Exam 3 455

role of adipose tissue in lipid metabolism

-Absorbs TAG and cholesterol from chylomicrons through lipoprotein lipase -stores TAG

how many amino acids are there?

20

medium chain consists of how many carbons

6-10

How many essential amino acids are there?

9

short chain consists of how many carbons

<6

long chain consists of how many carbons

>12

Docosahexaenoic acid is A. polyunsaturated fatty acid B. monounsaturated fatty acid C. Essential fatty acid D. Transfat

A

Eating too much protein can increase blood cholesterol levels A. true B. false

A

Essential fatty acids are A. Linoleic and linolenic acid B. Arachidonic and palmitic acid C. oleic and eicosatrienoic acid D. Elladic and stearic acid

A

Post-menopausal womens are more prone to develop heart attack and stroke compared to men of similar age A. True B. False

A

The body can use protein as a source of glucose and energy A. true B. false

A

The most common keto acids that act as a amine group acceptor during transamination reactions A.alpha-ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate B.Pyridoxal phosphate C.Alanine D.Glutamate E.Pyruvate

A

Which of the following process makes trans fat? A. Partial hydrogenation B. freezing C. streaming D. All the above

A

Why glycerol is sent back to blood circulation from muscle and adipose after lipolysis of triacyl glycerol A. Glycerokinase is absent in muscle and adipose B. glycerol is toxic to muscle and adipose C. Glycolysis is not predominant in muscle and adipose D. No glycerol is utilized in adipose and muscle after TAG breakdown

A

orlistat is a weight loss drug? A. True, it inhibits pancreatic lipase B. False, it inhibits carbohydrate absorption C. False, it inhibits fiber absorption D. False, it inhibits amino acid absorption

A

HDL lipoprotein

Apo A A1

chylomicron synthesis apolipoprotein

Apo-B-48

After heavy exercise, which of the following lipoproteins will be high in our circulation A. VLDL B. LDL C. IDL D. HDL E. Chylomicrons

B

During fed condition liver utilizes fatty acids from adipocyte lipolysis as the energy source A. True B. False

B

Individual amino acid supplements are superior to whole proteins in food A. true B. false

B

Ketone bodies are by-products of ________ in the liver A. omega-oxidation of fatty acids B. Mitochondrial Fatty acid oxidation C. Peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation D. Dietary consumption E. cytosolic fatty acid synthesis

B

Men are more likely to die of heart attack than women A. true B. false

B

Omega carbon in fatty acids A. Carboxyl end carbon B. Methyl end carbon C. Carbon where unsaturated bond located D. Delta carbon

B

Over nutrition results in increased adipose tissue. Which of the following is a major form storage in adipose tissue? A. glucose and ketone bodies B. triacylglycerol C. cholesterol D. Glycogen

B

US-FDA regulation on food labels. Less than _____ of trans fat per serving can be labelled as 0 grams trans fat. A. 5.0 gm B. 0.5 gm C. 0.05 gm D. 1 gm

B

Which of the following organ cam make chylomicrons? A. Liver B. intestine C. kidney D. brain E. adipose

B

Monounsaturated fatty acids have A. three double bonds B. two double bonds C. one double bond D. several double bonds

C

Mutation in _________ receptor can cause hypercholesterolemia A. VLDL receptor B. HDL receptor C. LDL receptor D. Chylomicron remanant receptor

C

Omega carbon in fatty acids A. delta carbon B. carbon where unsaturated bond located C. methyl end carbon D. Carboxyl end carbon

C

Synthesis of protein from messenger RNA is A. replication B. transcription C. translation D. glycosylation E. secretion

C

The most abundant lipid present in the very low density lipoprotein is ______ A. Phospholipid B. Cholesterol C. Triacylglycerol D. cholesterol esters E. Fatty acids

C

What is the name of the trans fatty acid? (see slide 14 chapter 5_1) A. lipoic acid B. oleic acid C. docosahexanoic acid (DHA) D. Arachidonic acid

C

Which of the following is a common cholesterol controlling drug? A. Acetaminophen B. Ibuprofen C. Statin D. Ezetimide

C

Which of the following lipoprotein were abundant in the circulation during fasting conditions? A. VLDL B. IDL C. LDL D. HDL E. Chylomicrons

C

Membrane transport system for transporting fatty acyl-CoA across the inner mitochondrial membrane requires ______ A. Na/K+ ATPase B. acyl CoA dehydrogenase C. Acyl CoA synthetase D. Carnitine acyl transferase

D

Orlistat is a weight loss drug. A. true, inhibits pancreatic lipase B. False, inhibits carbohydrate absorption C. Orlistat results in adverse side effects such as steatitic diarrhea D. Both A, and C are correct

D

What will happen to amino acid absorption, if some has celiac disease or inflammatory bowel disease A. more peptides are leaked into blood B. normal amino acid absorption C. Plasma peptide and protease would cleave peptide in blood D. both a and c are correct

D

Which of the following amino acid is always first amino acid in protein synthesis? A. Glycine B. Proline C. tryptophan D. Methionine E. Alanine

D

Which of the following lipoprotein will not be there or absent in the circulation during fasting conditions? A. VLDL B. LDL C. IDL D. Chylomicrons E. HDL

D

Which of the following oil has high levels of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids A. Canola oil B. peanut oil C. Soybean oil D. Sunflower oil

