exam 3 multiple choice questions PRACTICE

FALSE

A 3′ poly-A tail and a 5′-cap are common components of prokaryotic RNAs.

TRUE

A characteristic of aging cells is that their telomeres become shorter.

B) frameshift

A class of mutations that results in multiple contiguous amino acid changes in proteins is likely to be which of the following? A) transition B) frameshift C) base analog D) recombinant E) transversion

D) three; RNA

A codon consists of _____ nucleotides in a(n) ____ molecule. A) two; DNA B) three; DNA C) four; DNA D) three; RNA E) our; RNA

FALSE

A missense mutation causes premature chain (protein) termination

E) rRNA; protein

A ribosome consists of ______ and ______. A) DNA; mRNA B) mRNA; protein C) mRNA; tRNA D) rRNA; mRNA E) rRNA; protein

E) methionine-methionine-leucine-lysine

A short segment of an mRNA molecule is shown below. The polypeptide it codes for is also shown: 5′-AUGGUGCUGAAG-3′: methionine-valine-leucine-lysine Assume that a mutation in the DNA occurs so that the fourth base (counting from the 5′ end) of the messenger RNA now reads A rather than G. What sequence of amino acids will the mRNA now code for? (You do not need a copy of the genetic code to answer the question.) A) methionine-leucine-leucine-lysine B) methionine-lysine-leucine-lysine C) methionine-valine-methionine-lysine D) methionine-valine-leucine-lysine E) methionine-methionine-leucine-lysine

b. have 5' to 3' polymerization activity

All known bacterial DNA polymerases _____. a. can initiate DNA chain synthesis b. have 5' to 3' polymerization activity c. have 5' to 3' exonuclease activity d. have 3' to 5' polymerization activity e. All of the above

D) attachment of a particular amino acid to a particular tRNA.

An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase catalyzes the: A) attachment of a particular tRNA to mRNA. B) binding of RNA polymerase to the terminator. C) binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter. D) attachment of a particular amino acid to a particular tRNA. E) attachment of a particular tRNA to the ribosome.

B) While Ds moves only if Ac is present in the genome, Ac is capable of autonomous movement.

Barbara McClintock discovered mobile elements in corn by analyzing the genetic behavior of two elements, Ds and Ac. The interplay between these two elements has become one of the most interesting stories of discovery in the field of genetics. How do Ds and Ac interact? A) The movement of Ac is dependent on two forms of Ds. B) While Ds moves only if Ac is present in the genome, Ac is capable of autonomous movement. C) Ds causes a deletion next to the insertion site of Ac. D) Ac causes a deletion next to the insertion site of Ds. E) Both elements can move only within chromosome 9.

C) histones

Chromatin of eukaryotes is organized into repeating interactions with protein octamers called nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are composed of which class of molecules? A) glycoproteins B) nonhistone chromosomal proteins C) histones D) H1 histones E) lipids

DNA makes RNA, which makes proteins

Considering the Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics, what general property is ascribed to DNA

C) 5' to 3'

DNA and RNA are always polymerized in which direction? A) 3' to 5' B) 1' to 2' C) 5' to 3' D) carboxyl to amino terminus E) amino to carboxyl terminus

C) Nucleotides

DNA is a polymer of: A) Sugar residues B) Amino acids C) Nucleotides D) Phosphates E) Amines

B) to the 3′ end of the RNA primer

DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides ________. A) in the place of the primer RNA after it is removed B) to the 3′ end of the RNA primer C) to internal sites in the DNA template D) to both ends of the RNA primer E) to the 5′ end of the RNA primer

GC pairs are composed of three hydrogen bonds and require more energy (heat) to separate than do AT pairs. Urea competes for hydrogen bonds; thus, the bases pair with the urea rather than with each other. This weakens the complementary associations that are required to hold the DNA helix together; thus, less heat is required for melting. The sodium of sodium chloride associates with and neutralizes the strong negative charges on the phosphates. The phosphates do not repel each other with the sodium ion present; thus, the double-stranded structure requires more energy to melt.

Explain how and why the following circumstances influence characteristics of temperature-induced DNA melting. a) Percentage of GC base pairs b) Urea (forms hydrogen bonds with bases) c) Sodium chloride (neutralizes negatively charged phosphates)

4^1 = 4 4^2 = 16 4^3 = 64

Explain why at least three nucleotides must specify each amino acid.

