Exam 3: 8,9,11,13
Who coined the term "operant" to refer to behavior that acts- or operates- on the environment to produce specific consequences?
B.F. Skinnner
Under which of the following schedules does reinforcement follow set number of responses?
Fixed ratio
Which of these techniques would work best to change a behavior? *Loris parents sent her to her from after she threw mashed potatoes at her brother *Tonys parents slapped him on the hand for taking a cookie from the cookie jar *Leslies parents yelled at her for getting poor grades in her final exam *Orins parents bought him a new toy truck for being nicer to his little sister
Orin's parents bought him a new toy truck for being nicer to his little sister
_____ is a sensory process by which organisms adapt to construct stimulation.
habituation
What is the distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations between stimuli whereas operant conditioning involves learning based on behavioral consequences.
Which of the following best describes the concept of operant conditioning? Organisms learn: * from the relations between stimuli *from the consequences of their behavior *by observing the behavior of others *from their involuntary responses which develop over time
From the consequences of their behavior
Which of the following statements is true regarding synaptic connections? Synaptic connections... *once formed, are permanent *between neurons are stronger but fewer in number during long-term associative learning *are more likely to form during operant conditioning than classical conditioning *in order to learn and become proficient at something, synapses need to grow and strengthen.
In order to learn and become proficient at something, synapses need to grow and strengthen.
Whenever Julia gets ready for school early, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Therefore, Julia always gets ready early. This is an example of which type of learning?
Operant Conditioning
Classical conditioning occurs when an organism___
associates a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus to which it has an automatic, inborn response
A(n) ___ occurs when one piece of info from the environment is linked repeatedly with another and the organism begins to connect the two sources of info.
association
The two types of conditioning are______
classical and operant
Bozo the dog knows that when his owner picks up his leash, she is likely going to take him for a walk. Therefore, he runs to the door. Learning theorists would say that Bozo is _____
conditioned
What is the automatic shift of attention toward a new stimulus known as?
conditioning
Albert Bandura called learning by doing _____ learning.
enactive
The weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response is called ____
extinction
Psychologist define_______ as enduring changes in behavior with our experience.
learning
The beeper sounds in your car until you fasten your seat belt. This is an example of _____.
negative reinforcement
John B Watson and Rosalie Rayner's experiment with Little Albert showed that:
psychological studies can raise ethical issues
In Pavlov's classical conditioning research, what was the unconditioned response?
salivation
Money, grades, and peer approval are ____ reinforcers.
secondary
You want to teach a dolphin to swim through a hoop. First, you reward the dolphin for swimming near the hoop. Next, you reward the dolphin for touching the hoop. Then, you reward the dolphin for sticking his nose through the middle of the hoop. Finally, you reward the dolphin for swimming through the hoop. Psychologists call this process ____.
shaping
Learning occurs when info moves from _____
short-term to long term memory
_____ occurs when the presentation or addition of a stimulus to a situation increase the likelihood of a behavior.
stimulus discrimination
To be effective, reinforcers have to be things that ____
the learner wants
In Pavlov's classical conditioning study, the neutral (unconditioned) stimulus that was presented to the dog was:
the sound of a drawer opening