Exam 3 Nutrition: Vitamins & Minerals

- Need significantly less than major minerals - Daily requirement <100 mg/day - Critical for health - include iron, iodine, manganese, selenium, zinc, copper, molybdenum, fluoride, and chromium

"micro"-minerals (trace minerals)

Dietary supplements are a __________ dollar a year industry.

$30 billion/year

a Danish word meaning coagulation or clotting.

'koagulation'

a group of fat-soluble Vitamin E molecules; "to bring forth offspring"

'tocopherol'

Bioavailability in mineral absorption is affected by:

- Deficiency in a mineral - Increased need for a mineral - Binders (phytates, oxylates, polyphenols, minerals)

bioavailability of trace minerals is influenced by:

- Form of the food - Nutrition status - Age - Pregnancy

General Information on Dietary Supplement Labels include:

- Name of the product - Word "supplement" - Quantity - Manufacturer name and location - Direction for using the product

Coenzyme forms of vitamin B6

- Pyridoxal - Pyridoxine - Pyridoxamine

Independent labs test supplements. Labs do product reviews:

-NSF International (NSF) -ConsumerLab.com (CL)

UL Vitamin D

100 µg/day or 4000 IU/day

The U.S. salt company began to add iodine to salt. ______% of U.S. salt intake iodized.

15%

American Heart Association sodium recommendation:

1500mg/day

Expands FDA authority over new dietary ingredients - Has not been fully implemented

2011 Food Safety Modernization Act

UL of sodium for adults: Average intake of sodium in U.S. :

2300mg/day; 3400mg/day

_______ of muscle mass is made up of water.

3/4

UL for adults:

3000mcg RAE

________% of magnesium is found in bones.

50%-60%

Water-soluble vitamins include

8 B vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, Biotin, Folate, Vitamin B12), Vitamin C, and Choline

A review reveals an ________% reduction (of Vitamin C) in the duration of the common cold in those taking at least 200 mg/day.

8%-14%

dietary sources of vitamin A

Animal Products - liver, fish liver oil, milk, milk products, butter, eggs. - When milk is skimmed, vitamin A is lost. • Plant Products - deep yellow, orange(carrots, sweet potatoes); dark green, leafy (spinach) • Bear Liver - Arctic explorers have gotten toxic

_______________ increases total body water content by reducing water excretion.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

a peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus, with primary function of decreasing the amount of water excreted by the kidneys; stored and released in the posterior pituitary gland.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

most coenzymes in energy metabolism; a group of water-soluble vitamins that serve as coenzymes in the conversion of carbohydrates, fat, and protein into energy

B vitamins

Beta-carotene and vitamin A supplement was increasing participants' risk of lung cancer - Trial stopped

BetaCarotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET)

________ may be lower in plant-derived sources vs. animal derived in Vitamin B6

Bioavailability

Critical to keep the cycle of aerobic energy metabolism going. • Needed for the utilization of fats and amino acids and production of glucose from protein.

Biotin

Frequently sold as a supplement to prevent hair loss, scientific studies have not been able to validate this benefit: it has been shown to offset the alopecia related to drug-nutrient interactions in children taking valproic acid.

Biotin

function of vitamin D

Bone growth and maintenance, cell development, and immunity, functions as a hormone

increased levels of phosphorus associate with:

CVD and Kidney Disease

Half of the mineral composition of table salt (NaCl) • Found primarily in extracellular fluids • Involved in fluid balance • Half of hydrochloric acid (HCl) • Abundant in the diet with sodium • Overconsumption increases blood pressure

Chloride (Cl)

This is a water soluble vitamin recently considered essential. There is no RDA, however an AI of 550 mg for men and 425 mg for females is suggested. This vitamin can be made from the amino acid methionine, however, likely to be in insufficient amounts. The greatest source of this nutrient in the diet is milk, eggs, peanuts and as a part of the phospholipid lecithin. The chief function of this vitamin is in the synthesis of acetylcholine, a key neurotransmitter and a part of phospholipids in cell membrane.

Choline

Impair body's growth, work capacity, and general health • Heavy metals - Lead • Indestructible • Displaces nutrient minerals from metabolic sites • Children with iron deficiency especially vulnerable - Mercury - Cadmium

Contaminent Minerals

Arguments for Dietary Supplements:

Correct Deficiencies • Support Increased Needs • Improve Nutritional Status • Improve Body's Defenses • Reduce Disease Risk

a food plan that moderates sodium intake while increasing the intake of foods rich in potassium, calcium, and magnesium to assist with blood pressure control.

DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) Diet

Decreased intake • Decreased absorption - 10-30% older adults - Decreased production of gastric acid and intrinsic factor - cannot separate Vitamin B12 from protein foods in the stomach. - Gastric Bypass patients (regardless of age) -Pernicious Anemia -Related to cognitive decline, tingling or lack of sensation in extremities.

Deficiency of Vitamin B12 in aging

Donna is a 90-year-old Caucasian woman who has recently been diagnosed with osteoporosis after a recent fall that broke her hip. She is 64 inches tall and weighs 115 pounds. Lately she has been complaining about muscle pain in her legs. She eats a limited diet due to a chronic low appetite. Her daily diet includes juice or fruit and toast with butter for breakfast; crackers and fruit for lunch; and salad or frozen vegetable with meat or poultry for dinner. She dislikes most fish and avoids milk because she states she is lactose intolerant. She lives in Northern Montana, and she spends most days indoors. The doctor believes she is deficient in this vitamin.

