Exam 3 455
role of adipose tissue in lipid metabolism
-Absorbs TAG and cholesterol from chylomicrons through lipoprotein lipase -stores TAG
how many amino acids are there?
20
medium chain consists of how many carbons
6-10
How many essential amino acids are there?
9
short chain consists of how many carbons
<6
long chain consists of how many carbons
>12
Docosahexaenoic acid is A. polyunsaturated fatty acid B. monounsaturated fatty acid C. Essential fatty acid D. Transfat
A
Eating too much protein can increase blood cholesterol levels A. true B. false
A
Essential fatty acids are A. Linoleic and linolenic acid B. Arachidonic and palmitic acid C. oleic and eicosatrienoic acid D. Elladic and stearic acid
A
Post-menopausal womens are more prone to develop heart attack and stroke compared to men of similar age A. True B. False
A
The body can use protein as a source of glucose and energy A. true B. false
A
The most common keto acids that act as a amine group acceptor during transamination reactions A.alpha-ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate B.Pyridoxal phosphate C.Alanine D.Glutamate E.Pyruvate
A
Which of the following process makes trans fat? A. Partial hydrogenation B. freezing C. streaming D. All the above
A
Why glycerol is sent back to blood circulation from muscle and adipose after lipolysis of triacyl glycerol A. Glycerokinase is absent in muscle and adipose B. glycerol is toxic to muscle and adipose C. Glycolysis is not predominant in muscle and adipose D. No glycerol is utilized in adipose and muscle after TAG breakdown
A
orlistat is a weight loss drug? A. True, it inhibits pancreatic lipase B. False, it inhibits carbohydrate absorption C. False, it inhibits fiber absorption D. False, it inhibits amino acid absorption
A
HDL lipoprotein
Apo A A1
chylomicron synthesis apolipoprotein
Apo-B-48
After heavy exercise, which of the following lipoproteins will be high in our circulation A. VLDL B. LDL C. IDL D. HDL E. Chylomicrons
B
During fed condition liver utilizes fatty acids from adipocyte lipolysis as the energy source A. True B. False
B
Individual amino acid supplements are superior to whole proteins in food A. true B. false
B
Ketone bodies are by-products of ________ in the liver A. omega-oxidation of fatty acids B. Mitochondrial Fatty acid oxidation C. Peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation D. Dietary consumption E. cytosolic fatty acid synthesis
B
Men are more likely to die of heart attack than women A. true B. false
B
Omega carbon in fatty acids A. Carboxyl end carbon B. Methyl end carbon C. Carbon where unsaturated bond located D. Delta carbon
B
Over nutrition results in increased adipose tissue. Which of the following is a major form storage in adipose tissue? A. glucose and ketone bodies B. triacylglycerol C. cholesterol D. Glycogen
B
US-FDA regulation on food labels. Less than _____ of trans fat per serving can be labelled as 0 grams trans fat. A. 5.0 gm B. 0.5 gm C. 0.05 gm D. 1 gm
B
Which of the following organ cam make chylomicrons? A. Liver B. intestine C. kidney D. brain E. adipose
B
Monounsaturated fatty acids have A. three double bonds B. two double bonds C. one double bond D. several double bonds
C
Mutation in _________ receptor can cause hypercholesterolemia A. VLDL receptor B. HDL receptor C. LDL receptor D. Chylomicron remanant receptor
C
Omega carbon in fatty acids A. delta carbon B. carbon where unsaturated bond located C. methyl end carbon D. Carboxyl end carbon
C
Synthesis of protein from messenger RNA is A. replication B. transcription C. translation D. glycosylation E. secretion
C
The most abundant lipid present in the very low density lipoprotein is ______ A. Phospholipid B. Cholesterol C. Triacylglycerol D. cholesterol esters E. Fatty acids
C
What is the name of the trans fatty acid? (see slide 14 chapter 5_1) A. lipoic acid B. oleic acid C. docosahexanoic acid (DHA) D. Arachidonic acid
C
Which of the following is a common cholesterol controlling drug? A. Acetaminophen B. Ibuprofen C. Statin D. Ezetimide
C
Which of the following lipoprotein were abundant in the circulation during fasting conditions? A. VLDL B. IDL C. LDL D. HDL E. Chylomicrons
C
Membrane transport system for transporting fatty acyl-CoA across the inner mitochondrial membrane requires ______ A. Na/K+ ATPase B. acyl CoA dehydrogenase C. Acyl CoA synthetase D. Carnitine acyl transferase
D
Orlistat is a weight loss drug. A. true, inhibits pancreatic lipase B. False, inhibits carbohydrate absorption C. Orlistat results in adverse side effects such as steatitic diarrhea D. Both A, and C are correct
D
What will happen to amino acid absorption, if some has celiac disease or inflammatory bowel disease A. more peptides are leaked into blood B. normal amino acid absorption C. Plasma peptide and protease would cleave peptide in blood D. both a and c are correct
D
Which of the following amino acid is always first amino acid in protein synthesis? A. Glycine B. Proline C. tryptophan D. Methionine E. Alanine
D
Which of the following lipoprotein will not be there or absent in the circulation during fasting conditions? A. VLDL B. LDL C. IDL D. Chylomicrons E. HDL
D
Which of the following oil has high levels of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids A. Canola oil B. peanut oil C. Soybean oil D. Sunflower oil
D
