exam 3

The nurse is teaching the parents of an infant with an inborn error of metabolism how to care for the infant at home. What information does teaching include? 1. Specially prepared formulas 2. Cataract problems 3. Low glucose concentrations 4. Administration of thyroid medication

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. An afflicted PKU infant can be treated by a special diet that limits ingestion of phenylalanine. Special formulas low in phenylalanine, such as Lofenalac, Minafen, and Albumaid XP, are available.

What interventions would the nurse apply to support the breastfeeding mother? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. Assist the mother to begin breastfeeding within the first hour after birth. 2. Have the baby returned to the nursery after feeding so that the mother can get adequate rest. 3. Teach the mother to recognize and respond to early infant feeding cues. 4. Inform the mother about community resources that support breastfeeding. 5. Instruct the mother to avoid eating foods that might upset the newborn's stomach

1, 3, 4 Explanation: 1. Throughout the first 2 hours after birth, but especially during the first hour of life, most infants are usually alert and ready to breastfeed. 3. The new mother should be taught to recognize and respond to early infant feeding cues. The timing of newborn feedings is ideally determined by physiologic and behavioral cues rather than a set schedule. 4. It is important that parents receive verbal and written instructions and community resource information to which they can later refer.

The nurse is caring for the newborn of a diabetic mother whose blood glucose level is 39 mg/dL. What should the nurse include in the plan of care for this newborn? 1. Offer early feedings with formula or breast milk. 2. Provide glucose water exclusively. 3. Evaluate blood glucose levels at 12 hours after birth. 4. Assess for hypothermia.

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. IDMs whose serum glucose falls below 40 mg/dL should have early feedings with formula or breast milk (colostrum).

The nurse is preparing a class on breastfeeding for pregnant women in their first trimester. The women are from a variety of cultural backgrounds, and all speak English well. Which statement should the nurse include in this presentation? 1. "Although some cultures believe colostrum is not good for the baby, it provides protection from infections and helps the digestive system to function." 2. "Some women are uncomfortable with exposing their breasts to nurse their infant, but it really isn't a big deal. You will get used to it." 3. "No religion prescribes a feeding method, so you all can choose whatever method makes the most sense to you." 4. "In most cultures, it is culturally acceptable to speak about intimate matters in front of their families."

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Although it is true that some cultures believe colostrum to be unhealthy, colostrum helps to protect the infant from disease and illness.

The nurse is teaching a prenatal class about feeding methods. A father-to-be asks the nurse which method, breast or formula, leads to the fastest infant growth and weight gain. Which response by the nurse is best? 1. "In the first 3 to 4 months breastfed babies tend to gain weight faster." 2. "In the first 3 to 4 months there is no difference in weight gain." 3. "In the first 3 to 4 months bottle-fed babies grow faster." 4. "In the first 3 to 4 months growth isn't as important as your comfort with the method."

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Exclusively breastfed infants have the same or slightly higher weight gain than their formula-fed and combination-fed peers in the first 3 to 4 months.

A 3-month-old baby who was born at 25 weeks has been exposed to prolonged oxygen therapy. Due to oxygen therapy, the nurse explains to the parents, their infant is at a greater risk for which of the following? 1. Visual impairment 2. Hyperthermia 3. Central cyanosis 4. Sensitive gag reflex

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Extremely premature newborns are particularly susceptible to injury of the delicate capillaries of the retina causing characteristic retinal changes known as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Judicious use of supplemental oxygen therapy in the premature infant has become the norm.

The nurse is performing an assessment on an infant whose mother states that she feeds the infant in a supine position by propping the bottle. Based on this information, what would the nurse include in the assessment? 1. Otoscopic exam of the eardrum 2. Bowel sounds 3. Vital signs 4. Skin assessment

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Infants who bottle feed in a supine position have an increased risk of otitis media and dental caries in the older infant.

The nurse is caring for the newborn of a diabetic mother. Which of the following should be included in the nurse's plan of care for this newborn? 1. Offer early feedings. 2. Administer an intravenous infusion of glucose. 3. Assess for hypercalcemia. 4. Assess for hyperbilirubinemia immediately after birth.

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Newborns of diabetic mothers may benefit from early feeding as they are extremely valuable in maintaining normal metabolism and lowering the possibility of such complications as hypoglycemia and hyperbilirubinemia.

The nurse has completed a community education session on growth patterns of infants. Which statement by a participant indicates that additional teaching is needed? 1. "Newborns should regain their birth weight by 1 week of age." 2. "Breastfed and formula-fed babies have different growth rates." 3. "Formula-fed infants regain their birth weight earlier than breastfed infant." 4. "Healthcare providers consider breastfeeding to be the 'gold standard' for neonatal nutrition."

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Newborns should gain at least 10 g/kg/day and be back to birth weight no later than day 14 of life.

In planning care for the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) newborn, which intervention would the nurse include? 1. Allow extra time with feedings. 2. Assign different personnel to the newborn each day. 3. Place the newborn in a well-lit room. 4. Monitor for hyperthermia.

