships established in person to last for more than two years.

________ adults have positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned with or stressed out about their romantic relationships.

Securely attached

Which of the following statements is true of smell and taste in the elderly?

Smell and taste decline less in healthy older adults than in their less healthy counterparts.

Which of the following best describes sirtuins?

They are a family of proteins that have been proposed as having important influences on longevity, mitochondria functioning in energy, calorie restriction benefits, stress resistance, and cardiovascular functioning.

Which of the following is a similarity between cellular clock, free-radical, and mitochondrial theories?

They attempt to explain aging at the cellular level.

Which of the following is a shortcoming of stage theories of adult development?

They do not adequately address individual variations in adult development.

Which of the following changes was seen in the division of responsibility for work and family when more U.S. women took jobs outside the home?

U.S. men started showing greater interest in their families and parenting.

Which of the following is a major difference between Levinson's and Vaillant's views on midlife?

Unlike Levinson, Vaillant maintains that only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis.

According to the Almeida and Horn's study, which of the following is the difference in the experience of stressors between young adults and middle-aged adults?

Unlike young adults, middle-aged adults experienced more "overload" stressors.

Which of the following strategies would be most helpful in improving memory in middle age?

Use an organization strategy to categorize information to be remembered.

There has been ________ in the number of cohabiting U.S. couples since 1970.

a dramatic increase

The researchers in the Mills College Study concluded that rather than being in a midlife crisis, the women were experiencing

a midlife consciousness.

Hannah is grieving the death of her mother, so she is experiencing extreme stress. She is likely to engage in

a tend-and-befriend pattern.

Reductions in ________ have been linked to small declines in memory functioning and to the severe memory loss associated with Alzheimer disease.

acetylcholine

Penelope is describing her marriage of 15 years: "My husband and I were eating breakfast the other day. Neither of us was talking, both of us just reading and thinking our own thoughts. But it was a very comfortable, companionable silence, and I loved it!" What aspect of their relationship does this illustrate?

affectionate love

Sara is in an intimate love relationship with Ren. She has a strong commitment toward her relationship with Ren. However, the intimacy in her relationship is diffused as she also places strong emphasis on connections with her family members. According to the cross-cultural variations observed in romantic relationships, Sara's relationship is most likely characteristic of a(n)

collectivist country.

Carla and Steve are in a love relationship. Carla has appraised their relationship and fully intends to maintain it even when faced with problems. Carla believes that Steve also loves her and will stand by her through life's ups and downs. According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, which of the following dimensions of love is emphasized in this scenario?

commitment

A recent study by Specht, Egloff, and Schukle found that ________ showed a continuous increase from early adulthood to late adulthood.

conscientiousness

According to Robert J. Sternberg, ________ love is the strongest and fullest form of love.

consummate

Lana's friends describe her as highly agreeable. According to the Big Five factors of personality, Lana is likely to be

cooperative

In a study conducted by Nelson and others (2007), both parents and college students agreed that taking responsibility for one's actions and ________ are important aspects of becoming an adult.

developing emotional control

Which of the following is a trend in the U.S. workforce?

disappearance of a long-term career for an increasing number of adults

Most research studies indicate that the greatest change in personality traits occurs in

early adulthood

Which of the following biological reasons explains women's increased resistance to infections and degenerative diseases?

estrogen production and the additional X chromosome

________ are the leading cause of injury deaths among adults who are 65 years and older.

falls

Tara is 68 years old. In terms of percentage of total weight, which of following is most likely to increase in her late adulthood?

fat

According to Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, ________ refers to a heightened state of pleasure experienced when we are engaged in mental and physical challenges that absorb us.

flow

According to John Horn, ________ steadily declines from middle adulthood onward.

fluid intelligence

According to Piaget, the ________ stage of cognitive development characterizes adults as well as adolescents.

formal operational

According to George Vaillant's longitudinal studies, ________ in middle age was more strongly related than intimacy to whether individuals would have an enduring and happy marriage at 75 to 80 years of age.

generativity

In Erikson's theory, ________ encompasses adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation.

generativity

Your elderly aunt Marie was recently admitted to a nursing home where there is a "residents' advisory board," consisting of the people who live in the home. The board consults with the staff on changes that affect the residents' lives and help plan the monthly activities. Based on a study by Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer, you would expect Marie to be

happier than she was when she did not have any input into decisions affecting her life.

Which of the following is the region of the adult human brain where neurogenesis has been documented?

hippocampus

Lorenzo was born during the Great Depression in the U.S. He and others who were born during the same era show greater cognitive decline than people born at a later time. This illustrates that cohort effects are differences based on

historical context

In the United States, the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood is

holding a more or less permanent, full-time job.

According to the contemporary life-events approach, one of the factors on which the influence of life events depends is the

individual's adaptation.

Theodore Wachs proposed ways that linkages between temperament in childhood and personality in adulthood might vary depending on the

intervening contexts in individuals' experience.

According to Robert J. Sternberg's triangular theory of love, ________ relates to the emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship.

intimacy

Erikson describes ________ as finding oneself while losing oneself in another person, and it requires a commitment to another person.

intimacy

Research indicates that links between early attachment styles and later attachment styles were ________ by stressful and disruptive experiences.

lessened

Allen can be described as an average American. He is currently 65 years old. He is likely to live 18.4 more years. Hence, it can be said that Allen has a ________ of 83.4 years.

life expectancy

Which of the following is a primary reason for the lowered brain volume of older adults compared with that of younger adults?

lower numbers of synapses

________ adulthood is the developmental period that begins at approximately 40 to 45 years of age and extends to about 60 to 65 years of age.

middle

According to Lachman, researchers have found that on average a sense of personal control peaks in ________ and then declines.

midlife

In the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies, which of the following characteristics generally changed the most in the life span of an adult?

nurturance or hostility