EXAM 3 UNIT
Organized resistance to slavery by slaves was risky because: -southern whites possessed overwhelming authority and firepower. -slaves were pacifists. -slaves believed that disorganized resistance was far more effective. -slaves did not possess an alternative vision of what should replace slavery. - most slaves supported slavery.
-southern whites possessed overwhelming authority and firepower.
Approximately how many slaves lived in the South in 1860? -1 million -30,000 -100,000 -10 million -4 million
4 million
The one thing that united all members of the new Whig party was opposition to: -the Bank of the United States. -money backed by gold and silver. -high protective tariffs. -Andrew Jackson. -internal improvements.
Andrew Jackson
The most important factor behind the U.S. acquisition of Florida in 1819 was: -Andrew Jackson's incursion in pursuit of the Seminoles. -Spain's determination to keep Florida from the British. -President Monroe's invasion threat. -Spain's need for money. -John Quincy Adams's diplomatic ability.
Andrew Jackson's incursion in pursuit of the Seminoles.
Which one of the following opposed a national bank in 1816? -James Madison -John Quincy Adams -Daniel Webster -Henry Clay -John C. Calhoun
Daniel Webster
Which of the following statements was generally true of slave life? -Their lives were very similar from place to place and master to master. -Field hands were organized into work gangs. -Punishments were only meted out when warranted by a serious crime. -Masters saw the wisdom in feeding their slaves well. -Slave mothers saw the overwhelming majority of their children reach adulthood.
Field hands were organized into work gangs
Which of the following statements about Martin Van Buren is FALSE? -He played a major role in the destruction of Calhoun's presidential ambitions. -He enjoyed a strong economy during his single term as president. -He was Jackson's closest adviser and a dedicated ally. -He had been Jackson's first secretary of state. -He was called the "Little Magician" because of his political skill.
He enjoyed a strong economy during his single term as president.
Which of the following statements is NOT true of Andrew Jackson? -He was a frontier attorney in Nashville, Tennessee. -He had moral reservations about the institution of slavery, although he owned more than 100 slaves. -He was wounded in duels. -He was the last president born of the Revolutionary generation. -He married Rachel Robards, who was not divorced from her husband at the time.
He had moral reservations about the institution of slavery, although he owned more than 100 slaves.
Which of the following statements about Jackson's election in 1828 is FALSE? -He won with well over the 50 percent popular vote threshold. -More than twice as many men voted in 1828 than in 1824. -He ran on the platform of removing Indians to western territories. -He entered office promising to restore government to the people and remove power from the hands of the eastern elite. -He was obsessed with the idea of punishing his political enemies.
He ran on the platform of removing Indians to western territories.
The chief advocate of the program for economic development called the American System was: -John Calhoun. -Daniel Webster. -Henry Clay. -James Monroe. -James Madison.
Henry Clay
The compromise tariff that ended the nullification crisis was authored by: -Thomas Hart Benton. -Martin Van Buren. -John C. Calhoun. -Daniel Webster. -Henry Clay.
Henry Clay
Which of the following statements was NOT true of the 1832 presidential election? -Democrats had their first nominating convention. -The Democratic party did not adopt a platform. -Whigs were largely bankrolled by Nicholas Biddle's B.U.S. -Democrats depended on Jackson's popularity to secure a victory. -Henry Clay doubted his ability to defeat Jackson.
Henry Clay doubted his ability to defeat Jackson
Which of the following statements is NOT true of the Second Bank of the United States? -It held all federal funds. -It disbursed payments for federal debts. -It had twenty-nine branches spread across the United States. -It became the largest corporation in the United States. -It was exclusively supported by the federal government.
It was exclusively supported by the federal government.
When Congress rechartered the Bank of the United States in 1832: -Jackson made Nicholas Biddle its new director. -Jackson announced plans to nationalize it. -the economy went into a depression. -western farmers revolted in anger. -Jackson vetoed the recharter.