Genetic defects in the Urea cycle enzymes a.Hyperammonemiaaffects CNS and growth and brain swelling b.Restriction of protein diet helps improve this condition c.Fatty liver and acute liver failure d.Hepatic encephalopathy (neuropsychiatric abnormality in patients with liver dysfunction) e.All the above
E
Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are essential fatty acids. Which of the following are symptom for essential fatty acid deficiency A. Poor wound healing B. Dermatitis C. susceptible to infection D. growth retardation E. all the choices
E
Recommended guidelines for sodium is 2,300 mg/day. But average American diet had more than 3-4000 mg/day. Which of the following is correct a.High sodium intake increases blood volume by decreasing water excretion from the kidney b.High sodium intake increases blood pressure c.Decreased potassium level in the blood circulation d.High sodium intake increase the risk for stroke, heart disease, renal stone e.All the above
E
The role and function of ABCG5 and ACBG8 transporters in intestine and liver A. ABCG5 and ABCG8 transport phytosterol back to the intestinal lumen B. Transports cholesterol back to lumen resulting in 50% of cholesterol absorption C. Mutation in ABGG5 results in the development of sitosterolemia-hyperabsorption of cholesterol and phytosterols D. Hepatic ABCG5/G8 mediates cholesterol excretion into bile E. All the choices
E
Which of the following lipoprotein will not be there or absent in the circulation during fasting conditions? A. VLDL B. IDL C. LDL D. HDL E. Chylomicrons
E
Which of these can help you cut your intake of trans fats? A. using tub margarine or spreads instead of stick Margarines B. Cooking with canola or olive oil C. consuming bread instead of baked crackers D. Baking without using shortening or stick margarine E. All the above
E
source of palmitoleic acid A. Marine animal oils B. Plant fat C. Animal fats D. Machadimia nuts E.All the above
E
garbage trucks, remove cholesterol from cells to liver, decrease risk of CVD
HDL
transport cellular cholesterol back to liver
HDL
delivery trucks- take cholesterol to cells, increase risk of CVD
LDL
VLDL/LDL clearance
LDL receptor (endocytosis) both liver and peripheral cells
Excess consumed protein increases muscle mass A. true B. false
Trick question: both
VLDL/LDL change during circulation
VLDL --> IDL --> LDL (loss of FA and concentrate cholesterol)
transport endogenous lipids
VLDL and LDL
alpha end has a
acid group (COOH)
VLDL/LDL synthesis lipoprotein
apoB100
protein components
apolipoproteins
buildup of fats and cholesterol in and on your artery walls which can restrict blood flow
atherosclerosis
function of phospholipids in the body
cell membrane component and lipoprotein component
chylomicron change during circulation goes to
chylomicron remnant (CMR)
transport exogenous dietary lipids
chylomicrons
chylomicron physiological role
deliver FA to peripheral cells (adipocytes)
VLDL physiological role
deliver FA to the peripheral cells (adipocytes)
LDL physiological role
deliver cholesterol to peripheral cells
chylomicron synthesis lipids
dietary exogenous lipids, TGs, and cholesterol
HDL physiological roles
efflux cholesterol from peripheral tissue to HDL via ABCA1
function of phospholipids in foods
emulsifier
VLDL/LDL synthesis lipids
endogenous FA --> TG and cholesterol
liver to periphery
endogenous lipids
gut to liver
exogenous lipids
structural lipids in nerves and in brain tissue
glycolipids
essential fatty acid deficiency leads to
growth retardation, skin disorders, susceptibility to infection, poor wound healing
high HDL-C and low LDL-C means you are
healthy
HDL synthesis where
hepatocytes (80%) enterocytes (20%)
VLDL/LDL secretion
hepatocytes --> blood
metabolic syndrom
hypertension, elevated fasting blood glucose, low HDL cholesterol, abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides
increases glucose uptake in adipose, but not in liver
insulin
chylomicron synthesis secretion
intestinal cell --> lymph --> blood
chylomicron synthesis occurs where
intestine (enterocytes)
formed in the liver from acetyl cos when supply of TCA cycle intermediates is low
ketone bodies
factors that inhibit oxidation
limited exposure to air, cold temps, antioxidants, partial hydrogenation
two essential fatty acids are
linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid
micelles interact at brush border and lipid contents diffuse out into enterocytes, short chain FA exit into portal blood
lipid absorption
Consist of Carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen, are hydrophobic and lipophilic
lipids
VLDL/LDL synthesis where
liver hepatocytes
omega end has a
methyl group (CH3)
one double bond, liquid at room temp
monounsaturated fatty acids
protects caspase activation and cell viability in pancreatic B-cells exposed to palmitate
palmitoleate
HDL change during circulation
peripheral cell dumps cool to HDL get bigger
more than one double bond, liquid at room temp
polyunsaturated fatty acids
factors that accelerate oxidation
presence of double bonds
coded in DNA within cell nucleus, order is critical to protein function, AA sequences
primary structure
sources of amino acids
protein, exogenous sources, endogenous proteins
periphery to liver
reverse transport
single bonds, solid at room temp
saturated fatty acids (SFA)
what are abundant in nerve tissues
sphingolipids
role of liver in lipid metabolism
synthesis of bile salts, lipoproteins, and new lipids from lipid precursors
Functions of Tryglycerides
taste and texture, energy, storage form of energy
HDL secretion
to blood
HDL lipids
very little lipids