Exam 3 Psych 107

In babies, the babbling stage usually ends at around: 2 months. 6 months. 18 months. 12 months.

12 months.

David, 15 years of age, has trouble in all his language subjects. This is because he did not get proper exposure to human language from birth to: 3 years of age. 8 years of age. 5 years of age. 12 years of age.

12 years of age

David, 15 years of age, has trouble in all his language subjects. This is because he did not get proper exposure to human language from birth to: 3 years of age. 8 years of age. 5 years of age. 12 years of age.

12 years of age.

Frieda learns to make two-word utterances. As others usually do not grasp the meanings of the words she utters, her parents often serve as translators. Considering these factors, Frieda's age would be about: 6 months. 18 months. 24 months. 12 months.

18 months

Frieda learns to make two-word utterances. As others usually do not grasp the meanings of the words she utters, her parents often serve as translators. Considering these factors, Frieda's age would be about: 6 months. 18 months. 24 months. 12 months.

18 months.

A bird has feathers and wings. It is a living thing, and it can move. It is a puffing or a canary. What does the example illustrate? A mind map Visual imagery A mental model A parallel distributed network

A mental model

A bird has feathers and wings. It is a living thing, and it can move. It is a puffing or a canary. What does the example illustrate? A mind map Visual imagery A mental model A parallel distributed network

A parallel distributed network

Identify a true statement about visual representation. A. It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived. B. It is found that the brain is less active during visual imagery than it is during visual perception. C. It usually occurs only through verbal formulation of thoughts. D. It refers to the ability of classifying one's thoughts and perceptions into concepts and categories.

A. It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived.

Which of the following is true of concepts? A. They help us organize our perceptions of the world. B. They consist of visual representations created by the brain once the original stimulus gets activated. C. They are structures in the mind that stand for an external object or thing sensed in the present. D. They refer to the visual sensations in one's mind after the sensory stimulation begins.

A. They help us organize our perceptions of the world.

Which of the following is true of visual perception? A. Visual perception occurs while the stimulus is still present. B. Visual imagery consists of visual representations created by the brain when the original stimulus is present. C. Visual perception takes longer because the verbal system is older in evolutionary terms than the visual system. D. Visual perception cannot occur with abstract ideas that have no physical existence.

A. Visual perception occurs while the stimulus is still present.

Brian, 6 months of age, utters a string of single syllables yet to be recognized as words. With regard to the stages of language development, Brian is: A. uttering gibberish. B. cooing. C. uttering bisyllables. D. chattering.

A. uttering gibberish.

Which of the following best describes the language acquisition device? An innate capacity to come up with novel words and utterances. A device that imitates adult speech to aid language development in children. An innate and biologically based capacity to acquire language. An interactive device that helps a child learn different languages at a time.

An innate and biologically based capacity to acquire language.

Which of the following is true in the context of language development in infants? A. Language comprehension occurs in the right hemisphere of the brain, in the region called Broca's area. B. It is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area. C. Language production is associated with the left-hemisphere region called Wernicke's area. D. The ability to understand words develops after the ability to produce words

B. It is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area.

Gabrielle teaches her fourth-grade students about abstractions such as beauty and justice. Which of the following can aid the students' understanding of such abstractions? A. Parallel distribution B. Mental representation C. Verbal prototype D. Physical event

B. Mental representation

Which of the following is true of second-language learning and the brain? A. Compared to single-language 6- to 9-month-old infants, bilingual infants of the same age discriminate similar sounds. B. People who are fluent in two languages apparently are capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one. C. Brains of bilingual babies are less responsive to a wide range of sounds. D. Compared to bilingual speakers, single-language speakers have a greater density of neurons in the language centers of the brain.

B. People who are fluent in two languages apparently are capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one.

Which of the following refers to conformation bias? A. A form of judgment that discounts the causal theory over correlational theory B. The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring evidence that contradicts one's beliefs C. The tendency of people to view events as being more predictable than they really are once they occur D. The tendency of people to imagine alternatives to reality

B. The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring evidence that contradicts one's beliefs

According to Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir, language creates thought as much as thought creates language. Taken to its logical conclusion, this view leads to the ______ hypothesis. A. sensitivity period B. linguistic determinism C. innate perception D. rational choice

B. linguistic determinism

_______ refers to how common some phenomena, be it people or events, are in the population as a whole. Regression analysis Gambler's fallacy Phase average Base rate

Base rate

__________ refers to how common some phenomena, be it people or events, are in the population as a whole. Regression analysis Gambler's fallacy Phase average Base rate

Base rate

Who proposed that language creates thought as much as thought creates language? Edmund Leach and George Marcus James Clifford and James George Frazer Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir James George Frazer and E. B. Tylor

Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir

Which of the following is true in the context of learning a non-native language? A. Adults learn to speak a second language more quickly than do children. B. Individuals who learn to speak a second language earlier than age 12 will probably speak it with an accent. C. Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents. D. The language acquisition for children and adults depends to a large extent on the length of time they are exposed to it.

C. Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents.

Why does linguist Noam Chomsky argue for an inbuilt device for language acquisition? A. Human beings learn languages with great difficulty and over long periods of time. B. Different languages develop in children in different ways and at different ages. C. Human beings can easily do the most complex thing of speaking in complete grammatical sentences. D. It is unlikely that a child can learn equally easily any language as his or her native language.

C. Human beings can easily do the most complex thing of speaking in complete grammatical sentences.

Which of the following makes human language unique? A. It can be used to express one's needs and desires. B. It can be spoken in different ways by different people. C. It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction. D. It can be used for the purpose of metacommunication.

C. It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction.

Which of the following statements reflects Skinner's belief on language? A. Language exists particularly for the sake of interaction and conveying information between people. B. Language is not learned; it is discovered. C. Language is something that exists because it is reinforced and shaped. D. Humans are born with a language acquisition device, therefore, language is innate.

C. Language is something that exists because it is reinforced and shaped.

According to Uylings' study in the context of language development in humans, which of the following is true? A. Sensitivity periods begin after the plasticity of neural connections becomes more flexible. B. Pruning increases the plasticity of the neural connections. C. Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak. D. Neural wiring plummets when the sensitivity period begins.

C. Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak.

Miriam engages in deductive reasoning. Which of the following is a prerequisite if her conclusions are to be correct? A. Her general conclusion from specific evidence is not a causal inference. B. The conclusion is corroborated by an independent party. C. The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true. D. Her ability to selectively attend to information that supports her general beliefs is logically fallacious.

C. The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true.

Which pattern of growth partly explains how babies respond to picture books before they learn to talk? A. The temporal and frontal lobes develop before the occipital and parietal lobes of the brain. B. The temporal and frontal lobes and the occipital and parietal lobes of the brain grow simultaneously. C. The visual system is mostly in the occipital lobes and develops before the verbal system. D. Verbal stimulation occurs much before the sensory stimulation stops.

C. The visual system is mostly in the occipital lobes and develops before the verbal system.

Which of the following is true of mental representations? A. They are less useful for thinking about things one sensed in the past. B. They usually do not allow one to imagine things in the future. C. They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing. D. They are not useful for thinking about abstract ideas that have no physical existence.

C. They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing.

How did Kahneman and Tversky debunk a long-held belief about the decisions people make? A. They showed that people are always rational in their decision making. B. They showed that people often act like scientists in their decision making. C. They showed that people are not always rational in their decision making. D. They showed that people are motivated by self-interest and rational decision making.

C. They showed that people are not always rational in their decision making.

When people look only for information that confirms what they already believe and seldom look for information that disconfirms what they think, they are said to be characterized by a(n) ______. A. omission bias B. selective perception C. confirmation bias D. availability heuristic

C. confirmation bias

If Alex engages in innately guided learning, it suggests: A. learning to speak a language by employing one's innate abilities without stimulation or reinforcement. B. learning to speak a language which is like any other behavior that exists because it is reinforced and shaped. C. learning to speak a language while being influenced by one's inherent capacity for language learning. D. learning to speak a language while employing recorded interactive language devices.

C. learning to speak a language while being influenced by one's inherent capacity for language learning.

Hilda, a 6-month-old infant, has stopped using sounds that are not used in her native language. She loses the ability to perceive nonnative sounds as she grows up. This is known as: A. cooing. B. training. C. pruning. D. babbling.

C. pruning.

In the context of the nature of language, words are put together in ways that follow the rules of: A. semantics. B. logic and reasoning. C. syntax and grammar. D. semiotics.

C. syntax and grammar.

Which of the following best describes child-directed speech? Changes in the child's speech as a result of imitation Speech that a child engages in talking to himself/herself Normal speech that is used while talking to the child Changes in adult speech patterns to encourage imitation

Changes in adult speech patterns to encourage imitation

Which of the following is true in the context of learning a non-native language? Adults learn to speak a second language more quickly than do children. Individuals who learn to speak a second language earlier than age 12 will probably speak it with an accent. Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents. The language acquisition for children and adults depends to a large extent on the length of time they are exposed to it.

Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents.

Which of the following represents the most basic unit of knowledge? Concept Abstract Schema Experience

Concept

Vivian likes to talk to those who second her opinions. When someone contradicts her, she retorts that they are novices and have no expertise in that field of knowledge. Which of the following phenomena best describes Vivian's behavior? Self-serving bias Causal inference Confirmation bias Irrational exception

Confirmation bias

While working on his post-doctoral thesis, Simon reads several scientific articles and carefully analyzes and evaluates the conclusions based on the facts and evidence at hand. He then makes sound judgments based on his own research and previous researches, both of which are validated through repeated experiments. Which of the following is Simon doing? Nonrational reasoning Critical thinking Availability heuristics Intuitive mapping

Critical thinking

In the context of evolution of language in humans, what do scientists think about the development of grammatical language? A. Evolution of grammatical language occurred along with shorter working memory. B. Evolution of the brain occurred first leading to language development. C. Evolution of language occurred before evolution of music. D. Evolution of language and the evolution of brain are intertwined.

D. Evolution of language and the evolution of brain are intertwined.

Which of the following describes critical thinking? A. Using theological principles to deduce only the weaknesses and flaws in ideas B. Solving problems through a nonrational approach to new ideas C. Employing an interdisciplinary method to analyze how humans should, can, and do reach conclusions through intuition D. Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments

D. Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments

Which of the following is true in the context of babbling babies? A. They can hear less sounds than their parents can. B. They can make lesser sounds than they hear in their native language. C. They tend to retain the sounds that are not used in the native language. D. They can hear more sounds than their parents can.

D. They can hear more sounds than their parents can.

Identify a difference between visual perception and visual imagery. A. Visual perception can be measured on an ordinary scale, whereas visual imagery is abstract, and it is difficult to determine its intensity. B. Visual perception occurs through verbal formulation, whereas visual imagery primarily occurs through mental rotation. C. Visual perception occurs in the absence of sensory stimulus, whereas visual imagery is imagining an object turning in three-dimensional space for a long period of time. D. Visual perception occurs while the stimulus is still present, whereas visual imagery consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present.

D. Visual perception occurs while the stimulus is still present, whereas visual imagery consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present.

Most language theorists agree upon the perspective that: A. social interaction, environmental input, and stimulation are of utmost importance in a child's language development. B. languages are learnt as a result of shaping, successive approximations, and reinforcement. C. the most significant factors influencing language acquisition are one's brain structures and genetic factors. D. acquiring language involves natural abilities that are modified by the language learner's environment.

D. acquiring language involves natural abilities that are modified by the language learner's environment.

Skinner's explanation of language could not fully explain how humans learn languages because: A. it did not take into account the various socioeconomic factors influencing language development. B. it did not explain how different children begin to utter words and sentences at different ages. C. it was found that imitation does not always lead to reinforcement and shaping. D. it did not explain how new words were uttered without imitation and reinforcement.

D. it did not explain how new words were uttered without imitation and reinforcement.

Research on gender differences in spatial ability has shown that: A. males and females perform at the same skill level on mental rotation tasks. B. females generally do better than males on mental rotation tasks. C. both males and females are rarely if ever skilled at mental rotation tasks. D. males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.

D. males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.

Anna and Johanna visit their hometown after a long time. They are disappointed to find the old local library razed to erect a mall. Johanna remarks that she still has such fond memories associated with the library that she vividly remembers how the librarian greeted them on every visit, and how she used to look forward to the arrival of new books every month. This is an example of: A. mental rotation. B. memory perception. C. verbal formulation. D. visual imagery.

D. visual imagery.

Neil uses the premise that all squares are rectangles. On the basis of this premise, he states that all rectangles have four sides. Therefore, he concludes that all squares must also have four sides. In which of the following is Neil engaged? Bottom-up logic finding Deductive reasoning Abstract thinking Hypothesizing

Deductive reasoning

Which of the following explains inductive reasoning? Reasoning from general statements of what is known to specific conclusions Proving something by showing that all other possibilities are not possible Understanding something by considering it as a whole system and splitting it into parts Drawing general conclusions from specific evidence

Drawing general conclusions from specific evidence

__________ comprises the set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language. Semantics Prototype Syntax Grammar

Grammar

Fred usually believes in making heuristic decisions. Based on this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true? He reasons out each step in a decision-making process systematically. He does not debate with himself for very long before making a decision. He avoids the use of mental shortcuts while making a decision. He analyzes facts, generates and organizes ideas, defends opinions, makes comparisons, and draws inferences.

