Exam 3 Bio 11A questions

What are the primary and secondary functions of the root?

the primary and secondary functions of the root are abosorption of water and nutrients, anchoring to ground and storage of food.

Compare and contrast the structures and functions of the various cell types that comprise the ground tissue.

the three cell types that comprise the ground tissue are parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells and sclerenchyma cells. Collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells provide support and protection while the parenchyma cells function in storage, photosynthesis and secretion. Parenchyma cells have large vacuoles, thin walls and are initially spherical and have living protoplasts. Collenchyma cells are tough flexible cells with protoplasts. Sclerenchyma cells have tough thick walls just like collenchyma except unlike collenchyma and parenchyma they lack protoplasts at maturity.

Explain how fruits are classified. Give examples of the different classification categories.

Fruits are classified by the arrangement of the carpels Simple fruits Fleshy fruits-berries, drupes, pomes Dry fruits-dehiscent and indehiscent

What are the sequence of developmental stages that embryos go through during embryogenesis? 3. What is the function of the angiosperm suspensor? 4. What is the function of the cotyledons in eudicots? 5. What function does imbibition have in the germination of a seed? 6. What types of after-ripening events end the dormancy of a seed? 7. Explain how fruits are classified. Give examples of the different classification categories. 8. Explain how pollination and fertilization are accomplished in Angiosperms. Give specific examples of the coevolution seen between the participants. 9. What unique characteristics do angiosperms show? Which 2 are most important to their success? 10. How are fruits dispersed? Give examples of the different methods and how the seeds are adapted to this mechanism of dispersal 11. How have pollinators and plants coevolved to ensure pollination? What does the plant get from the relationship? The pollinator get?

1. Globular stage a. before cotyledon development b. embryo is spherical 2. Heart stage a. eudicots develop 2 cotyledons 1) two-lobed formed b. monocots develop 1 cotyledon 1) cylindrical in shape c. axis becomes partitioned: 1) shoot meristem 2) cotyledon(s) 3) hypocotyls -stem below cotyledon 4) embryonic root 5) root meristem 3. Torpedo stage a. occurs as the cotyledon(s) and axis elongate and the primary meristems extend along with them 4. Cell division becomes localized at the apical meristems a. found at the tips of all shoots and roots 5. Root-shoot and radial axes form during embryogenesis.

Describe the structure of the shoot system.

14. The shoot system consists of the stems and their leaves. It also consists of flowers, axillary buds, internode, node and a shoot apex.

Describe the morphology and structure of the leaf.

15. Leaves fall into 2 different morphological groups a microphyll and a megaphyll. A microphyll is a leaf with one vein branching from the vascular cylinder of the stem and not extending the full length of the leaf; microphylls are mostly small and are associated primarilty with the phylum lycophyta. Megaphylls contain several to many veins instead of just one like the microphyll. The parts of a leaf are blade, petiole, stipule and veins.

How do you tell the difference between a simple and compound leaf?

16. In simple leaves the blades are undivided while in compound leaves the blade is divided into leaflets.

What different adaptations would you find in leaves of a hydrophyte and xerophyte?

17. A hydrophyte leaf Roots may completely be lacking (wolffia, utricularia) or feebly developed (hydrilla). Root hairs are absent (lemna) or feebly developed. Roots caps may be absent or root pockets are present (eichornia). Roots are generally fibrous type and adventitious, unbranched or sparsely branched. The stem is long, slender, weak, spongy and flexible type in submerged hydrophytes. The stem is short, stoloniferous, thick, and spongy, with extensive parenchyma in free floating plants. The leaves may arrange in alternate phyllotaxy (potamogeton) or opposite (cabwoman) or whorled (hydrilla). In xenophyte leaves Stem shows stunted growth Certain plants have under ground stem to tide over dry season. Plants like acacia, zizyphus etc .have very hard ,woody stem with thick bark. In many plants the leaves are reduced to scaly or spiny.Many plants have very small and narrow leaf blade to reduce the transpiration area.Some plants have shining leaf surface to reflect light.In certain plant leaves leaves are very thick and leathery to reduce transpiration.

What types of venation would you find in a monocot vs. a eudicot?

18. Monocots have parallel veins while eudicot leaves have netted or reticulate veins.

What meristematic cells produce secondary xylem and phloem in the vascular cambium?

19. The meristematic cells that lie between the primary xylem and phloem.

Why does a woody plant need lenticels?

20. Lenticels allow gas exchange between the external atmosphere and the living tissues immediately beneath the bark of woody plants.

What is the function of the angiosperm suspensor?

23. The function of the angiosperm suspensor is metabolically active and support embryo by providing it with nutrients and growth regulators

What is the function of the cotyledons in eudicots?