Deficient in Vitamin D

Food or substance that supplements the diet and contains one or more dietary ingredients or their constituents; (including Vitamins, minerals, herbs, other botanicals, amino acids, or enzymes)

Dietary supplements

Zinc Supplement case study: Diets heavy in bread and grains oHigh in phytates that bind iron and zinc - Growth retardation and delayed sexual maturation

Dr. Prasad

Kimani the gorilla

Dying from vitamin D deficiency • Has rickets - Bone malformation and muscle weakness • Treated with tenfold the normal dose of vitamin D supplementation

- Hyponatremia - Confusion - Nausea - Vomiting - Bloating - Swelling around the brain

Excess water without electrolytes

The ______ does not monitor quality, potency, purity, or efficacy. Supplement manufacturers are required to report serious harmful effects to this administration. This administration also does not regulate terms "pure," "natural," or "quality assured."

FDA

Food sources of vitamin B12

Fish • Animal products • Milk • Vitamin B12 fortified soy milk

FMN: accept/donate hydrogens during energy metabolism from the TCA cycle and delivers to the electron transport chain.

Flavin mononucleotide

Found in bones and teeth - Prevention of dental caries - Stabilizes bone structure • Not an essential nutrient

Fluoride

From October 1944-May 1945 is known as the Dutch Hunger Winter, a time when the Germans had blocked the transport of food in the Netherlands. • Babies conceived during the famine were twice as likely to have spinal defects like spina bifida. • Years after WWII, researchers have learned of the critical need for this vitamin during the first weeks of pregnancy because it is required for a number of metabolic processes acting as a coenzyme in the metabolism of certain amino acids and needed for DNA and RNA synthesis, cell division and development.

Folate

Anemia • Neural Tube Defects • Poor Growth • Gastrointestinal disturbances • ?Heart Disease

Folate Deficiency

Rare • From high dose supplements • Masks a vitamin B12 deficiency • May delay diagnosis of neurological damage

Folate Toxicity

Vitamin C food sources

Fruits/Vegetables • Raw have higher density • Potato

1. Carries nutrients and waste products 2. Maintains structure of large molecules 3. Participates in metabolic reactions 4. Serves as a solvent 5. Acts as a lubricant and cushion 6. Aids in regulation of body temperature 7. Maintains blood volume

Functions of Water

small amounts of biotin are produced by _________.

GI bacteria

any substance intentionally added to food that is generally recognized, among qualified experts, as having been adequately shown to be safe under the conditions of its intended use; not subject to premarket review and approval by the FDA.

Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS)

The BetaCarotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) was conducted by:

Gilbert Omenn

functions of vitamin D

Helps bone growth and maintenance (*) • Acts as a hormone • Regulates calcium • Regulates protein synthesis • Possibly regulates cardiovascular function • Further research relates Vitamin D to reduced risk of cancers, autoimmune disease, kidney disease, type 2 diabetes.

Vitamin K deficiency

Hemorrhaging

a type of dietary supplement that includes plants (botanicals), singly or in combination; Usually consist of dried preparations of flowers, leaves, roots, bark, and/or seeds

Herbal supplements

Who Benefits from taking dietary supplements?

Infants and children (vitamin D) • Women who may become pregnant (folic acid) • Pregnant women (folic acid and multivitamin) • Vegans (vitamin B12, calcium, iron, and zinc) • Those who do not consume dairy products (vitamin D and calcium) • Adults older than 50 years (vitamins B12 and D)

May be difficult to isolate one deficiency; poor food choices can lead to multiple deficiencies

Interdependencies of B Vitamins

component of thyroid hormones (trace mineral)

Iodine

Hypothyroidism - Slow metabolic rate - Goiter • Cretinism - Mental retardation, deafness, stunted growth, and other abnormalities - Mild forms of iodine deficiency in pregnancy can affect neurological development

Iodine deficiency

UL = 1,100 mcg • Excessive intake can cause : goiter, hypothyroidism, and elevated TSH

Iodine excessive intake

Cause gastrointestinal distress - Diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting - causes apathy, fatigue, liver damage, and immune problems • Iron poisoning - Unintentional death in children - Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rapid heartbeat, dizziness, shock, and confusion

Iron toxicity

a condition characterized by fatigue, decreased immune function, and impaired development, due to reduced levels of iron containing hemoglobin in red blood cells and, therefore, decreased oxygen transport around the body; caused by blood loss; insufficient iron intake (vegan, dieters, low bioavailability); high-risk groups with increased needs include children, pregnant/menstruating women, and athletes who train on a regular basis may be at risk

Iron-deficiency anemia

Folate Food Sources

Legumes • Fruits • Vegetables • Grains - through fortification

food sources of biotin

Liver (3 oz = 27-35 mcg) • Egg yolks (1 cooked = 13-25 mcg)

Food sources of Niacin

Meat, poultry, fish, legumes, enriched and whole grains

food sources of vitamin B6

Meats • Fish • Poultry

a type of anemia characterized by larger-than-normal red blood cells; usually caused by folate or vitamin B12 deficiency; disrupts DNA synthesis and therefore impairs cell division of red blood cells and other rapidly dividing cells in the body.

