Exam 3 (PSY 424 Final)

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the _____ approach to categorization. A. exemplar B. definitional C. family resemblance D. prototype

A. exemplar

Mental imagery involves... A. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input B. mental representations of the current sensory inputs C. sensory representations of a stimulus D. the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes are, in fact, absent

A. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

Kosslyn's island experiment used the _____ procedure. A. mental scanning B. categorization C. priming D. mental walk

A. mental scanning

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization. A. prototype B. exemplar C. definitional D. family resemblance

A. prototype *side note: sharks do have scales called dermal denticles, hence they're fish

When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that... A. a carrot would be named before an eggplant B. an eggplant would be named before a carrot C. a carrot and eggplant would have equal likeihood of being named first D. the order of examples is completely random, varying from participant to participant

A. a carrot would be named before an eggplant *side note: eggplants are fruits, they have seeds

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that... A. witness that are highly confident at trial are usually accurate B. it is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in the lineup C. when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness' confidence in her choice of suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even if the choice is wrong D. despite pubic misconception, eyewitnesses are usually very accurate when selecting a perpetrator from a lineup

C. when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness' confidence in her choice of suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even if the choice is wrong

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network. A. semantic network B. hierarchical C. spreading activation D. connectionist

D. connectionist

To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at _____ visual centers. A. lower; higher B. higher; lower C. both lower & higher; higher D. higher; both lower & higher

D. higher; both lower & higher

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for... A. childhood & adolescence B. adolescence & young adulthood C. young adulthood & middle age D. childhood & middle age

B. adolescence & young adulthood

Two different definitions of ________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas." A. exemplars B. concepts C. units D. prototypes

B. concepts

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve info about a concept should be determined by... A. amount of info contained in each concept B. distance that must be traveled through the network C. typicality of info contained in each concept D. representativeness of the info contained in each concept

B. distance that must be traveled through the network

Shepard and Meltzer measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using... A. image scanning B. mental chronometry C. epiphenomena D. propositional representations

B. mental chronometry

occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence. A. observer perspective B. pragmatic interference C. prospective memory D. automatic narrative

B. pragmatic interference

According to sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____. A. sensations; facts B. sensory attributes; function C. serial nodes; familiar concepts D. sequential networks; familial resemblance

B. sensory attributes; function

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research? A. suggestion can create false memories for events that occurred when a person was a young child B. suggestion can create false memories for an event that a person has experienced just recently C. although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup D. many miscarriages of justice have occurred based on faulty eyewitness testimony

C. although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations. A. event-specific B. source C. constructive D. misinformation

C. constructive

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus... A. disrupts the processing of another stimulus B. acts as a cue that tells the participant when his or her response was correct C. facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows close in time D. relates to a prototype in a way that is unrelated to associated exemplars

C. facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows close in time

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements? A. it is a vivid memory for emotional events B. it is vivid, highly accurate memory for circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event C. it is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time D. it is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events

C. it is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time

According to the typicality effect, A. objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another B. objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered C. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group D. we remember typical objects better than non-typical objects

C. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen... A. source memory B. script C. schema D. scan technique

C. schema

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level. A. superordinate; subordinate B. superordinate; basic C. subordinate; basic D. basic; subordinate

C. subordinate; basic

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery... A. actually exists B. can be used to inform nonvisual systems C. is identical for all people D. is based on spatial or language-like mechanisms

D. is based on spatial or language-like mechanisms

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that... A. presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event B. presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event C. The threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself D. presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event

D. presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard abstract representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past? A. exemplar B. network C. typicality D. prototype

D. prototype

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy any over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors? A. MPI B. Recovered memory C. schema confusion D. source monitoring

D. source monitoring

In their imagery study, Finke and Pinker presented a four-dot display briefly to participants. After a two-second delay, participants then saw an arrow, and their task was to indicate whether the arrow would have pointed to any of the dots in the previous display. The significance of their results was they called into question the ____ explanation of imagery. A. epiphenomenon B. depictive representation C. spatial representation D. tacit knowledge

D. tacit knowledge