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Newborns with fetal alcohol syndrome have feeding problems. Because of their feeding problems, these infants require extra time and patience during feedings.

The mother of a premature newborn questions why a gavage feeding catheter is placed in the mouth of the newborn and not in the nose. What is the nurse's best response? 1. "Most newborns are nose breathers." 2. "The tube will elicit the sucking reflex." 3. "A smaller catheter is preferred for feedings." 4. "Most newborns are mouth breathers."

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Orogastric insertion is preferable to nasogastric because most infants are obligatory nose breathers.

What information should the nurse include when teaching a new mother how to successfully bottle-feed her newborn? 1. Proper dilution of powdered formula is essential to provide adequate nutrition. 2. Keep formula at room temperature for at least 4 hours to warm it, instead of microwaving it. 3. Use enough water to dilute the nutrient and calorie density so the infant will drink more formula. 4. Freeze newly prepared formula for up to 3 months.

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Parents should be instructed to follow the directions on the formula can label precisely as written.

The nurse is completing the discharge teaching of a young first-time mother. Which statement by the mother requires immediate intervention? 1. "I will put my baby to bed with his bottle so he doesn't get hungry during the night." 2. "My baby will probably have a bowel movement each breastfeeding, and will wet often." 3. "Nursing every 2 to 3 hours is normal, for a total of 8 to 12 feedings every day." 4. "I will drink fenugreek tea from my grandmother to prevent my milk from coming in."

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Putting a baby to bed with a propped bottle is a choking hazard, and should never be done.

The parents of a newborn have just been told their infant has tetralogy of Fallot. The parents do not seem to understand the explanation given by the physician. What statement by the nurse is best? 1. "With this defect, not enough of the blood circulates through the lungs, leading to a lack of oxygen in the baby's body." 2. "The baby's aorta has a narrowing in a section near the heart that makes the left side of the heart work harder." 3. "The blood vessels that attach to the ventricles of the heart are positioned on the wrong sides of the heart." 4. "Your baby's heart doesn't circulate blood well because the left ventricle is smaller and thinner than normal."

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Tetralogy of Fallot is a cyanotic heart defect that comprises four abnormalities: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricle hypertrophy. The severity of symptoms depends on the degree of pulmonary stenosis, the size of the ventricular septal defect, and the degree to which the aorta overrides the septal defect.

The pregnant client at 41 weeks is scheduled for labor induction. She asks the nurse whether induction is really necessary. What response by the nurse is best? 1. "Babies can develop postmaturity syndrome, which increases their chances of having complications after birth." 2. "When infants are born 2 or more weeks after their due date, they have meconium in the amniotic fluid." 3. "Sometimes the placenta ages excessively, and we want to take care of that problem before it happens." 4. "The doctor wants to be proactive in preventing any problems with your baby if he gets any bigger."

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. The term postmaturity applies to the infant who is born after 42 completed weeks of gestation and demonstrates characteristics of postmaturity syndrome.

The nurse is caring for several pregnant clients. Which client should the nurse anticipate is most likely to have a newborn at risk for mortality or morbidity? 1. 37-year-old, with a history of multiple births and preterm deliveries who works in a chemical factory 2. 23-year-old of low socioeconomic status, unmarried 3. 16-year-old who began prenatal care at 30 weeks 4. 28-year-old with a history of gestational diabetes

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. This client is at greatest risk because she has multiple risk factors: age over 35, high parity, history of preterm birth, and exposure to chemicals that might be toxic.

The nurse is caring for a 2-hour-old newborn whose mother is diabetic. The nurse assesses that the newborn is experiencing tremors. Which nursing action has the highest priority? 1. Obtain a blood calcium level. 2. Take the newborn's temperature. 3. Obtain a bilirubin level. 4. Place a pulse oximeter on the newborn.

Answer: 1 Explanation: 1. Tremors are a sign of hypocalcemia. Diabetic mothers tend to have decreased serum magnesium levels at term. This could cause secondary hypoparathyroidism in the infant.

In caring for the premature newborn, the nurse must assess hydration status continually. Assessment parameters should include which of the following? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. Volume of urine output 2. Weight 3. Blood pH 4. Head circumference 5. Bowel sounds

Answer: 1, 2 Explanation: 1. In order to assess hydration status, volume of urine output must be evaluated. 2. In order to assess hydration status, the infant's weight must be evaluated.

What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of formula-feeding that a nurse should discuss with new parents? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. The nutritional value of formula depends on the proper preparation/dilution. 2. There is a potential for bacterial contamination during preparation and storage. 3. Both parents can participate in positive parent-infant interaction during feeding. 4. Refrigeration is not necessary if preparing more than one bottle at a time. 5. Formula has higher levels of essential fatty acids, lactose, cystine, and cholesterol than does breast milk.