D) 35%

If 15% of the nitrogenous bases in a sample of DNA from a particular organism is thymine, what percentage should be cytosine? A) 30% B) 70% C) 15% D) 35% E) 40%

TRUE

In ribose, the 2′ C has an OH attached to it.

E) spontaneous mutations

Mutations that arise in nature, from no particular artificial agent, are called ________. A) chromosomal aberrations B) cosmic mutations C) induced mutations D) oblique mutations E) spontaneous mutations

1) Reverse transcription can go from RNA to DNA 2) Infectious protein molecules (prions) can replicate themselves 3) Some RNAs have catalytic properties

Name one exception to Central Dogma.

transition and transversion, respectively

One type of mutation involves the replacement of a purine with a purine, while another causes the replacement of a pyrimidine with a purine or the reverse. What general terms are associated with these two mutational phenomena?

relaxed pairing specificities in the third-base position of a codon

Referring to the genetic code, what is meant by "wobble"?

B) 2'

Ribose differs from deoxyribose at the _____ carbon. A) 1' B) 2' C) 3' D) 4' E) 5'

D) polar, nonpolar

Side groups of amino acids are typically classified under which of the following? A) alpha, omega B) linear, circular C) long, short D) polar, nonpolar E) primary, secondary

A) telomeres

Structures located at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes are called ________. A) telomeres B) permissive mutations C) recessive mutations D) telomerases E) centromeres

E) protein.

The process of translation results in the synthesis of: A) DNA. B) mRNA. C) tRNA. D) rRNA. E) protein.

A) A (aminoacyl)

An incoming aminoacyl-tRNA molecule binds to the ribosome at the ______ site. A) A (aminoacyl) B) mRNA-binding C) P (peptidyl) D) E (exit) E) promoter

a. an RNA primer

DNA polymerase III can only add nucleotides to an existing chain, so _________________ is required. a. an RNA primer b. DNA polymerase I c. helicase d. a DNA primer EX1

D) base, sugar, and phosphate

The basic structure of a nucleotide includes ________. A) mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA B) amino acids C) phosphorus and sulfur D) base, sugar, and phosphate E) tryptophan and leucine

B) codon

What is the name given to the three bases in a messenger RNA that bind to the anticodon of tRNA to specify an amino acid placement in a protein? A) cistron B) codon C) protein D) rho E) anti-anticodon

A lack of specificity in aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases would lead to a breakdown in the genetic code, where one codon would not reliably lead to the incorporation of a specific amino acid.

Why is the specificity of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases essential for the synthesis of proteins?

Histones represent one of the most conserved molecules in nature because they are involved in a fundamental and important function relating to chromosome structure. Mutations are probably lethal. Since all antibody-producing organisms have essentially the same histones, it would be difficult to find an organism that produces histone antibodies, for to do so would be self-destructive.

Although mutations have been observed in many different genes, they have not been isolated in histones. Why does this seem reasonable? If one wanted to produce antibodies to histones, would it be an easy task? Explain your answer.

E) RNA that is removed during RNA processing

An intron is a section of ________. A) DNA that is removed during DNA processing B) transfer RNA that binds to the anticodon C) carbohydrate that serves as a signal for RNA transport D) protein that is clipped out posttranslationally E) RNA that is removed during RNA processing

more

Assume that a base addition occurs early in the coding region of a gene. Is the protein product of this gene expected to have more or fewer altered amino acids compared with the original gene with a base deletion late in the coding region?

A) the role of a specific gene is to produce a specific enzyme

By their experimentation using the Neurospora fungus, Beadle and Tatum were able to propose the far-reaching hypothesis that ________. A) the role of a specific gene is to produce a specific enzyme B) genetic recombination occurred in Neurospora C) more than one codon can specify a given amino acid D) several different enzymes may be involved in the same step in a biochemical pathway E) prototrophs will grow only if provided with nutritional supplements

E) hydrogen

Considering the structure of double-stranded DNA, which kind(s) of bonds hold one complementary strand to the other? A) van der Waals B) covalent C) hydrophobic and hydrophilic D) ionic E) hydrogen

E) in the place of the primer RNA after it is removed

DNA polymerase I is thought to add nucleotides ________. A) to the 5′ end of the primer B) in a 5′ to 5′ direction C) to the 3′ end of the primer D) on single-stranded templates without need for an RNA primer E) in the place of the primer RNA after it is removed

FALSE

DNA replicates conservatively, which means that one of the two daughter double helices is "old" and the other is "new."

