Exam 3
A pigeon receives food for pecking a key, but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions. This best illustrates: partial reinforcement. higher-order conditioning. latent learning. generalization.
a
According to Sigmund Freud, one reason that people forget is because they are _____ painful memories. repressing processing focusing retrieving
a
An aspect memory that involves picking the correctly learned answer from a displayed list of options is known as: recognition. recall. reconstruction. relearning.
a
source amnesia.
Source amnesia refers to attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.
Strange as it may seem, you have run into the same co-worker four times today, in four different locations. You get a little nervous, wondering if she is following you. Your ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times you've run into the co-worker is known as _____ processing.
automatic
Joe is happy to hear that the test will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a better chance to pass by using _____.
recognition
B.F. Skinner believed that _____ influences, not thoughts and feelings, shape animal and human behavior. unconscious internal cognitive external
d
Fill-in-the-blank test questions are to multiple-choice questions as: recognition is to recall. encoding is to storage. storage is to encoding. recall is to recognition.
d
B.F. Skinner believed that using _____ was the best way to shape desirable behavior.
rewards
The retention of encoded information over time is called _____.
storage
The process of learning and imitating behavior is called _____. modeling. reinforced learning. classical learning. observational conditioning.
a
_____ revealed that the reports of flashbacks were extremely rare in those patients whose brains were electrically stimulated in different cortical regions. Moreover, the flashbacks appear to have been invented, not relived. Karl Lashley Elizabeth Loftus Thomas Landauer Wilder Penfield
c
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the conditioned stimulus (CS) used to produce fear was:
white rat
_____ was to the study of memory as Pavlov was to the study of conditioning.
Ebbinghaus
retroactive interference
This occurs when forming a new memory makes it harder to recall a previous memory.
Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. These findings provide support for the role of _________________ in operant behavior. spontaneous recovery primary reinforcers cognitive processes negative reinforcers
a
Four-year-old Tommy developed a fear of going down steps after falling down the steps in his house several times. When he was at his grandmother's house he demonstrated no fear of climbing the steps to her front door. Unlike Little Albert's fear of white rats and other white items, Tommy was demonstrating: discrimination. operant conditioning. generalization. spontaneous recovery.
a
In Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's three-stage processing model we record information in which order? sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory sensory memory, encoded memory, long-term memory short-term memory, sensory memory, encoded memory short-term memory, long-term memory, sensory memory
a
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the unconditioned stimulus (US) used to produce fear was: a loud noise. a gunshot. a white rat. a rabbit.
a
Jane had Leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The chemotherapy is: the unconditioned stimulus. the neutral stimulus. the conditioned stimulus. the conditioned response.
a
Some patients suffering from amnesia are incapable of recalling events. Yet, they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have most likely suffered damage to the: hippocampus. cerebellum. amygdala. hypothalamus.
a
__________________ behavior operates on the environment, whereas, ________________ behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. Operant; respondent Uncontrollable; controllable Involuntary; voluntary Respondent; operant
a
_____ is the ability to learn new behaviors that help us cope with new or changing circumstances.
adaptability
Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates _____ learning.
associative
Although Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which of the following findings suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning? Rats do not seem to develop a cognitive map of mazes. Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes. Children learn from observing their parents, and exhibit the learning immediately. Learning is merely the association of a response with a consequence.
b
Many business organizations effectively use _____ to train communications, sales, and customer service skills. Trainees gain skills faster when they are not only taught the needed skills in a classroom or lecture setting, but also are able to observe the skills being practiced effectively by experienced workers. classical conditioning latent learning behavior modeling operant conditioning
c
Taste aversion is a real-life example of _____ conditioning.
classical
Robert Rescorla's research demonstrated the importance of _____ in classical conditioning.
cognition
A pigeon receives food for pecking a key, but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions. This best illustrates: higher-order conditioning. latent learning. generalization. partial reinforcement.
d
A word of praise is to a delicious meal as _____ is to _____. operant conditioning; classical conditioning partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement a delayed reinforcer; an immediate reinforcer a conditioned reinforcer; a primary reinforcer
d
According to B. F. Skinner: cognitive processes are important in understanding human behavior but not animal behavior. the ideas of free will and self-determination are the guiding forces behind human behavior. every person is responsible for his or her own behavior. environmental factors determine a person's behavior.
d
How long does information last in sensory memory? 5 minutes 30 to 60 seconds 2 to 3 minutes a fraction of a second to several seconds
d
From another room, Amanda called out to Juan to ask where he had put the car keys. At first, Juan thought he hadn't heard what Amanda had asked. A second later, the question registered in his mind and he answered, "On the bedroom dresser." _____ memory can explain this phenomenon.