Megaloblastic anemia

Calcium Food Sources

Milk and milk products Small fish with bones Tofu Greens (bok choy, broccoli, chard, kale) Legumes

Riboflavin food sources

Milk/milk products • Dark green, leafy vegetables • Nutritional yeast

Folic Acid prevents _________. Taken 1 month before conception and continued throughout first trimester of pregnancy • All women of childbearing age recommended to take 400 µg folate daily. • Grains must be fortified to deliver folate

Neural Tube Defects

metabolic activity; Protects against neurological degeneration; Unique in that it can be made from the amino acid tryptophan

Niacin

One of first detectable signs of Vitamin A deficiency. • The retina does not receive enough retinal to regenerate visual pigments. • Lost ability to recover from temporary blindness. • caused by a lack of vitamin A at the back of the eye (retina). Remain blinded for many seconds after a flash of light occurs; vision does not recover

Night Blindness

Work cooperatively with one another • Actions are most often interactions - Most foods deliver multiple nutrients

Nutrients (as a whole)

- helps to decrease bone turnover and protects against fractures.

Osteocalcin Metabolism

Part of the chemical structure of Coenzyme A - a critical compound necessary for: - Energy Metabolism - Lipid synthesis - Neurotransmitter synthesis - Cholesterol synthesis - Steroid hormones

Pantothenic Acid

Deficiency of this vitamin is rare, because it is widespread in foods. When a deficiency is noted, there is a general failure of all body systems because this vitamin is used as an essential part of a major compound used throughout metabolic pathways. 'Burning Foot Syndrome' is a known deficiency symptom identified in POWs during WWII. Other deficiency symptoms include fatigue, GI distress and neurological disturbances.

Pantothenic Acid Deficiency

Niacin Deficiency that include the 4 D's (diarrhea, death, dermatitis, dementia)

Pellagra

a condition caused by a failure to produce intrinsic factor, resulting in Vitamin B12 malabsorption

Pernicious anemia

Forms of dietary supplements

Pill, capsule, tablet, liquid, powder, and bar

Mild forms - Increase risk of hypertension, stroke, and heart attacks • Severe depletion causes hypokalemia - Usually from excessive fluid loss through vomiting, diarrhea, use of diuretics, or kidney disorders - Fatigue - Muscle weakness - Abnormal heart rhythms - Increased calcium excretion - Reduced insulin production

Potassium Deficiency

Only from supplement misuse or in end stage kidney failure • Symptoms - Low heart rate - Abnormal heart rhythm • Supplementation should be prescribed and monitored by a health-care provider

Potassium Toxicity

DASH diet includes these sources:

Potassium rich fruits, vegetables, low-fat milk products, whole grains, nuts, poultry, fish; reduced intake of sodium, red and processed meats, sweets and sugarcontaining beverages.

small amounts necessary for good health -absorption occurs in the small intestine -following absorption they leave the small intestine in chylomicrons -often present in fatty portion of foods -stored in tissue; toxicity can occur when consumed in excess -dissolved in lipid

Properties of Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Tips for choosing a multivitamin supplement:

Read the label carefully • Look for quality products • Look for the expiration date • Consider formulas for men, women, and age groups • Do not overdo it

The manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that the product is safe, unadulterated, produced with good manufacturing practices, and properly and truthfully marked with a label - Dietary ingredients have to be federally regulated and GRAS (generally recognized as safe)

Regulated by a 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)

A 45 year old male alcoholic presented with complaints of sore eyes, sore tongue, cracks in the corners of the mouth and poor appetite. His typical diet was very poor - mostly empty calorie sources such as soda and alcohol. On the rare occasion when he would drink milk, his milk was purchased from a local dairy that kept the milk in glass jars. He is deficient in this nutrient.

Riboflavin deficiency example

a condition caused by vitamin D deficiency, characterized by "bowed" legs due to impaired bone mineralization, softening of bones, skeletal malformations, and muscular weakness

Rickets

Vitamin D deficiency may increase risk of:

Rickets (in children) • Osteomalacia (in adults) • Cancer • Autoimmune disease • Kidney disease • Type 2 diabetes • Cardiovascular disease

electrolytes that maintain fluid balance in the body include ___________, ___________, and ___________.

Sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chloride (Cl)

Foods depend depend upon iodine content of the ______. (Iodine was deficient in this in WWI in Michigan)

Soil

Vitamin A in reproduction and growth

Sperm development • Normal fetal development during pregnancy • Bone growth - remodeling - Vitamin A participates in dismantling

Are Supplements Harmful?

Studies Examining Multivitamin/Mineral Supplements on powerpoint

Let the Supplement Buyer Beware:

Supplements are important for some individuals but not tightly regulated • Potential effects may not be understood • Weigh benefits versus risks

B vitamins include:

Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pantothenic acid (B5), Pyridoxine (B6), Biotin (B7), Folate (B9), Cobalamin (B12)

Arguments Against Dietary Supplements:

Toxicity • Life-Threatening MisInformation • Unknown needs • False sense of security • Bioavailability and antagonistic actions

Riboflavin is heat stable. ____________ and irradiation destroy riboflavin.

Ultraviolet light

This convention sets standards and provides steals of quality.