The free 3′ end is provided by an RNA primer; it is provided by the enzymatic activity of RNA primase.

DNA replication in vivo requires a primer with a free 3′ end. What molecular species provides this 3′ end, and how is it provided?

TRUE

DNA strand replication begins with an RNA primer.

B) adenine; thymine

Data obtained by Erwin Chargaff indicated that in DNA the ratio of nucleotides containing _________ to those containing _______ is approximately 1:1. A) adenine; cytosine B) adenine; thymine C) guanine; thymine D) thymine; cytosine E) guanine; adenine

REPLICATION = duplication of genetic material; EXPRESSION = production of a phenotype; STORAGE = stable maintenance and passage of information; VARIATION = capable of alteration

Describe four major functions of DNA in a cell.

The sigma subunit may give specificity to the RNA polymerase and play a regulatory function. It may be involved in the recognition of initiation sites or promoters.

Describe how the sigma subunit (factor) of E. coli RNA polymerase participates intranscription.

Telomeres terminate in a 5′-TTGGGG-3′ sequence, and telomerase is capable of adding repeats to the ends, thus allowing the completion of replication without leaving a gap and shortening the chromosome following each replication

Describe the DNA base sequence arrangement at the end of the Tetrahymena chromosome and the resolution of DNA replication at the end of a linear DNA strand

UAA, UGA, UAG

During translation, which triplets signal chain termination?

E) is more readily transcribed during interphase.

Euchromatin differs from heterochromatin in that euchromatin: A) stains more strongly. B) is more tightly condensed. C) predominates in centromeres. D) predominates in telomeres. E) is more readily transcribed during interphase.

A) called heterochromatin and euchromatin

Eukaryotic chromosomes contain two general domains that relate to the degree of condensation. These two regions are ________. A) called heterochromatin and euchromatin B) uniform in the genetic information they contain C) void of introns D) separated by large stretches of repetitive DNA E) each void of typical protein-coding sequences of DNA

E) are translated into protein.

Exons are segments of a gene that: A) are transcribed into segments of mRNA that are snipped out before translation. B) occur in prokaryotic but not eukaryotic chromosomes. C) consist of RNA rather than DNA nucleotides. D) are not transcribed by RNA polymerase. E) are translated into protein.

a. a chemical component of cells could introduce a new, heritable trait to a cell

Frederick Griffith's transformation experiment showed that _____. a. a chemical component of cells could introduce a new, heritable trait to a cell b. DNA is the genetic material of viruses c. DNA is the genetic material of bacteria d. DNA is the genetic material of mice e. all of the above

C) in fragments.

In DNA replication, the lagging strand differs from the leading strand in that the lagging strand is synthesized: A) in a 5′ to 3′ direction. B) in a 3′ to 5′ direction. C) in fragments. D) using DNA polymerase. E) outside the replication bubble.

D) A-T, G-C

In DNA, here are two hydrogen bonds in an ____ base pair, and three in _____. A) A-G, T-C B) T-C, A-G C) G-C, A-T D) A-T, G-C E) A-C, U-G

b. sugar and phosphate

In a polynucleotide, the individual nucleotides are linked by bonds between _____. a. nitrogenous bases b. sugar and phosphate c. sugars d. phosphates e. nitrogenous base and sugar

A) A + C = G +T

In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of double-stranded DNA to see which bases are equivalent in concentration, which of the following would be true? A) A + C = G +T B) A = C C) A = G and C = T D) A +T = G + C E) A = G and C = T and A + C = G +T are both true

C) alphoid families

In human chromosomes, satellite DNA sequences of about 170 base pairs in length are present in tandem arrays of up to 1 million base pairs. Found mainly in centromere regions, these DNA sequences are called ________. A) telomeres B) telomere-associated sequences C) alphoid families D) euchromatic regions E) primers

FALSE

In ligase-deficient strains of E. coli, DNA and chromosomal replication are unaltered because ligase is not involved in DNA replication.

a. one old, heavy band and one new, light band

In the Meselson-Stahl experiment, if DNA is replicated conservatively, after two generations of replications there would be _____. a. one old, heavy band and one new, light band b. one "hybrid" band c. one "hybrid" band and one new, light band d. one "hybrid" band and one old, heavy band e. one old, heavy band, one new, light band, and one "hybrid" band

E) Infection with a virulent virus extract plus a protease.