He does not debate with himself for very long before making a decision.

If language is defined as being "open," what does it mean? It follows fixed tenets. It allows other languages to freely borrow. It can be freely changed. It creates a real connection between a sound and the idea associated with it.

It can be freely changed

Which of the following makes human language unique? It can be used to express one's needs and desires. It can be spoken in different ways by different people. It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction. It can be used for the purpose of metacommunication.

It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction.

Which of the following is true in the context of language development in infants? Language comprehension occurs in the right hemisphere of the brain, in the region called Broca's area. It is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area. Language production is associated with the left-hemisphere region called Wernicke's area. The ability to understand words develops after the ability to produce words.

It is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area.

Identify a true statement about visual representation. It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived. It is found that the brain is less active during visual imagery than it is during visual perception. It usually occurs only through verbal formulation of thoughts. It refers to the ability of classifying one's thoughts and perceptions into concepts and categories.

It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived.

Who among the following demonstrates metacognitive thinking? Lionel, who makes profits and gives half of it to child welfare. Brad, who visualizes the universe before he sets about doing physics. Karen, who repeats and validates all the chemistry experiments mentioned in the text by conducting them at home. Donna, who uses a frying pan to iron her clothes as the iron is dysfunctional.

Karen, who repeats and validates all the chemistry experiments mentioned in the text by conducting them at home.

Which of the following describes linguistic determinism hypothesis? Environmental and genetic factors determine a child's language capacity. Learning to speak a language is like any other behavior that exists because it is reinforced and shaped. The biologically based language acquisition device has principles of universal grammar. Language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world.

Language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world.

According to the theory of linguistic relativism, which of the following is true? Learning of a language is often relative to a child's age and gender. Language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world. Language is the same as thought since thoughts are expressed in language. Language influences rather than determines our thinking.

Language influences rather than determines our thinking.

Which of the following is the central tenet of the nativist theory? Language is something that exists because it is reinforced and shaped. Language is little influenced by socioeconomic factors. Language is discovered rather than learnt since language development is an inborn process. Language influences rather than determines people's thinking.

Language is discovered rather than learnt since language development is an inborn process.

Which theory holds that language shapes our thoughts and perceptions to such an extent that people who speak languages that lack a common foundation have difficulty directly communicating and translating their ideas from one language to the other? Nativist theory Theory of innately guided learning Linguistic determinism hypothesis Skinnerian theory of language

Linguistic determinism hypothesis

Which of the following brain cells fire when an individual performs a task or observes another person do the same task? Spindle neurons Mirror neurons Inter neurons Neurons

Mirror neurons

Which theory posited that when given a choice between two or more options, humans will choose the one that is most likely to help them achieve their particular goals? Optimal decision theory Choice modeling theory Causal decision theory Rational choice theory

Rational choice theory

According to Uylings' study in the context of language development in humans, which of the following is true? Sensitivity periods begin after the plasticity of neural connections becomes more flexible. Pruning increases the plasticity of the neural connections. Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak. Neural wiring plummets when the sensitivity period begins.

Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak.

What terms did Skinner use to explain the progression of language development in children from birth till the age they are able to utter short phrases and sentences? Successive approximations, observation, and interaction Interaction, reinforcement, and shaping Shaping, successive approximations, and reinforcement Reinforcement, observation, and interaction

Shaping, successive approximations, and reinforcement

According to psychologists, which of the following is most likely true of Marta, who is fluent in Spanish and English? She performs better on cognitive tasks than those who speak only one language, but is most likely not to do so later in life. She is most likely to be capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one language. She is most likely to develop dementia more than four years earlier than do elderly speakers of only one language. She is most likely to have a lesser neural density than those who speak only one language.

She is most likely to be capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one language.