United States Pharmacopeia Convention (USP)

Strategies to prevent heart disease:

Use unsaturated, nonhydrogenated fats - Select foods rich in omega-3 faty acids - Eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, nuts, whole grains , low in refined products - Combine with exercise, weight control and not smoking

food sources of vitamin E

Vegetable oils • Products made from vegetable oils • Wheat germ oil • Nuts (Almonds) • Egg yolks • Leafy, dark green vegetables

Hypovitaminosis A - Night blindness - Permanent blindness - Impaired immunity - Rough, dry, or scaly skin - Keratinization

Vitamin A deficiency

This vitamin is found naturally in foods bound to food proteins. Stomach acids separate the vitamin from the proteins. Intrinsic factor, a protein produced in the stomach is needed to bind to this vitamin to allow absorption in the small intestine. Animal sources of this vitamin are the only natural sources and therefore vegan vegetarians must take care in achieving adequate amounts from enriched foods or supplements. This vitamin is necessary to activate folate to allow DNA synthesis and cell division as well as maintains the sheath around nerve fibers.

Vitamin B12

DNA/RNA synthesis • Surrounds and protects nerve fibers and promotes normal growth of nerve fibers • Bone cell activity & metabolism

Vitamin B12 functions

Foods high in this vitamin include meat, fish and poultry - which makes sense as this vitamin helps with the metabolism of proteins. It also helps to release glucose from glycogen, helps transfer amino groups to form non-essential amino acids and aids in the production of red blood cells. With limited amounts of this vitamin, early signs and symptoms include depression and confusion. Alcohol destroys this vitamin.

Vitamin B6

Neurological Damage • > 2 grams vitamin B6/day

Vitamin B6 toxicity

Easily bleeding gums • Pinpoint hemorrhages due to easily broken capillaries • Scurvy - further hemorrhaging, degenerating muscles, rough, brown, scaly and dry skin, non-healing wounds, poor bone rebuilding, fractures, loose teeth, anemia, infections, depression, hysteria

Vitamin C deficiency

Raises blood concentration of calcium • Calcium precipitates in soft tissues • Stones form, especially kidneys • May harden blood vessels, major arteries • Can lead to death

Vitamin D Toxicity

sources of vitamin D (diagram on powerpoint):

Vitamin D fortified milk • Egg yolks • Fatty fish - salmon, mackerel, sardines • Vitamin D fortified soy milk, cereals *10-20 minutes sun exposure with SPF 15-30 sunscreen is sufficient. *5-10 minutes 2-3x/week to hands, face, arms on a clear day should be sufficient.

This vitamin plays a key role in breaking the chain of oxidation caused by free radicals. Because it is fatsoluble, it is a key anti-oxidant and protectant within cell membranes and in lipoproteins, such as LDL

Vitamin E

Red blood cells break and spill contents, probably related to oxidation of PUFA in membranes. • Erythrocyte Hemolysis • Hemolytic Anemia

Vitamin E deficiency

Immediately after Jenny was born, she received an injection of this vitamin as per protocol to prevent against hemorrhagic disease - this vitamin helps with blood clotting in addition to bone formation . Newborns have a limited supply of this vitamin. A small percentage of newborns are at risk for hemorrhaging early in life.

Vitamin K

Marion's physician was advising her to avoid extreme fluctuations in the foods containing this vitamin as it could interfere with her blood thinning medication, coumadin.

Vitamin K

Green vegetables, specifically dark green • Cabbage • Vegetable Oils • Milk *Bacterial synthesis in the GI tract*

Vitamin K food sources

- Dehydration - Nausea - Dizziness - Elevated temperature

Water deficiency

-caused by thiamin deficiency -Alcohol Abuse - Up to 80% Chronic Alcohol Abusers show signs of deficiency - Can result in severe neurological disturbances.

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome:

thiamin food sources

Whole grain, fortified, enriched grain products • Pork • Can leach into water when cooked in excess amounts

Food sources of pantothenic acid

Widespread in Foods • Beef • Poultry

During ___________, 64.4% of people in Michigan showed signs of goiter.

World War I

Excessive intake can lead to nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, copper deficiency, reduced immune function, and altered iron function

Zinc Toxicity

Symptoms - Impaired immune function - Appetite loss and weight loss - Delayed sexual maturation - Stunted growth - Severe deficiency can result in hair loss, diarrhea, infertility in males, and impaired neurological and behavioral function • At-risk groups - Alcoholics - Vegetarians - Elderly • Alcohol decreases absorption and increases excretion • Phytates inhibit absorption

Zinc deficiency

- Supports the work of hundreds of proteins - Stabilizes cell membranes and DNA - Immune function - Growth and development - Synthesis, storage, and release of insulin - Blood clotting - Thyroid hormone function - Behavior and learning performance

Zinc's role in the body

Growth & wound healing (trace minerals)

Zinc, manganese

physiological effect of niacin toxicity

a normal dose of a nutrient provides a normal blood concentration

Vitamin C is an ____________ and loses electrons easily.

antioxidant

a substance that prevents damage to cells by inhibiting the oxidation caused by free radicals;

antioxidant

a substance that prevents damage to cells by inhibiting the oxidation caused by free radicals; plant forms of vitamin A--> carotenoids and betacarotene

antioxidant

beta-carotene is an ____________, protecting the body from disease.