In the experiments of Griffith and Avery, which combination below would result in DEAD mice? A) Infection with an avirulent virus. B) Infection with heat-treated virulent virus. C) Infection with heat-treated avirulent virus. D) Infection with a virulent virus extract plus a DNAse. E) Infection with a virulent virus extract plus a protease.

D) Infection with a virulent virus extract plus a DNAse.

In the experiments of Griffith and Avery, which combination below would result in LIVING mice? A) Infection with virulent virus. B) Infection with a mixture of heat-killed virulent virus and an avirulent virus. C) Infection with a virulent virus extract plus an RNAse. D) Infection with a virulent virus extract plus a DNAse. E) Infection with a virulent virus extract plus a protease.

A) The introns have been spliced out during mRNA processing.

It has been recently determined that the gene for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is more than 2000 kb (kilobases) in length; however, the mRNA produced by this gene is only about 14 kb long. What is a likely cause of this discrepancy? A) The introns have been spliced out during mRNA processing. B) The exons have been spliced out during mRNA processing. C) The DNA represents a double-stranded structure, whereas the RNA is single-stranded. D) When the mRNA is produced, it is highly folded and therefore less long. E) There are more amino acids coded for by the DNA than by the mRNA.

induced, spontaneous, morphological, nutritional/biochemical, behavioral, regulatory, lethal, conditional

List five general categories of mutation.

e. All of the above are true.

Telomerase _____. a. contains its own RNA template b. is a reverse transcriptase c. extends one strand of the telomere d. is responsible for helping to maintain chromosome size e. All of the above are true.

B) eukaryotes than in prokaryotes

That some organisms contain much larger amounts of DNA than are apparently "needed" and that some relatively closely related organisms may have vastly different amounts of DNA is more typical in ________. A) RNA viruses than in DNA viruses B) eukaryotes than in prokaryotes C) the alphoid rather than the diploid family D) viruses than in bacteria E) prokaryotes than in eukaryotes

A) DNA is the genetic molecule.

The Hershey and Chase experiment proved that: A) DNA is the genetic molecule. B) protein is the genetic molecule. C) viruses contain both DNA and protein. D) bacteriophages infect eukaryotic cells

A) Higher

The Tm of a double-stranded DNA with 75% GC content will be ________ compared to one with a 25% GC content. A) Higher B) Lower C) The same

53) (a) 3′, (b) 5′, (c) 3′, (d) 23S, (e) N

The accompanying drawing represents simultaneous transcription and translation in E. coli. The direction of the RNA polymerase is given by the arrow. (a) Is the letter A nearer the 5′ or the 3′ end of the molecule? (b) Is the letter B nearer the 5′ or the 3′' end of the molecule? (c) Is the letter C nearer the 5′ or the 3′' end of the tRNA molecule? (d) What is the "S" value for the large rRNA that is closest to the letter D? (e) Which terminus (N or C) of the growing polypeptide chain is nearer to the letter E?

(1) 5′ (2) gyrase (3) helicase (4) RNA (5) Okazaki fragments (6) ligase (7) lagging (8) 5′

The accompanying figure diagrams DNA replication as currently believed to occur in E. coli. From specific points, arrows lead to numbers. Answer the questions relating to the locations specified by the numbers. (1) Which end (5′ or 3′) of the molecule is here? (2) Which enzyme is probably functioning here to deal with supercoils in the DNA? (3) Which enzyme is probably functioning here to unwind the DNA? (4) Which nucleic acid is probably depicted here? (5) What are these short DNA fragments usually called? (6) Which enzyme probably functions here to couple these two newly synthesized fragments of DNA? (7) Is this strand the leading or lagging strand? (8) Which end (5′ or 3′) of the molecule is here?