Answer: 1, 2, 3 Explanation: 1. Formula composition does not vary unless the instructions for preparation and dilution are not followed. 2. Bacteria can be introduced if bottles and nipples are not properly cleaned. 3. If a mother has chosen not to breastfeed, then the father can be involved with bottle feedings from the start.

When teaching the new mother about the composition of breast milk, the nurse explains that the fat content can range from 30 to 50 grams/liter. Which factors affect the fat content of breast milk? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. Maternal parity 2. Duration of pregnancy 3. Stage of lactation 4. Time of day 5. Vitamin C intake

Answer: 1, 2, 3, 4 Explanation: 1. Multiparous mothers produce milk with a lower content of fatty acids than primigravidas. 2. The milk of a mother who delivers a preterm infant has a greater concentration of DHA and ARA than does the milk of a mother who gives birth to a full-term infant. 3. Phospholipids and cholesterol levels are higher in colostrum than in mature milk, although overall fat content is higher in mature breast milk than in colostrum. 4. Fat content is generally higher in the evening and lower in the early morning.

What are the nurse's responsibilities when teaching the new mother about infant feeding? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. The nurse should be well informed about infant nutrition and feeding methods. 2. The nurse should provide accurate and consistent information. 3. The nurse should use each interaction to support the parents and promote the family's sense of confidence. 4. The nurse should familiarize the mother with information about community resources that might be helpful after discharge. 5. The nurse should aggressively promote breastfeeding, even if the parents have decided to bottle-feed their infant.

Answer: 1, 2, 3, 4 Explanation: 1. The nurse should provide information on maternal and infant nutrition, fluid requirements, and feeding methods. 2. The nurse should provide information that is accurate and consistent. Nurses have a responsibility to educate parents. 3. Every interaction is a chance to educate and support the new parents in learning how to care for the newborn. Nurses have a responsibility to educate parents. 4. It is important that parents receive verbal and written instructions and community resource information to which they can later refer.

The nurse is caring for a newborn with full fontanelles and "setting sun" eyes. Which nursing interventions should be included in the care plan? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. Measure head circumference daily. 2. Assess for bulging fontanelles. 3. Avoid position changes. 4. Watch for signs of infection. 5. Use a gel pillow under the head.

Answer: 1, 2, 4, 5 Explanation: 1. The infant has congenital hydrocephalus. The nurse should measure and plot occipital-frontal baseline measurements, then measure head circumference once a day. 2. The infant has congenital hydrocephalus. Fontanelles should be checked for bulging and sutures for widening. 4. Infants with hydrocephalus are prone to infection. 5. The infant has congenital hydrocephalus. The enlarged head should be supported with a gel pillow.

Which of the following are potential disadvantages to breastfeeding? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. Pain with breastfeeding 2. Leaking milk 3. Equal feeding responsibilities with fathers 4. Vaginal wetness 5. Embarrassment

Answer: 1, 2, 5 Explanation: 1. Nipple tenderness is the most common source of discomfort and is usually related to improper positioning and/or not obtaining a proper attachment of the infant on the breast. Pain can also be related to engorgement or infection. 2. Some women will leak milk when their breasts are full and it is nearly time to breastfeed again or whenever they experience let-down. Mothers should be given reassurance that this problem diminishes over time. 5. Some mothers feel uncomfortable about breastfeeding because they are modest or may feel embarrassed because our society views breasts as sexual objects and/or an unfriendly social environment makes it difficult to breastfeed in public. This is not an easy issue to overcome.

A new mother is questioning the nurse about the advantages of breastfeeding her newborn. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. Breast milk has immunological advantages, including varying degrees of protection from bacterial and viral infections. 2. Breastfeeding has been shown to increase maternal-infant attachment. 3. Breastfeeding can be initially supplemented with bottle feedings so that the father does not feel left out of the infant's care. 4. Breastfeeding often causes nipple tenderness, and may be discouraged until healing occurs. 5. Breastfeeding provides a psychologic advantage to the mother, who derives satisfaction knowing that she is providing her infant with the optimal nutritional start in life.

Answer: 1, 2, 5 Explanation: 1. Secretory IgA, an immunoglobulin present in colostrum and mature breast milk, has antiviral, antibacterial, and antigenic-inhibiting properties. 2. Early breastfeeding can enhance maternal-infant bonding. 5. The mother's sense of accomplishment in being able to satisfy her baby's needs for nourishment and comfort can be a tremendous source of personal satisfaction.

Which statements by a breastfeeding class participant indicate that teaching by the nurse was effective? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. "Breastfed infants get more skin-to-skin contact and sleep better." 2. "Breastfeeding raises the level of a hormone that makes me feel good." 3. "Breastfeeding is complex and difficult, and I probably won't succeed." 4. "Breastfeeding is worthwhile, even if it costs more overall." 5. "Breastfed infants have fewer digestive and respiratory illnesses."

