Exam 3: 8,9,11,13

Who coined the term "operant" to refer to behavior that acts- or operates- on the environment to produce specific consequences?

B.F. Skinnner

Under which of the following schedules does reinforcement follow set number of responses?

Fixed ratio

Which of these techniques would work best to change a behavior? *Loris parents sent her to her from after she threw mashed potatoes at her brother *Tonys parents slapped him on the hand for taking a cookie from the cookie jar *Leslies parents yelled at her for getting poor grades in her final exam *Orins parents bought him a new toy truck for being nicer to his little sister

Orin's parents bought him a new toy truck for being nicer to his little sister

_____ is a sensory process by which organisms adapt to construct stimulation.

habituation

What is the distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations between stimuli whereas operant conditioning involves learning based on behavioral consequences.

Which of the following best describes the concept of operant conditioning? Organisms learn: * from the relations between stimuli *from the consequences of their behavior *by observing the behavior of others *from their involuntary responses which develop over time

From the consequences of their behavior

Which of the following statements is true regarding synaptic connections? Synaptic connections... *once formed, are permanent *between neurons are stronger but fewer in number during long-term associative learning *are more likely to form during operant conditioning than classical conditioning *in order to learn and become proficient at something, synapses need to grow and strengthen.

In order to learn and become proficient at something, synapses need to grow and strengthen.

Whenever Julia gets ready for school early, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Therefore, Julia always gets ready early. This is an example of which type of learning?

Operant Conditioning

Classical conditioning occurs when an organism___

associates a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus to which it has an automatic, inborn response

A(n) ___ occurs when one piece of info from the environment is linked repeatedly with another and the organism begins to connect the two sources of info.

association

The two types of conditioning are______

classical and operant

Bozo the dog knows that when his owner picks up his leash, she is likely going to take him for a walk. Therefore, he runs to the door. Learning theorists would say that Bozo is _____

conditioned

What is the automatic shift of attention toward a new stimulus known as?

conditioning

Albert Bandura called learning by doing _____ learning.

enactive

The weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response is called ____

extinction

Psychologist define_______ as enduring changes in behavior with our experience.

learning

The beeper sounds in your car until you fasten your seat belt. This is an example of _____.

negative reinforcement

John B Watson and Rosalie Rayner's experiment with Little Albert showed that:

psychological studies can raise ethical issues

In Pavlov's classical conditioning research, what was the unconditioned response?

salivation

Money, grades, and peer approval are ____ reinforcers.

secondary

You want to teach a dolphin to swim through a hoop. First, you reward the dolphin for swimming near the hoop. Next, you reward the dolphin for touching the hoop. Then, you reward the dolphin for sticking his nose through the middle of the hoop. Finally, you reward the dolphin for swimming through the hoop. Psychologists call this process ____.

shaping

Learning occurs when info moves from _____

short-term to long term memory

_____ occurs when the presentation or addition of a stimulus to a situation increase the likelihood of a behavior.

stimulus discrimination

To be effective, reinforcers have to be things that ____

the learner wants

In Pavlov's classical conditioning study, the neutral (unconditioned) stimulus that was presented to the dog was:

the sound of a drawer opening