Exam 3 Nutrition

food sources of calcium

-Milk -Milk products -Dark green leafy vegetables -Salmon -Calcium-fortified foods such as breads and cereals

Which of the below numbers would be in the range of a normal albumin result for an adult measured in g/dL?

3.4 3.6

Based on Helena's symptoms, the clinician decides to check her hemoglobin and hematocrit levels to test for anemia. What result best describes a normal hematocrit range for a female patient?

33.8% to 43.3%

How many chromosomes make up the human genome?

46

A patient at risk of moderate malnutrition would demonstrate a weight that is what percent of usual body weight (%UBW)?

75-84%

The dietitian measures Helena's weight and notes that she weighs 115 lb. Helena remarks that she normally weighs about 125 lb and concludes that she must have lost some weight recently. Calculate Helena's percentage of usual body weight (%UBW) based on the data provided.

92%

Which type of dietary assessment provides the best results for obtaining accurate food intake data for an individual?

A combination of approaches is best.

female athlete triad

A condition consisting of three interrelated disorders: abnormal eating patterns (and excessive exercising) followed by lack of menstrual periods (amenorrhea) and decreased bone density (premature osteoporosis)

Phytochemicals

Chemicals in plant-based foods that are not nutrients but that have effects on the body.

sources of vitamin K

Dark green, leafy vegetables are good sources of vitamin K.

anthropometric measurements

Measurements or estimates of physical aspects of the body such as height, weight, circumferences, and body composition.

Iron aids in the transport of oxygen in the body. a. True b. False

Most of the iron in the body is a component of the proteins hemoglobin in red blood cells and myoglobin in muscle cells. The iron in both hemoglobin and myoglobin helps them carry and hold oxygen and then release it

Beatrice has hypertension and would like to cut salt from her diet. Which of the following statements would assist Beatrice in getting closer to a low-sodium diet?

Prepare foods with basil, curry, garlic, and oregano to add more flavor.

successful weight loss

Reducing daily energy intake, choosing foods of low energy density, and eating smaller portions are important dietary strategies for weight management. Physical activity is an integral part of a weight-management program. Physical activity can increase energy expenditure, improve body composition, help control appetite, reduce stress and stress eating, and enhance physical and psychological well-being. Behavior modification provides ways to overcome barriers to successful weight management.

What is an advantage of using a 24-hour dietary recall as part of the nutrition assessment?

Results are obtained quickly

Characteristics of a fad Diet

Sounds too good to be true. Recommends using a single food consistently as the key to the program's success. Promises quick and easy weight loss with no effort ("Lose weight while you sleep!"). Eliminates an entire food group such as grains or dairy products. Guarantees an unrealistic outcome in an unreasonable time period ("Lose 10 pounds in 2 days!"). Bases evidence for its effectiveness on anecdotal stories or testimonials. Blames weight gain on a single nutrient, such as carbohydrate, or constituent, such as gluten. Requires that you buy special products that are not readily available in the marketplace at affordable prices. Specifies a proportion for the energy nutrients that falls outside the recommended ranges—carbohydrate (45 to 65 percent), fat (20 to 35 percent), and protein (10 to 35 percent). Claims to alter your genetic code or reset your metabolism. Fails to mention potential risks or additional costs. Promotes products or procedures that have not been proven safe and effective. Neglects plans for weight maintenance following weight loss.

The FDA advises consumers to be suspicious of claims on supplements that a product cures a wide range of illnesses and is considered "natural." a. True b. False

The FDA advises consumers to be suspicious of claims that a product is "natural," uses impressive-sounding medical terms, cures a wide range of illnesses, and is an "ancient remedy." Nutrition information derived from scientific research can be trusted.

A factor that differentiates the major minerals from the minor minerals is based on their importance for health. a. True b. False

The major minerals are present and needed in larger amounts in the body than are the trace minerals.

According to the Subjective Global Assessment, how would a patient most likely be classified if they showed no significant loss of weight, fat, or muscle tissue and no dietary difficulties, functional impairments, or GI symptoms?

The patient would be classified as well-nourished

Symptoms of dehydration

The symptoms progress rapidly from thirst, to weakness, to exhaustion and delirium, and end in death if not corrected.

In what way did researchers in the field of genomics advance the understanding of how specialized diet therapies can be used to treat inherited disorders?

They determined how to study the expression of multiple genes simultaneously

Vitamin D raises calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood. A deficiency can cause rickets in children or osteomalacia in adults

Vitamin D is the most toxic of all the vitamins.

Water comprises about 25 percent of an adult's body weight.

Water constitutes about 60 percent of an adult's body weight

Electrolytes

a salt that dissolves in water and dissociates into charged particles called ions.

What is one of the roles of vitamin D?

activate blood-clotting proteins

Pica

an abnormal craving or appetite for nonfood substances, such as dirt, paint, or clay that lasts for at least 1 month

To obtain accurate weight measurements, which practice should be avoided?

asking the patient to self-report their weight if they are able

What is a chief function of copper?

assists a group of enzymes that break down reactive chemicals that harm cells is essential to the absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin

Which term describes the rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used?

bioavailability

Signs of vitamin C deficiency would most likely be demonstrated as what symptoms seen in the mouth during the nutritional assessment?

bleeding gums

food sources of iron

breads cereals dark green vegetables dried fruits egg yolk legumes liver meats organ meats

Which mineral is considered a major mineral?

calcium

Major minerals are

calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur

Tamara is lactose intolerant and avoids all dairy. Which food would provide her a good source of calcium in the diet?

calcium-fortified orange juice

symptoms of water intoxication

confusion, convulsion, coma, and even death in extreme cases.