D

Genetic defects in the Urea cycle enzymes a.Hyperammonemiaaffects CNS and growth and brain swelling b.Restriction of protein diet helps improve this condition c.Fatty liver and acute liver failure d.Hepatic encephalopathy (neuropsychiatric abnormality in patients with liver dysfunction) e.All the above

E

Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are essential fatty acids. Which of the following are symptom for essential fatty acid deficiency A. Poor wound healing B. Dermatitis C. susceptible to infection D. growth retardation E. all the choices

E

Recommended guidelines for sodium is 2,300 mg/day. But average American diet had more than 3-4000 mg/day. Which of the following is correct a.High sodium intake increases blood volume by decreasing water excretion from the kidney b.High sodium intake increases blood pressure c.Decreased potassium level in the blood circulation d.High sodium intake increase the risk for stroke, heart disease, renal stone e.All the above

E

The role and function of ABCG5 and ACBG8 transporters in intestine and liver A. ABCG5 and ABCG8 transport phytosterol back to the intestinal lumen B. Transports cholesterol back to lumen resulting in 50% of cholesterol absorption C. Mutation in ABGG5 results in the development of sitosterolemia-hyperabsorption of cholesterol and phytosterols D. Hepatic ABCG5/G8 mediates cholesterol excretion into bile E. All the choices

E

Which of the following lipoprotein will not be there or absent in the circulation during fasting conditions? A. VLDL B. IDL C. LDL D. HDL E. Chylomicrons

E

Which of these can help you cut your intake of trans fats? A. using tub margarine or spreads instead of stick Margarines B. Cooking with canola or olive oil C. consuming bread instead of baked crackers D. Baking without using shortening or stick margarine E. All the above

E

source of palmitoleic acid A. Marine animal oils B. Plant fat C. Animal fats D. Machadimia nuts E.All the above

E

garbage trucks, remove cholesterol from cells to liver, decrease risk of CVD

HDL

transport cellular cholesterol back to liver

HDL

delivery trucks- take cholesterol to cells, increase risk of CVD

LDL

VLDL/LDL clearance

LDL receptor (endocytosis) both liver and peripheral cells

Excess consumed protein increases muscle mass A. true B. false

Trick question: both

VLDL/LDL change during circulation

VLDL --> IDL --> LDL (loss of FA and concentrate cholesterol)

transport endogenous lipids

VLDL and LDL

alpha end has a

acid group (COOH)

VLDL/LDL synthesis lipoprotein

apoB100

protein components

apolipoproteins

buildup of fats and cholesterol in and on your artery walls which can restrict blood flow

atherosclerosis

function of phospholipids in the body

cell membrane component and lipoprotein component

chylomicron change during circulation goes to

chylomicron remnant (CMR)

transport exogenous dietary lipids

chylomicrons

chylomicron physiological role

deliver FA to peripheral cells (adipocytes)

VLDL physiological role

deliver FA to the peripheral cells (adipocytes)

LDL physiological role

deliver cholesterol to peripheral cells

chylomicron synthesis lipids

dietary exogenous lipids, TGs, and cholesterol

HDL physiological roles

efflux cholesterol from peripheral tissue to HDL via ABCA1

function of phospholipids in foods

emulsifier

VLDL/LDL synthesis lipids

endogenous FA --> TG and cholesterol

liver to periphery

endogenous lipids

gut to liver

exogenous lipids

structural lipids in nerves and in brain tissue

glycolipids

essential fatty acid deficiency leads to

growth retardation, skin disorders, susceptibility to infection, poor wound healing

high HDL-C and low LDL-C means you are

healthy

HDL synthesis where

hepatocytes (80%) enterocytes (20%)

VLDL/LDL secretion

hepatocytes --> blood

metabolic syndrom

hypertension, elevated fasting blood glucose, low HDL cholesterol, abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides

increases glucose uptake in adipose, but not in liver

insulin

chylomicron synthesis secretion

intestinal cell --> lymph --> blood

chylomicron synthesis occurs where

intestine (enterocytes)

formed in the liver from acetyl cos when supply of TCA cycle intermediates is low

ketone bodies

factors that inhibit oxidation

limited exposure to air, cold temps, antioxidants, partial hydrogenation

two essential fatty acids are

linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid

micelles interact at brush border and lipid contents diffuse out into enterocytes, short chain FA exit into portal blood

lipid absorption

Consist of Carbon, Hydrogen, and oxygen, are hydrophobic and lipophilic

lipids

VLDL/LDL synthesis where

liver hepatocytes

omega end has a

methyl group (CH3)

one double bond, liquid at room temp

monounsaturated fatty acids

protects caspase activation and cell viability in pancreatic B-cells exposed to palmitate

palmitoleate

HDL change during circulation

peripheral cell dumps cool to HDL get bigger

more than one double bond, liquid at room temp

polyunsaturated fatty acids

factors that accelerate oxidation

presence of double bonds

coded in DNA within cell nucleus, order is critical to protein function, AA sequences

primary structure

sources of amino acids

protein, exogenous sources, endogenous proteins

periphery to liver

reverse transport

single bonds, solid at room temp

saturated fatty acids (SFA)

what are abundant in nerve tissues

sphingolipids

role of liver in lipid metabolism

synthesis of bile salts, lipoproteins, and new lipids from lipid precursors

Functions of Tryglycerides

taste and texture, energy, storage form of energy

HDL secretion

to blood

HDL lipids

very little lipids