antioxidant

function of vitamin E

antioxidant

examples of ultratrace minerals:

arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon, vanadium

-improves the health of mucosa in the gut -retrieves some energy from undigested carbohydrates -synthesizes vitamin K, folate, biotin -displaces pathogenic ("bad") bacteria -reduces carcinogens in the colon -enhances mineral absorption -promotes immune system health

benefits of probiotics

a condition characterized by extreme weakness; caused by thiamin deficiency; Victims of this disease experienced weight loss, muscle weakness pain, emotional disturbances; in some cases fluid collects in the legs, taxing the circulatory system, enlarging the heart and causing heart failure. The disease can be fatal. Up to 80% of patients died.

beriberi

a pigment found in plants, and a precursor to vitamin A

beta-carotene

the degree to which nutrients can be absorbed and utilized by the body.

bioavailability

activates protein including prothrombin, a precursor to thrombin

blood clotting

function of vitamin K

blood clotting and bone formation

Salt has a greater effect on __________ than either sodium or chloride alone.

blood pressure

bone tissue is continually remodeled as some cells break down bone and others rebuild it.

bone remodeling

the process of continuous bone breakdown and rebuilding, which is required for bone maintenance and repair.

bone remodeling

increases absorption of calcium in the intestine; active form of vitamin D

calcitriol

the most abundant mineral in the body (99% in bone and teeth; 1% in body cells and fluids)

calcium

In tap water, hard water contains ________ and ________, while soft water contains _________.

calcium and magnesium; sodium

Vitamin D in Bone growth assists with the absorption of ________ and _________, maintaining blood concentrations. (Increased absorption GI tract, resorption in the kidneys, mobilization in the bones).

calcium and phosphorus

Vitamin D helps maintain:

calcium con concentrations in the blood

- Strengthening bone and teeth - Blood clotting - Hormone secretion - Muscle contraction - Nerve transmission

calcium functions

the balance between the actions of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and the kidneys to tightly control serum calcium levels.

calcium homeostasis

bone formation and maintenance includes the minerals:

calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus

a group of pigments synthesized by plants, algae, and some bacteria and fungi; examples include carotenes and xanthophylls

carotenoids

cells develop specific functions characteristic of their cell type.

cell differentiation

a popular dietary supplement; inconclusive data of tis functions in the body; essential nutrient

chromium

may enhance insulin function (trace mineral)

chromium

nonprotein inorganic substances that enable enzymes to carry out chemical reactions

co-factor

Biotin is a __________ in energy metabolism.

coenzyme

Riboflavin acts as a _________ in many reactions.

coenzyme

a compound that binds to a protein (enzyme) and is required for its function or activity

coenzyme

B Vitamins function as ____________.

coenzymes

functions as a co-factor in oxygen-dependent enzymes in the body

copper

required for enzyme function (trace minerals)

copper, iron, zinc, molybdenum, manganese, selenium

bone health (trace minerals)

copper, manganese

one of two roles in vision; maintains the outer window

cornea

a condition characterized by arrested mental and physical development; can be caused by severe iodine deprivation during fetal growth.

cretinism

The loss of bone mineral, or ____________, causes bones to become fragile and increases the risk of bone breakage.

decreased bone density

water deficiency resulting from fluid losses that exceed intake.

dehydration

a system established to account for the differences in bioavailability between folic acid in dietary supplements or foods, and folate found naturally in food

dietary folate equivalent (DFE)

symptoms of dehydration include:

dizziness, fatigue, headache, irritation, thirst, cramps, nausea

Fluoride sources:

drinking water (most bottled waters lack fluoride), fish, dental products

electrically charged minerals (ions) dissolved in body fluids that balance the fluid outside the cells with the fluid inside the cells.

electrolytes

a series of reactions in the body that result in energy production; the chemical reactions that break down carbohydrates, fats and proteins to release energy and the reactions that use energy to build molecules and carry out body processes

energy metabolism

a process used to replace some of the B vitamins (and iron) that are extracted from grains when they are refined

enrichment

vitamin A helps protect against skin damage; consists of skin, mucous membrane, and goblet cells

epithelial cells

What is Vitamin K essential for?

essential for the synthesis of prothrombin and several other clotting factors. Blood clots are formed by a cascade of reactions, with each step creating a compound that activates the next step.

metabolic activity in Niacin

essential in energy transfer reactions, metabolism of glucose, fat, alcohol

Vitamin D, which functions as a hormone in the body, is actually not considered an ______________ in the diet unless there is inadequate sun exposure because it can be synthesized from cholesterol through exposure of the skin to UV light;

essential nutrient

The majority of sodium and chloride ions are found in ___________ fluid, and potassium ions are highest in __________ fluid.

extracellular fluid; intracellular fluid

essential micronutrients; vitamins A, D, E, and K; soluble in fat, require the presence of bile for absorption, and are stored in body tissue

fat-soluble vitamins

FAD: accept/donate hydrogens during energy metabolism from the TCA cycle and delivers to the electron transport chain.