Vitamin C toxicity symptom warrants concern?

diarrhea

What do scientists in the field of nutritional genomics study?

dietary effects on gene expression

When gathering historical information to develop a nutrition care plan for a patient, which piece of information would be included in the patient's personal and social history?

education level

energy balance

energy in = energy out

The primary symptom seen in patients with vitamin E deficiency is _____.

erythrocyte hemolysis

Feasting vs. Fasting

feasting: when excess energy is consumed, it is stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue fasting: when no food has been eaten for a while, triglycerides from adipose tissue are broken down, releasing fatty acids as an energy source

Which vitamin is water soluble?

folate

When assessing criteria for a patient's nutritional risk, which information would be included as part of the historical information?

food allergies

What is a method of obtaining a detailed log of food eaten during a specified time period? is known as a _____.

food record

functional foods

foods that have a potentially beneficial effect on health when consumed as part of a varied diet on a regular basis at effective levels

Which condition is considered a polygenic disorder in which many genes contribute to the risk of disease but no single gene is sufficient to cause the disease on its own?

heart disease

Properties of water

high polarity->hydrogen bonding-> cohesiveness-> adhesiveness ->high specific heat->high latent heat and High heat of vaporization

Free radicals are

highly reactive chemical species. species with unpaired electrons. species such as H• and •OH.

Sodium's effect on blood pressure

hypertension

Which structure is responsible for triggering drinking in response to a dry mouth?

hypothalamus

Helena, a 39-year-old female, is undergoing a nutrition assessment as part of her pre-employment health evaluation. Helena is divorced and has no children; she is preparing for her new job as an administrative assistant at a local university. Helena provides a 24-hour dietary recall to the dietitian, and states that her food intake consists of mostly grain-based foods, such as cereal, bread, English muffins, and rice. Helena was diagnosed two years ago with hyperthyroidism, and although she takes medication for her condition, it has affected her food intake and her activity levels. She tells the clinician that she tries to exercise but that she usually does not have time and that she is often too tired to do so. Based on Helena's medical and nutrition history, which nursing diagnosis would be most appropriate for her condition?

imbalanced nutrition

A goiter is caused by a deficiency of _____ which micronutrient?

iodine

Trace minerals are

iodine, iron, zinc, selenium, fluoride, chromium, copper

Which symptom can be observed in patients with a potassium deficiency?

irregular heartbeats

Which of the following is true about vitamin B12?

it requires the intrinsic factor for absorption in the small intestine.

Which organ plays the primary role in maintaining acid-base balance in body fluids?

kidney

If a nutrition screen is conducted on a patient, into which category of data would their serum protein levels fall?

laboratory test results

Helena's alkaline phosphatase levels are 36 U/L when checked through laboratory testing. Alkaline phosphatase is most commonly used to assess _____ function.

liver

Vitamin D precursors are manufactured in the _____, then travel to the _____, where they are converted into a second precursor before final conversion into the active vitamin.

liver; skin

Which phytochemical, found in tomatoes, may defend against cancer by protecting DNA from oxidative damage?

lycopene

Most of the iron in the body is a component of which protein found in muscle cells?

myoglobin

Clinical judgments about actual or potential health problems that provide the basis for selecting appropriate nursing interventions are known as _____.

nursing diagnoses

The first step in the nutrition care process is the __________.

nutrition screening

When deciding on a vitamin-mineral supplement, patients should avoid _____, because they are more expensive but not any better than standard brands.

organic products

During the nutrition diagnosis portion of the nutrition care process, the PES statement should include what data?

patient's issue, its cause, and associated symptoms

Which individuals are more likely to need vitamin-mineral supplements?

people with low energy intake

factors influencing water needs

physical activity & heat strain, altitude and cold, caffeine, alcohol, macronutrients, Na intake

Which health care professionals would most likely be involved with prescribing diet orders and making referrals for nutrition assessments?

physicians

Which mineral is most likely to be lost with the prolonged use of diuretics, steroids, or cathartics?

potassium

Cells actively maintain water amounts inside and outside the cell by pumping _____ into the cell and _____ out of the cell.

potassium; sodium

Which medical problem is associated with malnutrition?

pressure sores

What region of a gene is known as the "master switch"?

promoter

Which method of food handling will help minimize the loss of vitamins in foods?

protect milk from light

Which health care expert is specifically trained for such things as providing medical nutrition therapy, evaluating nutrition care plans, administering dietary counseling, and managing patient diets?

registered dietitian

Understanding a client's _____ contributes to the personal and social history collected as part of the nutrition assessment.

religious beliefs

Red wine has been touted as having beneficial health effects due to the disease-fighting compound _____.

resveratrol

which B vitamin is found in significant amounts in milk?

riboflavin

Sonya is a 51-year-old female with Crohn's disease who has just undergone a nutritional assessment, where it was determined that she is suffering from severe malnutrition. What data would most likely classify a patient as being severely malnourished?

severe muscle wasting

Which food contains phytoestrogens?

soymilk

peak bone mass

the genetically determined maximum amount of bone mass an individual can build up

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting

Which B vitamin is deficient in beriberi, a disease characterized by the loss of sensation in the hands and feet?

thiamin

The clinician wants to calculate Helena's BMI but she must first measure her height and weight. What should the clinician include when assessing Helena's weight to obtain the most accurate measurement?

use a beam balance scale to measure Helena's weight.

which B vitamin helps synthesize DNA for new cell growth?

vitamin B12

Beta-carotene is a plant-derived precursor to which vitamin?

vitamin K, vitamin A

Which toxicity symptom might present when a patient consumes too much fluoride?

weak, malformed bones

BMI (body mass index) formula

weight (lb) / height (in)^2 x 703

Fish and shellfish are significant sources of _____.

zinc