D) the 5′ to 3′ polarity restriction

The discontinuous aspect of replication of DNA in vivo is caused by ________. A) trinucleotide repeats B) topoisomerases cutting the DNA in a random fashion C) polymerase slippage D) the 5′ to 3′ polarity restriction E) sister-chromatid exchanges

a) →+→>AA→+→>IGP→+→>IN→+→Try →+→>AA→+→>IGP→+→IN→+→Try ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ (b) 8 2 3 1 (c) Yes, complementation will occur because the trp-2 strain is also trp-1+ and the trp-1 strain is also trp-2+

The following table presents the effect of different media on the growth response of tryptophan mutations in Salmonella typhimurium (+= growth, - = no growth). (a) Construct the biochemical pathway for the compounds IGP, AA, IN, and TRY based on these data. (b) Place strains of bacteria (mutations) in the appropriate steps in the pathway. (c) In bacteria it is often possible to make partial diploid strains. Assume that a diploidstrain was made containing the complete genomes of the trp-2 and trp-1 strains. Would this diploid strain be able to grow on the unsupplemented medium? Explain your answer.

A) are three bases in mRNA that code for an amino acid

The genetic code is said to be triplet, meaning that there ________. A) are three bases in mRNA that code for an amino acid B) are three amino acids per base in mRNA C) may be three ways in which an amino acid may terminate a chain D) are three "nonsense" triplets E) none of the above

C) the sequence of amino acids

The primary structure of a protein is determined by ________. A) covalent bonds formed between fibroin residues B) a series of helical domains C) the sequence of amino acids D) hydrogen bonds formed between the components of the peptide linkage E) pleated sheets

C) adenine and guanine.

The purine bases of DNA are: A) cytosine and thymine. B) cytosine and adenine. C) adenine and guanine. D) guanine and cytosine. E) guanine and thymine.

A) cytosine and thymine.

The pyrimidine bases of DNA are: A) cytosine and thymine. B) cytosine and adenine. C) adenine and guanine. D) guanine and cytosine. E) guanine and thymine.

C) tRNA

The role of ______ is to carry amino acids to the ribosomes. A) DNA B) mRNA C) tRNA D) rRNA E) protein

C) α-helix and β -pleated sheet

The secondary structure of a protein includes ________. A) hydrophobic clusters B) gamma and delta C) α-helix and β -pleated sheet D) alpha and gamma E) disulfide bridges

The possibility of a change in protein function, therefore phenotype, depends on the location and chemical properties of the involved amino acid(s).

Under which condition(s) might one have an amino acid substitution in a protein that does not result in an altered phenotype?

The C-5′ to C-3′ orientations run in opposite directions

What does it mean to say that double-stranded nucleic acids are antiparallel?

a termination triplet that occurs in the coding region of a gene

What is a nonsense mutation?

B) They act in chain termination.

What is one particular function that the codons (UAA, UGA, or UAG) serve during protein synthesis? A) UAA, UGA, and UAG are initiator codons, not termination codons. B) They act in chain termination. C) They provide a substrate for the addition of the initiator amino acid. D) They allow the mRNA to assume a variety of linear conformations. E) These triplets cause frameshift mutations, but are not involved in termination

(Considered to be a unidirectional path.) DNA is long-term information storage and is replicated--->DNA is transcribed into RNA--->RNA is translated into proteins

What is the Central Dogma? Explain in words or in a simple diagram.

Tandem repetitive elements occur in a series. Dispersed repetitive elements occur in different places across the genome.

What is the difference between tandem and dispersed repetitive DNA elements?

C) AUG; methionine

What is the initiator triplet in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? What amino acid is recruited by this triplet? A) UAA, methionine B) AUG; arginine C) AUG; methionine D) UAA; no amino acid called in E) UAA or UGA; arginine

E) Temperature-sensitive

What kind of mutants did Kornberg develop to clone DNA polymerase 1 in E. coli? A) Insertional B) Transposable element C) Silent-site D) Nonsense E) Temperature-sensitive

There would be mis-incorporation of amino acids into proteins, leading to a general failure of protein synthesis.

What would be the consequences for the cell if a particular aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase was not specific for a particular amino acid?