Answer: 1, 2, 5 Explanation: 1. Skin-to-skin contact after birth helps the baby maintain his or her body temperature, helps with self-regulation, increases maternal oxytocin levels, helps the mother to notice subtle feeding cues, and promotes bonding. 2. Hormones of lactation promote maternal feelings and sense of well-being. 5. This is a true statement. The immunologic advantages of human milk include varying degrees of protection from respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract infections.

The nurse encourages a new mother to feed the newborn as soon as the newborn shows interest. The nurse bases this recommendation on which benefits of early feedings? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. Early feedings stimulate peristalsis. 2. Colostrum is thinner than mature milk. 3. Early feedings enhance maternal-infant bonding. 4. Early feedings promote the passage of meconium. 5. Colostrum contains a high number of calories.

Answer: 1, 3, 4 Explanation: 1. Early breastfeeding stimulates the newborn's peristalsis. 3. Early breastfeeding enhances maternal-infant bonding. 4. Early breastfeeding promotes the passage of meconium.

The nurse is teaching the parents of a newborn who has been exposed to HIV how to care for the newborn at home. Which instructions should the nurse emphasize? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. Use proper hand-washing technique. 2. Provide three feedings per day. 3. Place soiled diapers in a sealed plastic bag. 4. Cleanse the diaper changing area with a 1:10 bleach solution after each diaper change. 5. Take the temperature rectally.

Answer: 1, 3, 4 Explanation: 1. The nurse should instruct the parents on proper hand-washing technique. 3. The nurse should instruct parents to that soiled diapers are to be placed in plastic bags, sealed, and disposed of daily. 4. The nurse should instruct parents that the diaper-changing areas should be cleaned with a 1:10 dilution of household bleach after each diaper change.

Which assessment findings would lead the nurse to suspect that a newborn might have a congenital heart defect? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. Cyanosis 2. Heart murmur 3. Bradycardia 4. Low urinary outputs 5. Tachypnea

Answer: 1, 3, 4, 5 Explanation: 1. Central cyanosis is defined as a visible, blue discoloration of the skin caused by decreased oxygen saturation levels and is a common manifestation of a cardiac defect. 3. The signs of congestive heart failure include tachycardia, not bradycardia. 4. The signs of congestive heart failure include low urinary output. 5. The signs of congestive heart failure include tachypnea.

) The nurse is caring for a prenatal client. Reviewing the client's pregnancy history, the nurse identifies risk factors for an at-risk newborn, including which of the following? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. The mother's low socioeconomic status 2. Maternal age of 26 3. Mother's exposure to toxic chemicals 4. More than three previous deliveries 5. Maternal hypertension

Answer: 1, 3, 4, 5 Explanation: 1. Low socioeconomic status is associated with at-risk newborns. 3. Exposure to environmental dangers, such as toxic chemicals is associated with at-risk newborns. 4. Maternal factors such as multiparity are associated with at-risk newborns. 5. Preexisting maternal conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, and renal disease are associated with at-risk newborns.

The nurse is caring for an infant of a diabetic mother. Which potential complications would the nurse consider in planning care for this newborn? Note: Credit will be given if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. Tremors 2. Hyperglycemia 3. Hyperbilirubinemia 4. Respiratory distress syndrome 5. Birth trauma

Answer: 1, 3, 4, 5 Explanation: 1. Tremors are a clinical sign of hypocalcemia. 3. Hyperbilirubinemia is caused by slightly decreased extracellular fluid volume, which increases the hematocrit level. 4. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a complication that occurs more frequently in newborns of diabetic mothers whose diabetes is not well controlled. 5. Because most IDMs are macrosomic, trauma may occur during labor and vaginal birth resulting in shoulder dystocia, brachial plexus injuries, subdural hemorrhage, cephalohematoma, and asphyxia.

The nurse is caring for the newborn of a drug-addicted mother. Which assessment findings would be typical for this newborn? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. Hyperirritability 2. Decreased muscle tone 3. Exaggerated reflexes 4. Low pitched cry 5. Transient tachypnea

Answer: 1, 3, 5 Explanation: 1. Newborns born to drug-addicted mothers exhibit hyperirritability. 3. Newborns born to drug-addicted mothers exhibit exaggerated reflexes. 5. Newborns born to drug-addicted mothers exhibit transient tachypnea.

Many newborns exposed to HIV/AIDS show signs and symptoms of disease within days of birth that include which of the following? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. Swollen glands 2. Hard stools 3. Smaller than average spleen and liver 4. Rhinorrhea 5. Interstitial pneumonia

Answer: 1, 4, 5 Explanation: 1. Signs that may be seen in the early infancy period include swollen glands. 4. Signs that may be seen in the early infancy period include rhinorrhea. 5. Signs that may be seen in the early infancy period include interstitial pneumonia.

A new mother who is breastfeeding tells the nurse that her infant is spitting up frequently, has very loose stools and copious gas, and feeds for only short periods of time. The nurse suspects a feeding intolerance and, after questioning the mother about her diet, suggests that she do which of the following? 1. Stop breastfeeding and switch to formula. 2. Eliminate dairy products from her diet. 3. Supplement breastfeeding with a soy-based formula. 4. Offer the baby water between feedings.