flavin adenine dinucleotide

hardens tooth enamel (trace mineral)

fluoride

fluorosis, dental and skeletal

fluoride toxicity

Can cause megaloblastic anemia • In pregnancy there is increased risk of neural tube defects

folate deficiency

necessary for red blood cell production and neural tube formation

folic acid

the addition of vitamins and/or minerals to a food product

fortification

molecules that are naturally formed in the body or present in the environment that have an unpaired electron; at high levels they damage cells, including DNA, through a process called oxidation

free radicals

Richest food sources of potassium:

fresh foods, fruits, and vegetables

a food that provides additional health benefits beyond basic nutrition that may reduce disease risk or promote good health

functional food

promotes vision; protein synthesis and cell differentiation; supports reproduction and regulates growth

functions of Vitamin A

Cofactor in more than 300 chemical reactions • Transport of ions across cell membranes - muscle contraction, nerve impulse conduction, and maintaining heart rhythm • Extracting energy from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats • Protein production • Activating vitamin D • Bone health

functions of magnesium

Antioxidant; neutralizes free radicals and breaks the chain of oxidative damage

functions of vitamin E

synthesize and secrete mucus

goblet cells

enlargement of the thyroid gland, most often caused by lack of Iodine in the diet

goiter

Biotin is present in a wide variety of foods and can also be produced in very small amounts by our own ____________.

gut bacteria

magnesium intakes include ______ water contributions.

hard water

people who are especially vulnerable to vitamin D deficiency are those who:

have dark skin, live north, drink little or no milk, participate in indoor activity

iron derived from hemoglobin, smaller extent myoglobin; the most bioavailable form of dietary iron; found in red meats, fish, and poultry; heme group- iron central and binds to oxygen

heme iron

a protein in red blood cells that contain iron and carries oxygen to tissues

hemoglobin

Vitamin functions as a ________ to regulate calcium metabolism. Together with parathyroid hormone, vitamin D tightly controls blood (serum) concentrations of calcium.

hormone

a high level if calcium in the blood

hypercalcemia

caused y overconsumption of sodium; blood pressure of at least 140/90 mmHg most of the time; a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and stroke

hypertension

Vitamin A toxicity; can cause osteoperosis; comes mostly from supplements

hypervitaminosis A

decreased blood levels of potassium

hypokalemia

condition due to overconsumption of water; a condition characterized by a low serum sodium concentration and clinical signs of confusion, nausea, vomiting, bloating, and swelling around the brain; may be seen in athletes who consume excess water with no sodium.

hyponatremia

summary of trace minerals chart

in textbook

Regulation of Blood Calcium Diagram

in textbook/powerpoint

possible caused of vitamin deficiencies

inadequate intake, decreased absorption, decreased utilization in cells, increased requirements, increased breakdown, increased losses and excretion

Vitamin K is produced by bacteria in the ___________.

intestine (GI tract)

2/3 of water is _________ and 1/3 of water is _________.

intracellular; extracellular

________ deficiency remains one of the most important public health issues globally

iodine

elements that carry a positive or negative charge

ions

mineral important in reproduction, growth, and healing

iron (Fe)

Symptoms: - Tired, out of breath, poor performance, and slow cognitive and social development 'Anemia': the oxygen carrying capacity of RBC is inadequate - 'Iron Deficiency Anemia': caused by inadequate iron related to inadequate hemoglobin Link with obesity

iron deficiency

most common nutrient deficiency (30% of world's population deficient)

iron deficiency

pregnant women must be cautious of vitamin A toxicity because:

it may cause birth defects; found in animal foods and supplements

Active vitamin D and parathyroid hormone decrease calcium excretion by the _________.

kidneys

Food sources of magnesium:

legumes, seeds, nuts (peanuts), and leafy green vegetables (spinach), whole wheat bread, brown rice, mackerel, buckwheat groats

Vitamin D (calcitriol) must be metabolized to its active form by the _____ and _______. The final activation step is in the ______.

liver and kidneys; kidneys

Fat-soluble vitamins are transported in the body via the ________, and excess intake is stored in fatty tissues and the ________ from which the vitamins are released when needed

lymph; liver

minerals with a daily requirement of 100 milligrams or more: sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sulfur

major minerals

functions as a co-factor for enzymes involved in antioxidant functions, and is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, cholesterol, and amino acids.

manganese

essential dietary constituents needed in small quantities for human health, such as vitamins and minerals.

micronutrients

inorganic individual chemical elements; there are 16 of them considered essential in human nutrition with diverse regulatory and structural functions

minerals

a co-factor for only four enzymes

molybdenum

Riboflavin deficiency includes the inflammation of the:

mouth, skin, eyes, GI tract

a protein (in muscle cells) that functions to provide oxygen to muscles; contains less iron than hemoglobin; provides dark red color to meat

myoglobin

chemical substances involved in transmitting signals between nerve cells

neurotransmitters

the total amount of niacin that is provided by a food from both the preformed vitamin and that which can be synthesized in the body from tryptophan in the food

niacin equivalents (NEs)

iron assists enzymes- acts as a cofactor; iron derived from plant foods (lentils, beans, dried fruits, whole grain and fortified grain products), but it is also present in specific quantities in meat and fish; less bioavailable than heme iron; absorption is enhanced with Vitamin C or meat, fish, poultry; bound by phytates, soy protein

non-heme iron

Potentially Effective Botanical Supplements and Possible Adverse Effects Diagram

on powerpoint

fibrin, thrombin, prothrombin in blood clotting diagram

on powerpoint

megaloblastic anemia diagram

on powerpoint

rhodospin diagram

on powerpoint/ textbook

Antidiuretic Hormone and Water Balance Diagram

on powerpoint/textbook

sources of free radicals and their effects diagram

on powerpoint/textbook

prebiotics examples

onions, kidney beans, leeks, garlic, rye, oats, etc.

