Exam 3 chapter 39

In a typical nerve cell, the nucleus is found in the A) cell body. B) synaptic terminals. C) axonal region. D) dendritic region. E) synapse.

A) cell body.

A moth preparing for flight on a cold morning may warm its flight muscles via _____. A) acclimatization B) torpor C) evaporative cooling D) shivering thermogenesis

D) shivering thermogenesis

5) If you were to view a sample of animal tissue under a light microscope and notice an extensive extracellular matrix surrounding a tissue, which tissue type would you most suspect? A) connective B) epithelial C) nervous D) striated muscle

A) connective

14) Blood is best classified as connective tissue because _____. A) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix B) it contains more than one type of cell C) its cells can move from place to place D) it is found within all the organs of the body

A) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix

Which of the following would be an example of an animal employing torpor to survive very cold weather? A)a small mammal entering hibernation B)honeybees increasing hive temperature by contracting flight muscles C)nonshivering thermogenesis by humans D)maintaining homeothermy E)an elephant employing evaporative cooling

A)a small mammal entering hibernation

Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between _____. A)high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care B)producing large numbers of gametes when employing internal fertilization versus fewer numbers of gametes when employing external fertilization C)increasing the number of individuals produced during each reproductive episode and a corresponding decrease in parental care D)choosing how many offspring to produce over the course of a lifetime and how long to live the emigration of individuals when they are no longer reproductively capable or committing suicide

A)high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care

The dinosaur Apatosaurus (Brontosaurus) is one of the largest terrestrial animals that ever lived−over 20 m in length and weighing over 20 metric tons. Is it more likely that Apatosaurus was homeothermic or poikilothermic? Explain.

Apatosaurus (Brontosaurus) was likely (homeothermic), given its huge size. Due to its low surface area/volume ratio, its body temperature (would not) change much between day and night because it takes a long time to lose or gain heat across such a relatively (small) surface area.

Some animals have no gills when young, but then develop gills that grow larger as the animal grows larger. What is the reason for this increase in gill size? A) The young of these animals are much more active than the adult, which leads to a higher BMR (basal metabolic rate) and, therefore, a higher need for oxygen. B) Relative to their volume, the young have more surface area across which they can transport all the oxygen they need. C) The young have a higher basal metabolic rate. D) Relative to their surface area, the young have more body volume in which they can store oxygen for long periods of time.

B) Relative to their volume, the young have more surface area across which they can transport all the oxygen they need.

The large surface area in the small intestine directly facilitates _____. A) secretion B) absorption C) filtration D) temperature regulation

B) absorption

The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is A) epithelial tissue. B) connective tissue. C) skeletal muscle. D) smooth muscle. E) nervous tissue. B) connective tissue

B) connective tissue

Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has _____. A) less surface area B) less surface area per unit of volume C) a smaller average distance between its mitochondria and the external source of oxygen D) a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio

B) less surface area per unit of volume

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by A) cardiac muscle. B) smooth muscle. C) voluntary muscle. D) striated muscle. E) skeletal muscle.

B) smooth muscle

Hummingbirds are small birds that require a regular food supply. When hummingbirds are faced with a situation that decreases their food supply, such as a storm, which of the following adaptations would be most useful for the bird to survive such an unpredictable and short-term absence of food resources? A) shivering B) torpor C) hibernation D) burrowing into soil

B) torpor

As an animal gets larger, which of the following occurs? A)Its volume increases, but its total surface area decreases. B)Its volume grows more rapidly than its surface area. C)Its surface area grows more rapidly than its volume. D)Its volume and surface area increase in perfect proportion to each other.

B)Its volume grows more rapidly than its surface area.

For each of the following, explain how structure relates to function: absorptive sections of the digestive tract; capillaries; beaks of Galapagos finches; fish gills.

