Exam 3: Ch. 9 to end of the semester.

Secure Attachment

Attachment rooted in trust and marked by intimacy

Anxious Attachment

Attachments marked by anxiety or ambivalence.

Latane and Darley Decision Tree

-Notice the situation -Determine it an emergency -Take responsibility -Select a course of action

Halo effect

Attractive individuals are perceived to have more socially desirable traits Media has really encouraged this. Often times the good guy is pretty and the bad guy is ugly.

If victims seem to have created their own problems by laziness or lack of foresight, people are less willing to offer help. In the case, helping responses are thus closely tied to:

Attributions

Equity

A condition in which the outcomes people receive form relationships are proportional to what they contribute to it.

Passionate Love

A state of intense longing for union with another. Passionate lovers are absorbed in each other.

Subgrouping

Accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset.

Subtyping

Accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by thinking of them as an "exception to the rule"

Research on the two-factor theory of emotion supports which of the following conclusions?

Adrenaline makes the heart grow fonder.

Instrumental Aggression

Aggression that aims to injure, but only as means to some ends. Ex. Mobster hurting another person in order to send a message or to get their money.

Hostile Aggression

Aggression that springs from anger; it's intent is to injure. Ex. You become aggressive when someone punches you in the face. You punch back out of anger and want to hurt.

Avoidant Attachment

Attachment marked by discomfort over, or resistance to, being close to others.

All things being equal, when compared to others, people typically assume beautiful people are:

All of the answers are correct. More intelligent. Happier. More outgoing.

Social responsibility norm

An expectation taht people will help those needing help. Ex. More likely to give a friend class notes if they are sick, than if they just skip to sleep in.

Helping: reciprocity norm

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

Why does proximity encourage affection?

Anticipation of interaction

What happens when we don't belong?

Bad for well being, leads to poor self-regulation, Heightened activity in the brain region associated with physical pain.

Need to belong

Basic human needs that need to be met and one of them is feelings of belonging.

Why do we experience the just-world phenomenon?

Because it helps us feel in control and it makes the world more predictable.

Why are people with a high income country frustrated?

Because there is a bigger gap in income. Although objectively someone is doing well, that person may compare themselves to the higher income people and feel less and frustrated.

Helping rewards

Can be internal or external, guilt, feel good, do good.

Which of the following statements is true of categorization?

Categorization can provide useful information about people with minimal effort.

Social comparison and attraction

Comparing attraction; comparing a person to another person you've seen. Ex. " New partner is more attractive than ex, so you find current partner more attractive. "

When do we think discrimination is more likely?

Discrimination occur when a grey area exists that allows race to play a role, but it can be justified through nonracial means. ex. When evaluating a very strong vs. very weak applicants? Or when evaluating more middle-of-the-road applicants?

Is physical attractiveness more important to men or women?

Equally important.

Bystander Effect

Finding that a person is less likely to provide when there are other bystanders.

Frustration-Aggression Theory

Frustration triggers a readiness to be aggressive. You become aggressive because you are frustrated you can't get to a goal.

Biology - Aggression

Genes predispose some children to be more sensitive and responsive to maltreatment

Proximity

Geographical nearness; People more likely to become friends or partners with those they are geographically close to.

Attachment Styles

Secure, Avoidant, Anxious

Physical Aggression

Hurting someone's body

Social Aggression:

Hurting someone's feelings or threatening

If you move to a new city and want to make friends what should you do?

Live in apartments to have close proximity with others. Join clubs to meet people that share the same interest. Get new clothes, hair, new look. People are more likely to be friends with someone that is good looking.

Stereotype threat explains why:

Individuals sometimes perform poorly when apprehensive about being stereotyped.

In the context of situational influences, which of the following is one of the steps in Latane and Darley's decision tree?

Interpreting the incident as an emergency

Two-factor theory Bridge study

Men go across two different bridges. One bridge is stable and wide and the other is narrow and rickety. At the end of each bridge there is a woman that are there to ask the men questions for research. She talks to them men then gives them her phone number to call her about any questions . The men on the rickety bridge called her more, because they were more aroused and thought that arousal they were feeling was just attraction to her.

Hostile sexism

Most common sexist behavior. Obvious. Ex. "On the whole, men make better political leaders than women do."

What does the need to belong drive?

Motivation to connect with other people because we are social creatures. We engage in more normative behaviors, so people will like us better and be our friends.

Are we only attracted to people long term to really attractive people?

No, because once you start learning and liking someone they become more attractive. If an attractive person has a bad personality, they become less attractive.

Do opposites attract?

No. Birds of a feather flock together. We are attracted to people more similar to us.

Is aggression biological?

No; Though biologically influenced, aggression is not an instinctive behavior.

Genuine Altruism

Our willingness to help is influenced by self-serving and selfless considerations. Batson's work on empathy.

A group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup is called a(n)

Outgroup.

Aversive Racism: White and Black motorist study.

People are less likely to help a motorist in need when (a) the motorist was black AND (b) there were other people who could presumably help. But when no other people around, people helped black and white motorists equally.

Self-Disclosure

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others. We like those who self-disclose, and self-disclose to those we like.