a process which water passes between intracellular and extracellular spaces (or compartments) through cellular membranes. Water moves by this based on the concentration of solutes.

osmosis

the adult form of rickets, characterized by softening and weakening of bones (brittle bones) accompanied by pain in the pelvis, lower back, and legs

osteomalacia

a condition characterized by low bone mineral density; bone density has begun to dwindle but is not yet considered dangerous.

osteopenia

a bone disease in which the bone density and total mass are decreased, leading to porous bones, increased fragility, and susceptibility to fractures; bone density becomes critical and frequent fractures become likely.

osteoporosis

a loss of electrons; in the body, this results in damage to cells

oxidation

a hormone released from the parathyroid gland in response to low serum calcium levels

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

a disease caused by niacin deficiency and characterized by the three Ds- dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia

pellagra

abundant in EVERY cell of the body - Bone and Teeth - Acid/base balance - DNA and RNA - Energy metabolism - Helps transport lipids in the blood - Phospholipids - Enzymes

phosphorus

second most abundant mineral in the body.

phosphorus

Calcium contains poor bioavailability because of ________, which bind: spinach, rhubarb, swiss chard

phytates

reflect mineral content of the soil

plants

Diets low in ________ raise blood pressure and risk of stroke.

potassium

primary electrolyte in cells

potassium

- mineral that helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance - Helps maintain cell integrity - Aids in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction - May counter effects of excess sodium on blood pressure

potassium functions

normal iodine levels vs. iodine deficiency diagram

powerpoint

vitamins already present in their active form

preformed

_______ deficiency of vitamin E is rare. ________ deficiency of vitamin E is related to fat malabsorption seen with steatorrhea (ex: cystic fibrosis)

primary deficiency; secondary deficiency

__________ deficiency in vitamin K is rare. _________ deficiency in vitamin K includes fat malabsorption and drug interaction which disrupts vitamin K synthesis and action; antibiotics kill vitamin K producing bacteria in the GI tract

primary deficiency; secondary deficiency

Live bacteria that provide health benefits when administered in adequate amounts. These bacteria may be in foods, pills, or creams. (ex: fermented dairy products liek yogurts with live cultures)

probiotics

sodium sources:

processed foods, table salt, restaurant foods

found in meat and plant foods, many are co-factor enzymes, very little digestion needed, absorbed mostly in the small intestine, circulated in blood, less than 100mg is required daily

properties of trace minerals

small amount necessary for good health, all except choline function as coenzymes, most circulate feely in blood, many are easily destroyed or removed during food storage or preparation, not stored in large amounts in tissues; toxicity generally does not occur, dissolve in water (organic)

properties of water-soluble vitamins

The antioxidant vitamin C functions:

protects against oxidative stress; enhances iron absorption by protecting iron from oxidation; aids in hormone production; assists in collage formation

Best sources of phosphorus:

protein-rich foods (meat/fast food), dairy (milk/cheese), nuts, seeds, liver, canned fish, cola

the inactive form (or precursor) of a vitamin that requires conversion to the active form to fulfill biological functions in the body.

provitamin

Rare deficiencies of biotin may be caused by eating _________.

raw egg whites

Iron is _______ in the body using bone marrow, red blood cells, and the liver. (diagram on powerpoint)

recycled

Normal red blood cells are small, containing only cytoplasm packed with hemoglobin. However, In folate (vitamin B12) deficiency, red blood cells are:

relatively large (macrocytic), irregularly shaped, and often have a nucleus.

the process of transporting oxygen from the air to the cells within tissues (inhalation) and transporting carbon dioxide from cells to the air (exhalation).

respiration

one in two roles of vision; participates in the conversion of light energy into nerve impulses at the retina

retina

a form of vitamin A that is critical for vision and is derives from the conversion of retinol in the body.

retinal

a form of vitamin A derived from retinal; essential for growth and development

retinoic acid

the active form of vitamin A in animal and fortified foods; the form of vitamin A stored in the body and transported between tissues

retinol

measure of vitamin A activity; accounts for differences in bioavailability between performed vitamin A (retinol) and provitamin A carotenoids

retinol activity equivalents (RAE)

a pigment in the retina that absorbs light and triggers nerve impulses to the brain for vision

rhodospin

water-soluble vitamins in blood health:

riboflavin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12

For centuries, up to 2/3 of a ships crew could die of _________ during a long journey. This deficiency of Vitamin C caused anemia, bleeding gums, weakness, fatigue, fragile bones, impaired wound healing and lowered immunity. On a long journey - perishable foods would be used up first, then only meats and cereals would be used for the rest of the journey. Dr. James Lind a British naval physician conducted an experiment: 12 sailors with this disease were divided into pairs: Cider, vinegar, sulfuric acid, seawater, oranges & lemons, laxative 50 years later, all British sailors were required to consume lemon or lime juice daily .. 'limeys' to prevent the disease.

scurvy

a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C resulting in bleeding gums, bruising, joint pain, and impaired wound healing

scurvy

Sources of iodine:

seafood, milk, processed grains

functions as a co-factor for several antioxidant enzymes and with other selenium-dependent enzymes in the activation of thyroid hormone; essential for normal growth

selenium

antioxidant activity (trace minerals)

selenium, zinc, copper, manganese

are objective evidence of disease that observed by health care professionals, such as a rash or abnormal blood tests

signs

Increases in activity level, altitude, and ambient temperature or humidity will greatly increase water losses via the __________ and _________.