C) there can be more than one codon for a particular amino acid

When examining the genetic code, it is apparent that ________. A) there can be more than one amino acid for a particular codon B) there are 44 stop codons because there are only 20 amino acids C) there can be more than one codon for a particular amino acid D) the code is ambiguous in that the same codon can code for two or more amino acids E) AUG is a terminating codon

B) many amino acids have more than one codon.

When scientists describe the genetic code as redundant, they mean that: A) it becomes disorganized over time. B) many amino acids have more than one codon. C) some codons specify stop signals. D) it varies with cell type. E) it varies among species

B) the code is triplet

When scientists were attempting to determine the structure of the genetic code, Crick and coworkers found that when three base additions or three base deletions occurred in a single gene, the wild-type phenotype was sometimes restored. These data supported the hypothesis that ________. A) AUG is the initiating triplet B) the code is triplet C) the code contains internal punctuation D) there are three amino acids per base E) the code is overlapping

B) A free phosphate group at the 5' end of a strand

Which of the following are NOT required for DNA replication? A) A free hydroxyl group at the 3' end of a strand B) A free phosphate group at the 5' end of a strand C) Nucleotide triphosphates D) DNA polymerase III E) RNA primase

a. Acetylation of histones

Which of the following chemical modifications is associated with increased gene activity? a. Acetylation of histones b. Methylation of DNA c. Demethylation of histones d. Phosphorylation of histones e. Phosphorylation of DNA

E) 5′-capping, 3′-poly(A) tail addition, splicing

Which of the following contains the three posttranscriptional modifications often seen in the maturation of mRNA in eukaryotes? A) heteroduplex formation, base modification, capping B) removal of exons, insertion of introns, capping C) 3′-capping, 5′-poly(A) tail addition, splicing D) 5′-poly(A) tail addition, insertion of introns, capping E) 5′-capping, 3′-poly(A) tail addition, splicing

C) the forming of peptide bonds

Which of the following events is NOT involved in mRNA processing? A) the addition of a 5′ "cap" B) the addition of a poly-A tail C) the forming of peptide bonds D) the splicing together of exons E) the removal of introns

D) mRNA transcripts are extensively modified before they leave the nucleus.

Which of the following events occurs in eukaryotic cells but NOT in prokaryotic cells? A) RNA polymerase attaches to a particular nucleotide sequence on the DNA. B) RNA is synthesized using the 3′ to 5′ DNA strand as a template. C) Two or more structural genes are transcribed onto a single RNA molecule. D) mRNA transcripts are extensively modified before they leave the nucleus. E) tRNAs, rRNAs, and mRNAs are all involved in the translation process.

C) tRNA

Which of the following molecules contains an anticodon? A) DNA B) mRNA C) tRNA D) rRNA E) protein

E) There is only one origin of replication.

Which of the following statements about DNA replication in eukaryotes is FALSE? A) It is a bidirectional process. replication. B) DNA polymerases catalyze the synthesis of the new strands. C) DNA polymerases catalyze the synthesis of the new strands. D) The two replication forks move in opposite directions away from the origin. E) There is only one origin of replication.

B) They consist of three nucleotides that bind to a codon.

Which of the following statements about promoters is FALSE? A) They are specific nucleotide sequences of DNA. B) They consist of three nucleotides that bind to a codon. C) They determine the position where RNA synthesis begins. D) They determine which DNA strand is used as a template. E) They are binding sites for RNA polymerase.

D) They are regions of active transcription.

Which of the following statements concerning telomeres is FALSE? A) They consist of simple-sequence repeated DNA. B) They are located at the ends of the chromosomes. C) They serve as caps. D) They are regions of active transcription. E) They protect the chromosome from degradation.

B) semidiscontinuous

Which of the following terms accurately describes the replication of DNA in vivo? A) nonlinear B) semidiscontinuous C) nonreciprocal D) dispersive E) conservative

B) bidirectional and fixed point of initiation

Which terms accurately reflect the nature of replication of the chromosome in E. coli? A) unidirectional and reciprocal B) bidirectional and fixed point of initiation C) multirepliconic and telomeric D) unidirectional and fixed point of initiation E) bidirectional and multirepliconic

E) It was too slow

Why was the Kornberg enzyme not likely to be the main DNA polymerase in E. coli? A) It had too high of a mutation rate B) It was too fast E) It was too slow D) It couldn't recognize promoter regions of DNA E) It used RNA primers for DNA polymerization