exam 3 sociology

Latina women make ___ cents for every dollar a caucasian male makes.

56

African American women make on average _____ cents for every dollar a Caucasian male makes.

64

Growing up poor can cut off access to the opportunities and services people need to move out of poverty and into stable employment.

As we saw, more education was often a key to stability, and those raised in poverty are the ones least able to find well paying work, perpetuating a cycle.

Outsourcing

a practice where jobs are contracted to an outside source, often in another country.

Oligarchy is a form of government in which power is held by

a small, elite group.

Structural unemployment is when there is

a societal level of disjuncture between people seeking jobs and the available jobs. The mismatch can be Geographic or Technological

Max Weber identified and explained three distinct types of authority:

charismatic, traditional, legal-rational.

a single god

monotheism

In the US, Median income has not increased, and in fact it has receded in many cases

the size, income, and wealth of the middle class have been declining since the 1970s, effects that were perhaps hastened by the recession

The economy

the social institution through which a society's resources are exchanged and managed to allow individuals to meet their needs and wants.

An example of institutionalized sexism is

the way that women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with certain kinds of mental disorders.

Besides formal offices, authority can arise from

tradition and personal qualities.

Demedicalization normalizes behavior that was once understood as

"sick"

In the U.S. society tends to glorify youth and associate it with beauty and sexuality. In comedies, the elderly are often associated with grumpiness or hostility.

Rarely do the roles of older people convey the fullness of life experienced by seniors.

While women are getting more and better jobs and their wages are rising more quickly than mens wages are,

US Census statistics show that they are still earning only 77 percent of what men are for the same positions.

One of the most misunderstood concepts of Islam is that of jihad, which many people interpret as a holy war, but actually has two definitions

a struggle or fight against the enemies of Islam and the spiritual struggle within oneself against sin.

The individual who has fallen ill is not only physically sick, but now must

adhere to the specifically patterned social role of being sick with rights and obligations

Age Stratification theory falls under the social conflict theory on aging suggesting that because

age serves as a basis of social control, different age groups will have varying access to social resources such as political and economic power.

Continuity theory on aging suggests that an enduring attempt to maintain social equilibrium and stability by making future decisions on the basis of

already developed social roles contributes to a certain consistent span of life for the elderly, barring a major illness such as Alzheimers.

Taoist beliefs emphasize the virtues of

compassion and moderation

Monarch is a government in which a single person rules until he or she

dies or abdicates the throne; typically pass down through birth right.

Max Weber studied power and authority

differentiating between power and formulating a system for classifying types of authority.

Durkeim states religion has 3 major functions

establishing social cohesion, promotion social control and providing meaning and purpose.

Structural functional theorists suggest that manifest(primary) functions, are the

intended and visible functions of education. while the latent (secondary) functions are the hidden and unintended functions.

Cultural attitudes shape the way

our society views old age and dying, but these attitudes shift and evolve over time.

what plays a major role in the process of socialization?

religion

The quaternary sector produces ideas; these include the

research that leads to new technologies, the management of information, and a society's highest levels of education and the arts

Social Conflict theorists suggest that issues with the healthcare system, as with most other social problems are

rooted in capitalist society

symbolic interactionist view of health. Medicalization of deviance in the process

that changes "bad" behavior into "sick" behavior

Some of the drawbacks of globalization are

that countries can be weakened or polluted

The Agricultural Revolution led to development of the first economies that were based on trading goods. Eventually, the mechanization of the manufacturing process led to

the Industrial Revolution and gave rise to two major competing economic systems, capitalism and socialism.

socialism is an economic system in which

there is government ownership ("state run") of goods and their production, with an impetus to share work and wealth equally among the members of society

Geographic unemployment

they are hiring in California but most unemployed live in Alabama

Charismatic leader examples

Napoleon, Jesus Christ, Mother Teresa, Martin Luther King JR., Ghandi

The controversy surrounding death with dignity laws or physician assisted suicide is hotly debated.

Oregon, the first to institute a Death with Dignity Act in 1997, required the presence of two physicians for a legal assisted suicide.

Academic lessons become the focus of education as a child moves through the school system. however, education is

about much more than the simple learning of facts.

In 2015, the US continued its recovery from the Great Recession

arguably the worst economic downturn since the stock market collapse in 1929 and the Great Depression that ensued.

_____ theorists believe that the public education system reinforces and perpetuates social inequalities.

conflict

Globalization has led to the development of global commodity chain, where internationally integrated economic links

connect workers and corporations for the purpose of manufacture and marketing.

Today, wealth is distributed in equitably at the top of the socioeconomic scale

corporate profits have increased more than 141 percent, and CEO pay has risen by more than 298 percent.

the emphasis on certificates or degrees that symbolize what a person has achieved and allows the labeling of that individual.

credentialism

Health differs around the world and some theorists categorize three categories of countries based on

degree of development

Evidence suggests that legal protection of voting rights

does not directly translate into equal voting power.

The social construction of health:

emphasizes the sociocultural aspects of physical, objectively definable phenomena.

Functionalist view government and politics as a way to

enforce norms and regulate conflict; all aspects of society serve a purpose.