Beaks of Galapagos finches- have sizes and shapes that correlate with the type of food each species eats. Capillaries- have a high surface area because they are thin and highly branched, making the exchange of substances more rapid. Fish gills- contain thin, flattened structures with a large surface area, which facilitates the exchange of gases and wastes. Absorptive sections (of the digestive tract)- have many folds and projections that increase their surface area.

You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. Which of the following changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume? A) Pinch the edges of the cube into small folds. B) Flatten the cube into a pancake shape. C) Round the clay up into a sphere. D) Stretch the cube into a long, shoebox shape.

C) Round the clay up into a sphere.

Which of the following is a true statement about body size and physiology? A) The amount of food and oxygen an animal requires and the amount of heat and waste it produces are inversely proportional to its mass. B) The rate at which an animal uses nutrients and produces waste products is independent of its volume. C) Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an animal's body mass increases cubically while its surface area increases as a squared function. D) The wastes produced by an animal double as its volume doubles and triple as its surface area triples.

C) Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an animal's body mass increases cubically while its surface area increases as a squared function.

An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight, and both overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures. When they move into the shade and rest, which animal will cool down faster? A) The elephant will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio. B) The elephant will because it has the lower surface-area-to-volume ratio. C) The mouse will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio. D) They will cool at the same rate because they overheated by the same amount.

C) The mouse will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio.

Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) are born in freshwater environments and then migrate to the sea. Near the end of their lives, they return to the freshwater stream where they were born to spawn. In freshwater, water constantly diffuses into the body and ions are lost from the body. In salt water, body water diffuses out of the body and excess ions are gained from the water. A salmon's gills have special cells to pump salt in or out of the body to maintain homeostasis. In response to the salmon's moves between freshwater and salt water, some cells in the gills are produced and others are destroyed. These changes made in the cells of the gills during the lifetime of an individual salmon are an example of which of the following? A) evolution B) trade-off C) acclimatization D) adaptation

C) acclimatization

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment? A) feathers or fur B) vasoconstriction C) wind blowing across the body surface D) blubber or fat layer

C) wind blowing across the body surface

Panting by an overheated dog achieves cooling by ________. A)acclimatization B)shivering C)evaporation D)torpor E)hibernation

C)evaporation

The force driving simple diffusion is ________, while the energy source for active transport is ________. A)phosphorylated protein carriers; ATP B)the concentration gradient; ADP C)the concentration gradient; ATP D)transmembrane pumps; electron transport

C)the concentration gradient; ATP

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback? A) During birthing contractions, oxytocin (a hormone) is released and acts to stimulate further contractions. B) When a baby is nursing, suckling leads to the production of more milk and a subsequent increase in the secretion of prolactin (a hormone that stimulates lactation). C) After a blood vessel is damaged, signals are released by the damaged tissues that activate platelets in the blood. These activated platelets release chemicals that activate more platelets. D) When the level of glucose in the blood increases, the pancreas produces and releases the hormone insulin. Insulin acts to decrease blood glucose. As blood glucose decreases, the rate of production and release of insulin decreases as blood glucose decreases.

D) When the level of glucose in the blood increases, the pancreas produces and releases the hormone insulin. Insulin acts to decrease blood glucose. As blood glucose decreases, the rate of production and release of insulin decreases as blood glucose decreases.

The panting responses that are observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipate excess heat by _____. A) countercurrent exchange B) acclimation C) vasoconstriction D) evaporation

D) evaporation

Connective tissues typically have _____. A) many densely packed cells with direct connections between the membranes of adjacent cells. B) a supporting material such as chondroitin sulfate. C) the ability to shorten upon stimulation. D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix. E) the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses. F)little space between the membranes of adjacent cells

D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix.

Explain why it would be impossible for a gorilla the size of King Kong to have fur. (Your answer should explain how the surface area/volume ratio of a normal-sized gorilla would compare to Kong's; relate this to the role of surface area and volume in heat generation and heat transfer; and consider the function of fur.)