Answer: 2 Explanation: 2. Breastfeeding babies may not be allergic to the mother's milk but rather to the cow's milk protein (an antigen) in the mother's milk. By eliminating the culprit (e.g., the bovine protein) from the mother's diet and therefore from the breast milk, the mother can continue to breastfeed, providing optimal nutrition and immune factors to her infant.

The nurse is assisting a mother to bottle-feed her newborn, who has been crying. The nurse suggests that prior to feeding, the mother should do which of the following? 1. Offer a pacifier 2. Burp the newborn 3. Unwrap the newborn 4. Stroke the newborn's spine and feet

Answer: 2 Explanation: 2. Crying results in increased ingestion of air even before the infant has started feeding. Infants who are very hungry also gulp more air. For these situations, instruct the parents to burp their infant frequently.

A mother who is HIV-positive has given birth to a term female. What plan of care is most appropriate for this infant? 1. Test with a HIV serologic test at 8 months. 2. Begin prophylactic AZT (Zidovudine) administration. 3. Provide 4 to 5 large feedings throughout the day. 4. Encourage the mother to breastfeed the child.

Answer: 2 Explanation: 2. For infants, AZT is started prophylactically 2 mg/kg/dose PO every 6 hours beginning as soon after birth as possible and continuing for 6 weeks.

5) What is the primary carbohydrate in mammalian milk that plays a crucial role in the nourishment of the newborn? 1. Colostrum 2. Lactose 3. Lactoferrin 4. Secretory IgA

Answer: 2 Explanation: 2. Lactose is the primary carbohydrate in mammalian milk.

A nurse is evaluating the diet plan of a breastfeeding mother. Which beverage is most likely to cause intolerance in the infant? 1. Orange juice 2. Milk 3. Decaffeinated tea 4. Water

Answer: 2 Explanation: 2. Often fussy breastfeeding or cow's milk-based formula-fed infants are switched to a lactose-free formula because of concerns about lactose intolerance.

The nurse is preparing an educational session on phenylketonuria for a family whose neonate has been diagnosed with the condition. Which statement by a parent indicates that teaching was effective? 1. "This condition occurs more frequently among Japanese people." 2. "We must be very careful to avoid most proteins to prevent brain damage." 3. "Carbohydrates can cause our baby to develop cataracts and liver damage." 4. "Our baby's thyroid gland isn't functioning properly."

Answer: 2 Explanation: 2. PKU is the inability to metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid found in most dietary protein sources. Excessive accumulation of phenylalanine and its abnormal metabolites in the brain tissue leads to progressive, irreversible intellectual disability.

The community nurse is working with poor women who are formula-feeding their infants. Which statement indicates that the nurse's education session was effective? 1. "I should use only soy-based formula for the first year." 2. "I follow the instructions for mixing the powdered formula exactly." 3. "It is okay to add more water to the formula to make it last longer." 4. "The mixed formula can be left on the counter for a day."

Answer: 2 Explanation: 2. Powdered formula is the least expensive type of formula. Parents will need to be briefed on safety precautions during formula preparation and they should be instructed to follow the directions on the formula package label precisely as written.

The nurse is teaching a new mother how to encourage a sleepy baby to breastfeed. Which of the following instructions would not be included in that teaching? 1. Providing skin-to-skin contact 2. Swaddling the newborn in a blanket 3. Unwrapping the newborn 4. Allowing the newborn to feel and smell the mother's breast

Answer: 2 Explanation: 2. Remove the baby's blanket and clothing so that the infant is wearing only a diaper and T-shirt. Babies feed better when they are not bundled, and they can achieve better attachment without the bulk of extra clothing and blankets. Swaddling the newborn has the opposite effect.

The nurse is working with a new mother who delivered yesterday. The mother has chosen to breastfeed her infant. Which demonstration of skill is the best indicator that the client understands breastfeeding? 1. She puts the infant to breast when he is asleep to help wake him up. 2. She takes off her gown to achieve skin-to-skin contact. 3. She leans toward the infant so that he turns his head to access the nipple. 4. The infant is crying when he is brought to the breast.

Answer: 2 Explanation: 2. Skin-to-skin contact after birth helps the baby maintain his or her body temperature, helps with self-regulation, increases maternal oxytocin levels, helps the mother to notice subtle feeding cues, and promotes bonding.

Which of the following functions primarily to provide low-income women and children who are at risk for medical or nutritional problems with nutritious foods to supplement their diets, nutrition education and counseling, and screening and referrals to other health, welfare, and social programs? 1. ABM 2. WIC 3. ILCA 4. LLLI

Answer: 2 Explanation: 2. The Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) functions primarily to provide low-income women and children who are at risk for medical or nutritional problems with nutritious foods to supplement their diets, nutrition education and counseling, and screening and referrals to other health, welfare, and social programs.