In the U.S. many people view caring for the elderly as a burden.

even when there is a family member able and willing to provide for an elderly family member, 60 percent of family caregivers are employed outside the home and are unable to provide the needed support.

The United States Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States, and it has the

final say on decisions about the constitutionality of laws that citizens challenge.

According to Structual Functional theorists, in this model of health, doctors serve as

gatekeepers, deciding who is healthy and who is sick, a relationship in which the doctor has all the power.

It is important to note that ethnic minorities, including African Americans, Mexican Americand and Native Americans have

higher rates of diseases and causes of mortality than whites.

The 1960s saw other import as not reforms in US voting. Shortly before the Voting Rights Act was passed, the 1964 Supreme Court case Reynolds v. Sims changed the nature of elections. This concept:

holds that all peoples votes should be counted equally. before this decision, inequality distributions of population enabled small groups of people know sparsely populated rural areas to have as much voting power as the dense populations of urban areas. After this, districts were redrawn so that they would include equal numbers of voters.

It was not until the establishment of Title IX of the Education Amendments in the 1972 that discriminating on the basis of sex in the U.S. education programs became

illegal.

Structual Functional theorists seek consensus and order

in society and believe that dysfunction creates social problems and lead to social change.

Cultural attitudes in Japan prior to 1986 supported the idea that the elderly deserve assistance, but major social shifts have created an increased demand for community and government care and the

increase in women working outside the home has made it more difficult to provide in-home care to aging parents, which leads to an increase in the need for government supported institutions.

Direct purchase insurance is coverage that an

individual buys directly from a private company.

social conflict suggest wars often result from religious disputes. To understand a culture, sociologists must study

its religion

Power affects more than personal relationships; it shapes

larger dynamics like social groups, professional organizations and governments.

Political debate about immigration is often fueled by conversations about

low-wage-earning workers, there are actually as many highly skilled and high-earning, workers involved as well.

The Industrial Revolution and its accompanying social changes made education more accessible to the general population and

many families in the emerging middle class found new opportunities for formal schooling.

Karl Marx believes that the only way for the underprivileged to eventually gain some

measure of equality would be to continue to struggle against one another.

In underdeveloped countries, as economies develop

more and more people are employed in the secondary sector

Despite the cost of college today, it is

more necessary than ever before to complete a college degree.

A democracy ensures certain basic rights for their citizens. Citizens are free to organize political parties and hold elections. Leaders, once elected, must abide by the terms

of the given nations constitution and are limited in the powers they can exercise, as well as in the length of the duration of their terms.

The government had four main purposes:

planning and directing society, meeting social needs, maintaining law and order and managing international relations.

Liberation theologians discuss theology from the point of view of the

poor and the oppressed and interpret the scriptures as a call to action against poverty and injustice.

Employment based insurance is health coverage that is

provided in whole or in part by an employer or union; it can cover just the employee, or the employee and his or her family.

Conrad and Barker show how medical knowledge is socially constructed, and can both

reflect and reproduce inequalities in gender, class, race, and ethnicity.

Although real poverty exists in the US, we tend to have what is called

relative poverty, defined as being unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in your country

some people suggest _______ is a root cause of many social problems, such as divorce, drug use, and educational downturn.

secularization

Brown V. Board of Education was a court case decided by the US Supreme Court in 1954 unanimously strikes down

segregation in public schools, sparking the Civil Rights movement.

Technological unemployment

skilled workers are replaced by machines, as in the auto industry

Religion is an institution that helps maintain patterns of

social inequality that keep poor people poor and disempowered

Some religious scholars consider Confucianism more of a

social system than a religion because it focuses on sharing wisdom about moral practices but doesnt involve any type of specific worship.

As capitalism began to dominate the economies of many countries during the Industrial Revolution, the rapid growth of businesses and their tremendous profitability gave

some owners the resources they needed to create enormous corporations that could monopolize an entire industry.

Unfortunately, in June 2013 the Supreme Court repealed several important aspects of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, ruling that

southern states no longer need the stricter scrutiny that was once required to prohibit racial discrimination in voting practices in the South.

_________ theory suggest that religious rituals bring order, comfort, and organization through shared familiar representation and patterns of behavior.

structural functionalist

Many contend that our society and even our healthcare institutions discriminate against certain diseases-like mental disorders, AIDS, venereal diseases, and skin disorders.

this is known as the stigmatization of illness.

The rapid increase in computer use in all aspects of daily life is a main reason for the transition to an information economy. Fewer people are needed

to work in factories because computerized robots now handle many of the tasks. This I'd referred to as the Post-Industrial revolution.

According to Social Conflict, struggles in the present era are driven by the desire to gain or protect power and wealth,

whether in the form of land and resources or in the form of liberty and autonomy. internally, groups within the U.S. struggle within the system, by trying to achieve the outcomes they prefer.

A government's power is not necessarily limited to control of it's own citizens. A dominant nation, for instance

will often use its clout to influence or support other governments or to seize control of other nation states.

Polarization means that a gap has developed in the job market,

with most employment opportunities at the lowest and highest levels and few jobs for those with midlevel skills and education.

Socialists claim that a capitalistic economy leads to inequality

with unfair distribution of wealth and individuals who use their power at the expense of society.