Jackson vetoed the recharte
All of the following were presidential candidates in 1824, EXCEPT: -William Crawford. -Andrew Jackson. -Henry Clay. -John Quincy Adams. -John Calhoun.
John Calhoun.
The secretary of state throughout James Monroe's presidency was: -William Crawford. -John C. Calhoun. -Henry Clay. -John Marshall. -John Quincy Adams.
John Quincy Adams
The first judicial ruling that declared a federal law to be unconstitutional came from: -Marbury v. Madison. -McCulloch v. Maryland. -Gibbons v. Ogden. -Dartmouth College v. Woodward. -Cohens v. Virginia.
Marbury v. Madison.
The phrase "Era of Good Feelings" resulted from President Monroe's tour of: -Canada. -Pennsylvania. -New England. -the Deep South. -the West.
New England
Which of the following was NOT part of the myth of the Old South's superiority: -Kind planters indulged their happy slaves. -The standard of living in northern states had declined since slavery had been banned. -The South was morally superior to the North. -One southerner could defeat ten northerners in combat. -Slavery was beneficial to both the master and slave.
One southerner could defeat ten northerners in combat
In Latin America, by the early 1820s: -Britain was aggressively acquiring new colonies. -American missionaries were becoming more active. -Russia was expanding its influence. -Argentina and Mexico were becoming world powers. -Spain had lost nearly all of its colonies.
Spain had lost nearly all its colonies
The South Carolina Exposition and Protest was published in response to the: -Second Bank of the United States. -election of 1824. -Tariff of 1828. -Panic of 1819. -Missouri Compromise.
Tariff of 1828
All of the following factors contributed to the panic of 1837, EXCEPT the: -failure of the 1836 wheat crop. -depression in Britain. -wave of failures of state banks. -Tariff of 1835, which had lowered duties to dangerous levels. -withdrawal of European investments.
Tariff of 1835, which had lowered duties to dangerous levels.
Slave owners in the antebellum South acquired additional slaves from: west indies domestic slave trade africa brazil asia
The domestic slave trade
Why were slave women valued by slave owners? -They were solely responsible for harvesting the fields. -They had low birthrates due to their oppression. -They exclusively did the household labor. -They were allowed to marry white men. -Their ability to reproduce increased the number of slaves owned.
Their ability to reproduce increased the number of slaves owned.
The Independent Treasury Act provoked opposition from: -National Republicans and Whigs. -moderate Democrats and Whigs. -Whigs and conservative Democrats. -liberal Democrats and Whigs. -Van Buren Democrats.
Whigs and conservative Democrats.
Why did the working poor often favor expanding the number of public schools? -Building public schools promised to expand the number of construction jobs and therefore improve employment prospects. -Workers hoped to become public school teachers rather than laborers. -Workers wanted free schools to give their children an equal chance to pursue the American dream. -The quality of education was better than the private schools operated in most cities. -Workers chose to go back to school rather than labor in factories.
Workers wanted free schools to give their children an equal chance to pursue the American dream.
During the Jacksonian era, and for the first time in American political history: -a state effectively nullified a federal law. -Whigs won a majority in Congress. - a third-party candidate finished second in a presidential contest. -black men in some northern states were permitted to vote for president. -a president assumed his position to be superior to that of Congress.
a president assumed his position to be superior to that Congress
The rules that governed virtually every aspect of slave life were known as: -total control. -paternalism. -slaveocracy. -civil law. -a slave code.
a slave code
The immediate cause of the Panic of 1819 was: -the flooding of the American market with cheap British goods. -the difficulty of obtaining credit. -a sudden collapse of cotton prices. -the collapse of the Bank of the United States. -the Transcontinental Treaty of 1819.
a sudden collapse of cotton prices.