A nurse is evaluating the diet plan of a breastfeeding mother, and determines that her intake of fruits and vegetables is inadequate. The nurse explains that the nutritional composition of the mother's breast milk can be adversely affected by this nutritional inadequacy. Which strategy should the nurse recommend to the mother? 1. Stop breastfeeding 2. Provide newborn supplements to the newborn 3. Offer whole milk 4. Supplement with skim milk

Answer: 2 Explanation: 2. The mother may continue to breastfeed, but the caregiver may choose to prescribe additional vitamins for the newborn. Vitamins in human milk are influenced by the mother's vitamin intake, general nutritional status, and genetic differences.

An HIV-positive mother delivered 2 days ago. The infant will be placed in foster care. The nurse is planning discharge teaching for the foster parents on how to care for the newborn at home. Which instructions should the nurse include? 1. Do not add food supplements to the baby's diet. 2. Place soiled diapers in a sealed plastic bag. 3. Wash soiled linens in cool water with bleach. 4. Shield the baby's eyes from bright lights.

Answer: 2 Explanation: 2. The nurse should instruct the parents about proper hand-washing techniques, about proper disposal of soiled diapers, and to wear gloves when diapering.

A NICU nurse plans care for a preterm newborn that will provide opportunities for development. Which interventions support development in a preterm newborn in a NICU? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. Schedule care throughout the day. 2. Silence alarms quickly. 3. Place a blanket over the top portion of the incubator. 4. Do not offer a pacifier. 5. Dim the lights.

Answer: 2, 3, 5 Explanation: 2. Noise levels can be lowered by replacing alarms with lights or silencing alarms quickly. 3. Dimmer switches should be used to shield the baby's eyes from bright lights with blankets over the top portion of the incubator. 5. Dimming the lights may encourage infants to open their eyes and be more responsive to their parents.

Benefits of skin-to-skin care as a developmental intervention include which of the following? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. Routine discharge 2. Stabilization of vital signs 3. Increased periods of awake-alert state 4. Decline in the episodes of apnea and bradycardia 5. Increased growth parameters

Answer: 2, 4, 5 Explanation: 2. Stabilization of vital signs is a benefit of skin-to-skin care as a developmental intervention. 4. Decline in the episodes of apnea and bradycardia is a benefit of skin-to-skin care as a developmental intervention. 5. Increased growth parameters are a benefit of skin-to-skin care as a developmental intervention.

When is breastfeeding contraindicated? 1. Infant has hypertension 2. Mother has a history of treated tuberculosis 3. Mother is HIV positive or has AIDS 4. Mother has a history of treated herpes

Answer: 3 Explanation: 3. Breastfeeding is contraindicated when the mother is HIV positive or has AIDS and is counseled against breastfeeding.

The nurse is planning care for a preterm newborn. Which nursing diagnosis has the highest priority? 1. Tissue Integrity, Impaired 2. Infection, Risk for 3. Gas Exchange, Impaired 4. Family Processes, Dysfunctional

Answer: 3 Explanation: 3. Gas Exchange, Impaired is related to immature pulmonary vasculature and inadequate surfactant production and has the highest priority.

During discharge planning for a drug-dependent newborn, the nurse explains to the mother how to do which of the following? 1. Place the newborn in a prone position. 2. Limit feedings to three a day to decrease diarrhea. 3. Place the infant supine and operate a home apnea-monitoring system. 4. Wean the newborn off the pacifier.

Answer: 3 Explanation: 3. Infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome are at a significantly higher risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) when the mother used heroin, cocaine, or opiates. The infant should sleep in a supine position, and home apnea monitoring should be implemented.

The nurse is assessing a drug-dependent newborn. Which symptom would require further assessment by the nurse? 1. Occasional watery stools 2. Spitting up after feeding 3. Jitteriness and irritability 4. Nasal stuffiness

Answer: 3 Explanation: 3. Jitteriness and irritability can be an indicator of drug withdrawal.

The nurse assesses the gestational age of a newborn and informs the parents that the newborn is premature. Which of the following assessment findings is not congruent with prematurity? 1. Cry is weak and feeble 2. Clitoris and labia minora are prominent 3. Strong sucking reflex 4. Lanugo is plentiful

Answer: 3 Explanation: 3. Poor suck, gag, and swallow reflexes are characteristic of a preterm newborn.

A client from Mexico has just delivered a son, and the nurse offers to assist in putting the baby to breast. Although the client indicated before the birth that she wanted to breastfeed, she is very hesitant, and says she would like to bottle-feed for the first few days. After talking to her, the nurse understands that her primary reason for wanting to delay breastfeeding is based on what cultural belief? 1. Breast milk causes skin rashes. 2. It is harmful to breastfeed immediately. 3. Colostrum is bad for the baby. 4. Thin milk causes diarrhea.

Answer: 3 Explanation: 3. Some Hispanics may delay breastfeeding because they believe colostrum is "bad."