Why do we help?

Social exchange and social norms Evolutionary Psychology Genuine Altruism

Culture and Social Learning - Aggression

Social standard to uphold for being aggressive. ex. Machismo, ganges, American South "culture of honor"

Is Genuine Altruism real?

Some say yes, others will say that there is still a reward of feeling better or later reward.

Stereotype vs. discrimination vs. prejudice

Stereotype: Categorize people into groups. Discrimination: Negative Behavior toward someone solely based on their group membership. Prejudice: Negative Attitude solely based on their group membership.

Feeling deprived can cause frustration.... Objective or Subjective?

Subjective; because it's up to you who you compare yourself to.

Beth believes that all sorority members are unintelligent and self-centered. After meeting Kim, who has a 4.0 GPA and volunteers 20 hours each week to help disabled children, Beth says "Well, Kim is an exception to the rule." This is an example of:

Subtyping

Which of the following theories states that people like those whose behavior is rewarding to them or whom they associate with rewarding events?

The Reward Theory of Attraction

Compassionate Love

The affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined.

Just-world phenomenon

The belief that the world gives people that do good things, good stuff and people that do bad things, get bad stuff. The idea that the world is "fair" and people deserve what they get. Can lead to victim blaming.

Frustration-Aggression

The blocking of goal-directed behavior.

Jonathan, a 30-year-old man, meets with an accident on a busy street and is severely injured. Many people gather around the spot, but none of the onlookers come forward to help him, and subsequently, he succumbs to his injuries. According to the observation of Latane and Darley, which of the following is exhibited in this scenario?

The bystander effect

Helping: Social Capital

The mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social network.

Arjun, a 21-year-old undergraduate student in the United States, hails from a collectivistic country, and he believes that he should help his friends who are in distress. He does not expect any rewards for helping others, and often, he completes assignments for his friends who are ill and are unable to attend classes. Which of the following norms is exhibited by Arjun in this scenario?

The social-responsibility norm.

Matching Hypothesis

The tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a "good match" in attractiveness and other traits. You find someone more on your level.

Mere exposure

The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked or rated more positively after there rater has been repeatedly exposed to them.

Disclosure Reciprocity

The tendency of one's person's intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner.

Social exchange theory

The theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize on'e costs.

Social Learning Theory

The theory that we lean social behavior by observing and imitating and by being reward and punished. Ex. bobo doll study with toddlers.

People are most likely to offer assistance when:

They have just seen another person helping someone else.

Can you discriminate without being prejudice?

Yes, it happens often; word of mouth: Hiring ex. you hire someone only because they were recommended by a coworker. Discriminating those that weren't recommended.

Can attachment styles change and how?

Yes, over time. When an anxious/avoidant person is in a relationship with a secure person.

Can you be prejudice and not discriminatory?

Yes; Prejudice is an attitude and sometimes you don't act on those attitudes or beliefs.

Can white men experience stereotype threat?

Yes; They can experience in sports, being the poorest basketball player with African-Americans and do worse because he didn't want to prove that white men can't play.

Reward Theory of Attraction

We are attracted to those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whom we associated with rewarding events Emotional: Makes us feel good and it's rewarding. Material: Can provide us with rewards such money

Liking those who like us

We like those who like us.

Which of the following best expresses the meaning of physical-attractiveness stereotype?

What is beautiful is good.

Stereotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. Perform poorly based on a stereotype they don't want confirmed.

According to the two-factor theory of emotion, being aroused by ____ should intensify passionate feelings

any source

Those involved in relationships marked by long-term equity:

are unconcerned with short-term equity.

Prejudice is different from discrimination in that prejudice is a negative:

attitude

Assertiveness

behavior intended to express dominance or confidence

Recent research confirms that prejudiced and stereotyped evaluations

can occur outside one's conscious awareness.

The tendency for one person's intimacy of revealing his or her true self to match that of a conversational partner is referred to as:

disclosure reciprocity.

Individualistic cultures have ____

higher divorce rates than communal cultures do

If you are new in office and want to make friends, your best bet is to get a desk

near the coffeepot

You trip over a fallen branch and sprain your ankle. According to research on the bystander effect, a stranger who sees your plight will be most likely to offer aid if there are _______ others present.

no

The just-world phenomenon can lead people to think that:

rape victims must have acted seductively.

We tend to ____ the competence of those high in status and ____ those who agreeably accept a lower status.

respect; like

aversive racism

simultaneously holding egalitarian values and negative feelings toward minorities

Benevolent sexim

the attribution of positive traits to women that, nonetheless, justify women's subordination to men Ex. "Women need protection." Chivalry

Two-factor theory of emotion

the idea that emotional experience is the result of a two-step self-perception process in which people first experience physiological arousal and then seek an appropriate explanation for it. Assign it to attraction.

A motivation bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions is:

the need to belogn

Shooter Bias

the tendency to mistakenly see objects in the hands of black men as guns. It's implicit

On examining photographs of people in magazines and newspapers, Archer and his associates (1983) discovered that about two-thirds of the average male photo, but less than half the average female photo, _____.

was devoted to the face.