skin and lungs

Biotin deficiency signs and symptoms include:

skin rash, hair loss, and neurological impairments

Vitamin D deficiency in elderly

skin, liver, kidneys lose ability to make and activate Vitamin D

the availability of a substance (solute) to dissolve in a solution (solvent)

solubility

a dissolved substance (ex: salt in the water/salt combination).

solute

a liquid substance that is capable of dissolving another substance (ex: water in the water/salt combination).

solvent

In 1914 there was a mhsterious epidemic in the ______________. Symptoms included scaly skin, mouth sores, diarrhea, confusion, and ultimately mental deterioration. In 1915 it was discovered that diet had effect--> niacin deficiency (ex: prisoners)

southern US

a mineral that occurs in our diet as a component of other compounds; present in the vitamins thiamin and biotin; present in two of the amino acids (cysteine and methionine) that are found in our body's proteins, as well as those that we eat.

sulfur (S)

package label that must indicate that the product is a supplement, not a conventional food, and must include serving size, the percent of Daily Value that a particular ingredient or nutrient provides per serving, nondietary components, and a list of the product's dietary ingredients. It also may include cautionary statements about potential side effects.

supplement facts panel

safe range of intake of trace minerals narrow; intake above the UL through __________.

supplements

are subjective evidence of disease that are experienced by the individual that only they can perceive, such as a stomachache or fatigue

symptoms

minerals in foods include:

tap water, plants, animal foods, processed and refined foods, whole/unprocessed foods are best

Multiple Diagrams in textbook

textbook

Assists in energy metabolism • Special site on nerve cell membranes needed for the production of neurotransmitters • Required for DNA/RNA synthesis -The vitamin portion of the coenzyme TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate)

thiamin

water-soluble vitamins in DNA and RNA synthesis:

thiamin, niacin, folate

water-soluble vitamins in nerve and muscle function:

thiamin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin C, choline

water-soluble vitamins in coenzyme in energy metabolism:

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, Vitamin B6, biotin, vitamin B12

water-soluble vitamins in coenzyme functions:

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, biotin, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin C

a gland located in the neck that releases the iodine-containing thyroid hormones, involved in metabolism.

thyroid gland

a hormone released from the anterior pituitary that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and secrete thyroid hormones

thyroid-stimulating hormone

In a suburb of Philadelphia a young mother who was concerned about giving her 10 month old daughter adequate fruits and vegetables started to notice her baby's skin turning orange.

too much vitamin A

minerals with a daily requirement of less than 100 milligrams (sometimes called microminerals)

trace minerals

minerals with a daily requirement of less than 100 milligrams: iron, zinc, copper, iodine, selenium, molybdenum, fluoride, manganese, chromium

trace minerals

Vitamin B6 is Valuable in amino acid metabolism because it can ____________; can make nonessential amino acids

transfer amino groups

When maintaining fluid balance in the body, electrolytes:

transmit nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and transport nutrients.

minerals that are found in the body, but not considered "essential" at this time.

ultratrace minerals

deficiency and toxicity in phosphorus are:

unlikely/rare (but the US may be over-consuming)

function of vitamin A

vision and cell differentiation, functions as a hormone

a 9 year old girl was having trouble seeing, especially at night and was beginning to have increasing episodes of infectious disease. In addition, her skin was developing hard and scaly patches.

vitamin A deficiency

Excess of plant sources does not cause toxicity • Beta-carotene can turn your skin yellow

vitamin A toxicity

releases glucose from glycogen

vitamin B6

Recommendations for ____________ are set generously above the minimum requirement and well below the toxicity level.

vitamin C

added to foods to prevent oxidation and spoiling; easily destroyed by storage and cooking.

vitamin C

water-soluble vitamin as an antioxidant:

vitamin C

GI distress • Diarrhea • Gout • Kidney Stones • Counteract anticlotting meds

vitamin C toxicity

"sunshine vitamin"; made in skin; from cholesterol and UV light; not enough sun exposure makes it essential to consume in the diet; activated in the kidneys and liver

vitamin D

Caused by high supplement intake • Increases tendency to bleed

vitamin E toxicity

organic compounds (containing both carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds) that are required in small quantities for specific functions, such as the maintenance of regulatory and metabolic processes in the body.

vitamins

an essential nutrient central to all body functions

water

vitamins that disperse easily in water-based solutions; includes the B vitamins, vitamin C, and the vitamin-like nutrient choline

water-soluble vitamins

pharmological effect of niacin toxicity

when a large dose overwhelms the body and raises blood concentrations to abnormally high levels. ('Niacin Flush': 3-4x RDA • Dilates capillaries, painful tingling sensation)

A common link that Eijkman discovered was the use of the Indonesian ___________ in those afflicted with the disease. Those that had received whole brown rice did not get the disease. The white rice has been stripped in the nutrients found in the hulls.

white "polished" rice (refined)

functional foods include:

whole foods as well as fortified food products; (ex: orange juice, blueberries/blackberries, yogurt, margarine, and tomatoes)

Vegetarians needs are doubled for the trace minerals:

zinc and iron

the only recognized as having vitamin E activity in the human body

α-tocophorol