King Kong is (endothermic), and his huge mass (would) generate a great deal of heat. His relatively (small) surface area compared to that of a normal-sized gorilla (wouldn't) be able to dissipate the heat−especially if the surface (were) covered with insulating fur.

Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability? An input of energy is required for transport. There must be a concentration gradient for molecules to pass through a membrane. Lipid-soluble molecules pass through a membrane. Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.

Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.

When a cell is in equilibrium with its environment, which of the following occurs for substances that can diffuse through the cell? All movement of molecules is directed by active transport. There is directed movement of substances into and out of the cell. There is no movement of substances into and out of the cell. There is random movement of substances into and out of the cell.

There is random movement of substances into and out of the cell.

True or False: The increase in red blood cell count in tourists visiting Tibet is an example of acclimatization.

True

Which of the following is an advantage that ectotherms have over endotherms of the same size? a. they require much less food since they don't have to generate their own heat b. they are less vulnerable to being eaten during cold weather c. they can remain very active in cold weather or at night time - when temperatures are cool d. they have higher metabolic rates and grow much more quickly

a. they require much less food since they don't have to generate their own heat

A stratified epithelium is composed of ________. a)a tight layer of square cells attached to a basement membrane a single layer of cells of variable height b)multiple layers of cells, stacked from the basolateral side to the apical side c)alternating layers of thick and thin cells d)squamous cells overlying cuboidal cells

b)multiple layers of cells, stacked from the basolateral side to the apical side

Which of the following examples best describes the concept that form facilitates function? a. crickets must balance their resources between spermatophore production and immune defenses. b. a desert jackrabbit has large ears that help eliminate excess heat c. an antarctic fish maintains homeostasis by conforming to the stable, external temperature d honeybees will swarm around a predatory wasp and contract their flight muscles to generate a lethal ball of heat

b. a desert jackrabbit has large ears that help eliminate excess heat

Which of the following is an example of a connective tissue? a)cuboidal epithelium b)smooth muscles c)blood d)the surface of the skin e)nerves

c)blood

What explains the ability of honeybees to use heat to kill invading hornets? a.) Hornets prefer higher temperatures than honeybees. b.) Honeybees can use evaporative cooling to reduce their body temperature. c.) Honeybees are better adapted to high temperatures than hornets. d.) Honeybees are more sensitive to high temperatures than hornets. e.) Hornets are ectotherms but honeybees are endotherms.

c.) Honeybees are better adapted to high temperatures than hornets.

The type of muscle that contains branched cells is ________. all muscle types skeletal muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle striated muscle

cardiac muscle The branching of cardiac muscle cells allows electrical signals to spread through them, resulting in their coordinated contraction and relaxation, which allows the heart to pump blood.

The composition of connective tissue determines its physical properties. If you gently bend your ear, and then let go, the shape of your ear will return. This can best be explained by the presence of what tissue type in your ear? loose connective tissue cartilage with elastic fibers a fluid connective tissue bone dense connective tissue

cartilage with elastic fibers

With its abundance of collagen fibers, cartilage is an example of ________. connective tissue epithelial tissue adipose tissue muscle tissue nervous tissue

connective tissue

You are looking through a microscope at a slide of animal tissue and see a single layer of flat, closely packed cells that cover a surface. This specific tissue is most likely _____. a neuron a tendon cardiac muscle of the heart adipose epithelial

epithelial

Most of the absorption surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with _______

epithelial tissue

Tissues functioning together make up _____.

organs

The absorptive epithelia in the gut are considered "polarized" because _____.

the apical surface is different from the basal surface

Explain why most endotherms are homeothermic and most ectotherms are poikilothermic.

(Endotherms) generate much of their body heat metabolically, they (can) adjust the amount of heat produced to maintain their body temperature near the set point. (Ectotherms) (cannot) produce much heat metabolically, so their body temperatures will (decline) when ambient temperatures go down and will (rise) when ambient temperatures go up or when they can bask in the sun