echoic
semantic
encoding of meaning, including words
Mirror neurons are found in the brain's _____ and are believed to be the neural basis for _____.
frontal lobe, observational learning
Clive was mugged at gunpoint in a parking garage. His attacker was wearing strong cologne, and he now hates to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by himself with any man, and will not park in any garages. This reaction best illustrates _____.
generalization
Nine-year-old Jade has just discovered something very interesting. She can look at a picture in a book and, when she closes her eyes, she can still see the picture very clearly for a few tenths of a second. Jade is experiencing _____ memory.
iconic
Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through association whereas observational learning involves learning through _____.
imitation
Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was two years old, yet the rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail. Her inability to remember this event is known as _____ amnesia.
infantile
The concept of _____ learning helps to demonstrate that rewards affect performance of what has been learned rather than the process of learning itself.
latent
Both Watson and Pavlov believed that psychology should study only objective and _____ psychological phenomena.
observable
Long-term potentiation
prolonged strengthening of neural firing, which is the basis of learning and memory
The process of getting information out of memory storage is called:
retrieval
Theo suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. His physician is using electroconvulsive therapy, which will affect his _____ memory.
short-term
In classical conditioning we learn to associate two _____; while in operant conditioning we learn to associate a response and its consequences.
stimuli
Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that rats are more likely to develop aversion to _____ than they are to sights or sounds.
taste
Students who review previously learned course material at various times throughout a semester to pass a comprehensive final are especially likely to demonstrate long-term retention of the course material. This best illustrates the value of:
the spacing effect
As we observe another's actions, our brain generates an inner simulation, enabling us to experience the other's experience within ourselves. Mirror neurons help give rise to children's empathy and to their ability to infer another's mental state, an ability known as _____.
theory of mind
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the fear of the white rat was the _____.
CR
Hakeem has a very clear memory of his daughter's birth. He remembers the weather, what he was wearing, the sounds in the hallway, and the joy he felt. Psychologists would say that: he is describing the spotlight effect. he has a flashbulb memory for this event. his ability to remember an emotionally significant event in so much detail is unusual. he will completely forget all of these memories over time.
b
John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of: emotional outcomes. observable behavior. genetic predispositions. cognitive processes.
b
The idea that an animal's natural behavior patterns did not matter and had little or no effect on the effectiveness of operant conditioning principles was challenged by research conducted by _____. Ivan Pavlov Albert Bandura Keller and Marian Breland Edward L. Thorndike
b
What happened after Watson classically conditioned "Little Albert" to fear a tame white rat? The sight of the hammer produced spontaneous recovery of the unconditioned response. Generalization occurred: Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects. Stimulus discrimination occurred: Albert responded with fear to white rats but not brown rats. The conditioned fear response was quickly and easily extinguished.
b
_____ involves the removal of an aversive stimulus after a response. It serves to strengthen the response. Neutral reinforcement Negative reinforcement Moderate reinforcement Positive reinforcement
b
Researchers have found that classical conditioning can be used to produce an immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the most likely to produce this response? minor electric shock with the immune-enhancing drug the immune-enhancing drug followed by a puff of air into the eye lemonade with the immune-enhancing drug the immune-enhancing drug followed by a tone
c
While classical conditioning involves the conditioning of involuntary behavior, operant conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior. latent involuntary (automatic) voluntary unconscious
c
In _____ conditioning an organism learns associations between events it doesn't control.
classical
For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _____________ schedule. fixed-interval variable-interval fixed-ratio variable-ratio
d
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories is called: retroactive interference source amnesia. automatic processing. repression.
d
One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how: an organism's behavior can be shaped by rewards and reinforcement. dogs anticipate and expect events. classical conditioning can be used to explain learning in canines, but not other organisms. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.
d
People and animals learn about the consequences of behavior through: latent learning. classical conditioning. observational learning. operant conditioning.
d
This activated memory holds a few items such as a phone number briefly before the information is stored or forgotten. immediate memory long-term memory sensory memory short-term memory
d
Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he is fearful of dogs; however, he is not frightened cats. This reaction best illustrates: generalization. an unconditioned response (UR). operant conditioning. discrimination.
d
_____ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. Neutral reinforcement Negative reinforcement Moderate reinforcement Positive reinforcement
d
Imagine you have to pick the correct answer from a displayed list of options. This aspect of memory is known as _____.
recognition
Although _____ memory is rich and detailed, we lose the information in it quickly unless we use certain strategies that transfer it into other memory systems.
sensory