A mother states that her breasts leak between feedings. Which of the following can contribute to the letdown reflex in breastfeeding mothers? 1. Pain with breastfeeding 2. Number of hours passed since last feeding 3. The newborn's cry 4. Maternal fluid intake

Answer: 3 Explanation: 3. Some women will leak milk when their breasts are full and it is nearly time to breastfeed again or whenever they experience letdown, which can be triggered by hearing, seeing, or even thinking of their baby.

The nurse is caring for an infant born at 37 weeks that weighs 1750 g (3 pounds 10 ounces). The head circumference and length are in the 25th percentile. What statement would the nurse expect to find in the chart? 1. Preterm appropriate for gestational age, symmetrical IUGR 2. Term small for gestational age, symmetrical IUGR 3. Preterm small for gestational age, asymmetrical IUGR 4. Preterm appropriate for gestational age, asymmetrical IUGR

Answer: 3 Explanation: 3. The infant is preterm at 37 weeks. Because the weight is below the 10th percentile, the infant is small for gestational age. Head circumference and length between the 10th and 90th percentiles indicate asymmetrical IUGR.

When a breastfeeding mother complains that her breasts are leaking milk, the nurse can offer which effective intervention? 1. Decrease the number of minutes the newborn is at the breast per feeding. 2. Decrease the mother's fluid intake. 3. Place absorbent pads in the bra. 4. Administer oxytocin.

Answer: 3 Explanation: 3. The mother can wear nursing pads inside her bra with instructions to change wet pads frequently.

The nurse knows that in some cases, breastfeeding is not advisable. Which mother should be counseled against breastfeeding? 1. A mother with a poorly balanced diet 2. A mother who is overweight 3. A mother who is HIV positive 4. A mother who has twins

Answer: 3 Explanation: 3. Women with HIV or AIDS are counseled against breastfeeding.

The nurse is working with parents who have just experienced the birth of their first child at 34 weeks. Which statements by the parents indicate that additional teaching is needed? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. "Our baby will be in an incubator to keep him warm." 2. "Breathing might be harder for our baby because he is early." 3. "The growth of our baby will be faster than if he were term." 4. "Tube feedings will be required because his stomach is small." 5. "Because he came early, he will not produce urine for 2 days."

Answer: 3, 4, 5 Explanation: 3. Preterm infants grow more slowly than do term infants because of difficulty in meeting high caloric and fluid needs for growth due to small gastric capacity. 4. Although tube feedings might be required, it would be because preterm babies have a marked danger of aspiration and its associated complications due to the infant's poorly developed gag reflex, incompetent esophageal cardiac sphincter, and inadequate suck/swallow/breathe reflex. 5. Although preterm babies have diminished kidney function due to incomplete development of the glomeruli, they can produce urine. Preterm infants usually have some urine output during the first 24 hours of life.

What should the healthcare provider consider when prescribing a medication to a woman who is breastfeeding? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. Drug's potential effect on hormone production 2. Amount of drug excreted into the mother's blood 3. Drug's potential adverse effects to the infant 4. Infant's age and health 5. Mother's need for the medication

Answer: 3, 4, 5 Explanation: 3. The healthcare provider should consider the drug's potential adverse effects to the infant. 4. The healthcare provider should consider the infant's age and health. 5. The healthcare provider should consider the mother's need for the medication

A 7 pound 14 ounce girl was born to an insulin-dependent type II diabetic mother 2 hours ago. The infant's blood sugar is 47 mg/dL. What is the best nursing action? 1. To recheck the blood sugar in 6 hours 2. To begin an IV of 10% dextrose 3. To feed the baby 1 ounce of formula 4. To document the findings in the chart

Answer: 4 Explanation: 4. A blood sugar level of 47 mg/dL is a normal finding; documentation is an appropriate action.

The nurse is caring for a new breastfeeding mother who is from Pakistan. The nurse plans her care so that the newborn is offered the breast on which of the following? 1. Day of birth 2. First day after birth 3. Second day after birth 4. Third to fourth day after birth

Answer: 4 Explanation: 4. Among some traditional cultures around the world, it is believed that colostrum is "unclean" or even harmful to a newborn. Because of this ancient belief, mothers living the Middle East and parts of Asia even today discard their colostrum or wait 2 to 4 days to begin breastfeeding, when their "true milk" arrives. This mother would begin breastfeeding the third or fourth day after the birth.

The nurse caring for a postterm newborn would not perform what intervention? 1. Providing warmth 2. Frequently monitoring blood glucose 3. Observing respiratory status 4. Restricting breastfeeding

Answer: 4 Explanation: 4. Breastfeeding is an appropriate means of feeding for the postterm newborn.

The nurse is analyzing assessment findings on four newborns. Which finding might suggest a congenital heart defect? 1. Apical heart rate of 140 beats per minute 2. Respiratory rate of 40 3. Temperature of 36.5°C 4. Visible, blue discoloration of the skin

Answer: 4 Explanation: 4. Central cyanosis is defined as a visible, blue discoloration of the skin caused by decreased oxygen saturation levels and is a common manifestation of a cardiac defect.