24. The function of the cotyledons in eudicots is being a leaf.

What function does imbibition have in the germination of a seed?

25. water absorption into seed causing swelling and creates internal pressure 2) activates enzymes for digestion of stored food 3) cell enlargement and division

What causes growth rings to form? How can growth rings be used to determine past climates?

A ring of growth only form in eudicots from a vascular cambium that develops between the primary xylem and primary phloem. The vascular cambium connects the ring of primary vascular bundles forming the ring. The growth rings can be used to determine past climates by the size of the cell because cell size depends on growth conditions. Large cells from under favorable conditions and vice versa.

Describe the differences between a fibrous and taproot systems. What type of plants would you find each in?

A taproot system is one in which the primary root becomes the main root of the plant with minimal branching consisting of secondary, smaller lateral roots. Type of root system in dicots. a fibrous root system consisting of a dense mass of slender, adventitious roots that arise from the stem. A fibrous root system has no single large taproot because the embryonic root dies back when the plant is still young. Type of root system in monocots.

Explain how pollination and fertilization are accomplished in Angiosperms. Give specific examples of the coevolution seen between the participants.

Angiosperms are pollinated by insect pollinators. Flowers are an example of coevolution seen between the participants because as flowers become increasingly specialized, so do their relationships with particular groups of insects and other animals.

Define the term "primary meristem". Name the three primary meristems, and name the tissue(s) into which each develops.

Any of the three meristems produced by the apical meristem. The three primary meristems are the protoderm(which give rise to dermal tissues), the procambium(which produces vascular tissues) and the ground meristem(which produces ground tissues).

How is bark formed and what are the outer and inner portions of the bark?

As a tree grows, wood is formed and a layer of cells near the outer side begins to divide and produce crock cells. The walls of these cells soon get heavily thickened with a waterproof substance. These cells die and form the bark. The outer layer is called peridrem and is made of dead cells, such as seen in the cork tree. Periderm is usually thick, and protects the tree form whether, insects and diseases. The innermost cells, including the phloem transmit food made in the leaves down to the roots.

What are some unusual roots and understand the functions they serve for the plants.

Look at pg 743 and 744

How are fruits dispersed? Give examples of the different methods and how the seeds are adapted to this mechanism of dispersal

Some fruits can disperse seeds on their own while others need help from wind, water, and other animals.

What function does the Casparian strips in the endodermis of the root perform?

The casparian strips block transport between cells

What is the cork cambium and what does it produce?

The cork cambium is the lateral meristem that forms the periderm, that produces cork toward the surface of the plant and phelloderm toward the inside.

What are the functions of the epidermis? What is the cuticle?

The function of the epidermis is to be an outer protective covering of the plant. The cuticle is a fatty cutin layer that covers the epidermis.

Describe the structure and function of the periderm.

The periderm is made of the cork cambium, cork and phelloderm. Its function is to protect the underlying tissues.

How have pollinators and plants coevolved to ensure pollination? What does the plant get from the relationship? The pollinator get?

The plants benefit from attracting a particular type of pollinator to its flower, ensuring that its pollen will be carried to another flower of the same species and hopefully resulting in successful reproduction. The flower type, shape, color, odor, nectar, and structure vary by the type of pollinator that visits them The plant gets pollinated while the pollinator gets food.

What are the principal conducting cells of xylem and phloem? What do they transport? Describe the structure of the cells.

The principle conducting cells of xylem are vessels(continuous tubes formed from dead, hollow, cylindrical shells) and tracheids(dead cells that taper at the ends and overlap one another. They both transport water. The principle conducting cells of phloem are sieve cells and sieve-tube members. sieve-tube members have sieve areas and sieve plates. sieve-tube members occur end to end, forming longitudinal series called sieve tubes. Sieve cells are less specialized than sieve-tube members and the pores in all of their sieve areas are roughly the same diameter. They transport food.

What unique characteristics do angiosperms show? Which 2 are most important to their success?

The unique characteristic that angiosperms show is double fertilization. The 2 successful characteristics are double fertilization and carpels.

What are the functions of trichomes in the epidermis?

Trichomes keep leaf surfaces cool and reduce evaporation by covering stomatal openings.

List the three growth regions of the root, and describe the events that are characteristic of each.

Zone of cell division- region of actively dividing cells, produces and is protected by the root cap Zone of elongation- only a few mm in length, elongation of cells in this region accounts for the majority of the increase in length of the root Zone of differentiation- cells reach maturity, root hairs are produced in this region

What types of after-ripening events end the dormancy of a seed?

complex series of enzymatic and biochemical changes 2) triggered by winter temps