Which of the following describes critical thinking? Using theological principles to deduce only the weaknesses and flaws in ideas Solving problems through a nonrational approach to new ideas Employing an interdisciplinary method to analyze how humans should, can, and do reach conclusions through intuition Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments

Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments

Liam goes to a music store. Not knowing which DVDs to buy, he ends up buying DVDs of movies, trailers he has often seen on television. Which of the following indicates the judgment Liam uses when buying the DVDs? The representative heuristic Visual imagery The availability heuristic Mental representation

The availability heuristic

Miriam engages in deductive reasoning. Which of the following is a prerequisite if her conclusions are to be correct? Her general conclusion from specific evidence is not a causal inference. The conclusion is corroborated by an independent party. The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true. Her ability to selectively attend to information that supports her general beliefs is logically fallacious.

The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true.

Which of the following is true in the context of Chomsky's views on language development? Grammar is universal, but it may not always follow universal principles. Not all languages have the same components of speech. The language acquisition device must have principles of universal grammar. The components of speech seldom vary in where they can be put in sentences.

The language acquisition device must have principles of universal grammar.

Which of the following is true with regard to the visual system? Most creatures, with or without cortex, are able to keep and store visual sensations in mind after the sensory stimulation stops. The visual system is older in evolutionary terms than the verbal system. The brain is not as active during visual imagery as it is during visual perception. Though visual system is older in evolutionary terms than the verbal system, it develops after verbal ability.

The visual system is older in evolutionary terms than the verbal system.

Which of the following is a view linguist Noam Chomsky would second? Humans speak because they want to convey an idea or a feeling and not because they have been reinforced to do so. There is essentially a single universal grammar underlying all human languages. There are many learning processes involved in the actual process of language learning. All human beings learn languages through the process of reinforcement and shaping

There is essentially a single universal grammar underlying all human languages.

Which of the following is a view linguist Noam Chomsky would second? Humans speak because they want to convey an idea or a feeling and not because they have been reinforced to do so. There is essentially a single universal grammar underlying all human languages. There are many learning processes involved in the actual process of language learning. All human beings learn languages through the process of reinforcement and shaping.

There is essentially a single universal grammar underlying all human languages.

Which of the following is true in the context of babbling babies? They can hear less sounds than their parents can. They can make lesser sounds than they hear in their native language. They tend to retain the sounds that are not used in the native language. They can hear more sounds than their parents can.

They can hear more sounds than their parents can.

What did Einstein engage in when he imagined himself traveling at the speed of light in an elevator? Verbal formulation Visual imagery Visual perception Verbal representation

Visual imagery

Annie has learned to use certain words such as "jam," "apple," "book," and "hand." It suggests that these words are mostly used: in the middle of a sentence. at the end of a sentence. at the beginning of a sentence. only in isolated cases.

at the end of a sentence

Annie has learned to use certain words such as "jam," "apple," "book," and "hand." It suggests that these words are mostly used: in the middle of a sentence. at the end of a sentence. at the beginning of a sentence. only in isolated cases.

at the end of a sentence.

A bird has two legs, two eyes, and feathers, and it uses its wings to fly in the sky. The organizing of this information about birds is known as a(n): abstract. schema. heuristic. concept.

concept

In the context of verbal representation of one's thoughts and perceptions, ______ lets us know that certain concepts are related in a particular way, with some being general and other specific. inductive reasoning concept hierarchy mental rotation complex distribution

concept hierarchy

The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs is known as ______. confirmation bias causal inference conjunction fallacy metacognitive dissonance

confirmation bias

Nancy is a 4-month-old infant who utters repeated vowel sounds such as "aah and ooh." Until 6 months of age, her speech consists almost exclusively of vowels. Nancy is said to be in the ______ stage of language development. twaddling cooing babbling crib talk

cooing

According to Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir, language creates thought as much as thought creates language. Taken to its logical conclusion, this view leads to the ______ hypothesis. sensitivity period linguistic determinism innate perception rational choice

linguistic determinism

Research on gender differences in spatial ability has shown that: males and females perform at the same skill level on mental rotation tasks. females generally do better than males on mental rotation tasks. both males and females are rarely if ever skilled at mental rotation tasks. males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.

males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.

In the context of the nature of language, words are put together in ways that follow the rules of: semantics. logic and reasoning. syntax and grammar. semiotics.

syntax and grammar

Dan, a German, is preparing to take a standardized test in a non-native language. Psychologists would argue that the test he would be taking will not be valid because: he would perform better in the non-native language rather than the native language. standardized tests usually have a lower internal consistency. different versions of standardized tests are designed for students taking tests in nonnative languages. the scores would not accurately portray the aptitude of the test taker.

the scores would not accurately portray the aptitude of the test taker.

______ consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present. Verbal concept Visual perception Mental grouping Visual imagery

visual imagery