Which of the following is a sign of dehydration in the newborn? 1. Slow, weak pulse 2. Soft, loose stools 3. Light colored, concentrated urine 4. Depressed fontanelles

Answer: 4 Explanation: 4. Depressed fontanelles are a sign of dehydration in the newborn.

A 38-week newborn is found to be small for gestational age (SGA). Which nursing intervention should be included in the care of this newborn? 1. Monitor for feeding difficulties. 2. Assess for facial paralysis. 3. Monitor for signs of hyperglycemia. 4. Maintain a warm environment.

Answer: 4 Explanation: 4. Hypothermia is a common complication in the SGA newborn; therefore, the newborn's environment must remain warm, to decrease heat loss.

The nurse is caring for a newborn in the special care nursery. The infant has hydrocephalus, and is positioned in a prone position. The nurse is especially careful to cleanse all stool after bowel movements. This care is most appropriate for an infant born with which of the following? 1. Omphalocele 2. Gastroschisis 3. Diaphragmatic hernia 4. Myelomeningocele

Answer: 4 Explanation: 4. Myelomeningocele is a saclike cyst containing meninges, spinal cord, and nerve roots in thoracic and/or lumbar area. Meticulous cleaning of the buttocks and genitals helps prevent infection. The infant is positioned on abdomen or on side and restrain (to prevent pressure and trauma to sac). Hydrocephalus often is present.

The neonatal special care unit nurse is overseeing the care provided by a nurse new to the unit. Which action requires immediate intervention? 1. The new nurse holds the infant after giving a gavage feeding. 2. The new nurse provides skin-to-skin care. 3. The new nurse provides care when the baby is awake. 4. The new nurse gives the feeding with room-temperature formula.

Answer: 4 Explanation: 4. Preterm babies have little subcutaneous fat, and do not maintain their body temperature well. Formula should be warmed prior to feedings to help the baby maintain its temperature.

The nurse is caring for a premature infant in the NICU, and is going to attempt a bottle feeding with thawed breast milk. How long can thawed breast milk be stored in the refrigerator before the nurse must discard it? 1. 4 hours 2. 8 hours 3. 12 hours 4. 24 hours

Answer: 4 Explanation: 4. Previously frozen thawed breast milk is good in the refrigerator for 24 hours only.

A client at 20 weeks' gestation has not decided on a feeding method for her infant. She asks the nurse for advice. The nurse presents information about the advantages and disadvantages of formula-feeding and breastfeeding. Which statements by the client indicate that the teaching was successful? 1. "Formula-feeding gives the baby protection from infections." 2. "Breast milk cannot be stored; it has to be thrown away after pumping." 3. "Breastfeeding is more expensive than formula-feeding." 4. "My baby will have a lower risk of food allergies if I breastfeed."

Answer: 4 Explanation: 4. Secretory IgA, an immunoglobulin present in colostrum and mature breast milk, has antiviral, antibacterial, and antigenic-inhibiting properties and plays a role in decreasing the permeability of the small intestine to help prevent large protein molecules from triggering an allergic response.

Parents have been told their child has fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Which statement by a parent indicates that additional teaching is required? 1. "Our baby's heart murmur is from this syndrome." 2. "He might be a fussy baby because of this." 3. "His face looks like it does due to this problem." 4. "Cuddling and rocking will help him stay calm."

Answer: 4 Explanation: 4. The FASD baby is most comfortable in a quiet, minimally stimulating environment.

The nurse is explaining the nutritional differences between breast milk and formula to an expectant couple. The mother-to-be asks whether breast milk is nutritionally superior to formula. What should the nurse reply? 1. The vitamins and minerals in formula are more bioavailable to the infant. 2. There is no cholesterol in breast milk. 3. The only carbohydrate in breast milk is lactose. 4. The ratio of whey to casein proteins in breast milk changes to meet the nutritional needs of the growing infant.

Answer: 4 Explanation: 4. The ratio of whey to casein proteins in breast milk, unlike that in formula, is not static. It changes to meet the nutritional needs of the growing infant.

The nurse is working with a client from Southeast Asia. The client tells the nurse that she should not put the baby to breast until her milk comes in and her breasts are warm, because "cold milk" (colostrum) is bad for the baby. After the nurse explains the benefits of colostrum, the client still insists that "cold milk" is bad. Which response by the nurse is best? 1. "What kind of formula would you like to use?" 2. "That idea is folklore. Colostrum is good for the baby." 3. "Now that you are here, you need to feed your baby the right way." 4. "Let's give the baby formula after you breastfeed."

Answer: 4 Explanation: 4. This response attempts to provide a compromise between acknowledging the client's desire to give formula and getting the baby to breast to get colostrum. Nurses should be aware that some immigrant mothers may have this misconception about their colostrum.