In the 1840 campaign, the Whigs: -nominated Henry Clay. -lost in a close election. -failed to use campaign techniques like those of the Democrats. - adopted a catchy campaign slogan. -explained in detail how they would fight the depression.
adopted a catchy campaign slogan
By the 1820s, the right to vote had generally been extended to: -women. -Indians. -freed slaves. -educated blacks. -adult white males.
adult white males
Calhoun's South Carolina Exposition and Protest: -showed that Calhoun no longer supported the Union. -powerfully defended slavery. -argued that states could nullify federal legislation. -protested Jackson's excessive use of power. -announced Calhoun's resignation as vice president.
argued that states could nullify federal legislation.
Jackson's veto of the Maysville Road bill demonstrated his: -belief that the federal government should not fund purely local projects. -lack of interest in western economic development. -tremendous respect for Henry Clay. -initial support for John C. Calhoun's policies. -belief that the federal government should assist states with internal improvement projects.
belief that the federal government should not fund purely local projects.
The Tariff of 1828: -was once again opposed by Daniel Webster. -lowered tariffs dramatically over President Adams's objections. -caused the breakup of the Republican party. -showed Calhoun's continued devotion to nationalism. -boosted the presidential hopes of Jackson.
boosted the presidential hopes of Jackson.
Slaves forced to migrate to the Old Southwest were particularly despondent over the: -absence of alcohol on the frontier. -breakup of family ties that resulted from the migration. -urban and industrial nature of the region. -lack of meaningful work that awaited them. -control that women exerted over the region's culture and society.
breakup of family ties that resulted from the migration.
The Panic of 1819 turned into a depression because: -international commerce slowed. -businessmen and speculators had recklessly borrowed money. -banks failed. -cotton prices collapsed. -the "whole Banking system" was "swindling on a large scale."
businessmen and speculators had recklessly borrowed money.
The American Temperance Union lost many moderate members in 1836 when it: -became too involved in politics. -called for abstinence from all alcoholic beverages. -began to push immigration reform as "the only sure way to rid America of demon rum." -allowed members to drink beer and wine. -allowed women to join.
called for abstinence from all alcoholic beverages.
As southerners moved farther west and south between 1812 and 1860: -fewer slaves were needed. -North-South relations got better. -cotton production soared. -the South became less agricultural. -the South became less distinctive.
cotton production soared
Theories of racial superiority were significant in the South because they: -were created by slaves to justify their enslavement. -fostered slave rebellions among slaves who believed in the inferiority of the planter class. -created a sense of unity that bridged class divisions among most southern whites. -played no role in encouraging white support of slavery. -were primarily adhered to by the planter elite that owned slaves.
created a sense of unity that bridged class divisions among most southern whites.
William Lloyd Garrison: -caused the Nat Turner revolt. -believed slaveholders should be paid to free their slaves. -used calm, moderate language to oppose slavery. -organized an anti-slavery political party. -demanded immediate emancipation of slaves.
demanded immediate emancipation of slaves.
The American Anti-Slavery Society split into competing factions because some prominent members: -owned slaves themselves. -argued that capitalism should be dismantled. -advocated the practice of "free love" at meetings. -suggested that the North make peace with slavery. -demanded the pursuit of societal reforms beyond abolition, including women's rights.
demanded the pursuit of societal reforms beyond abolition, including women's rights.
Jackson's opponents called themselves Whigs to: -express their admiration for the British political system. -confuse voters about their true political objectives. -distinguish themselves from the National Republicans. -denounce what they saw as Jackson's tyrannical qualities. -state their belief in complete human freedom.
denounce what they saw as Jackson's tyrannical qualities
The legal prohibition that denied slaves the right to marry: -did not apply to white mistresses who chose to marry a slave. -led to a devaluing of love in the slave community. -did not stop slaves from choosing partners and forging a family life. -prevented slaves from forming families. -reduced the significance of religion in slave life.
did not stop slaves from choosing partners and forging a family life
The Rush-Bagot Agreement: -settled the boundary dispute with Florida. -was a formal treaty dealing with trade with the British West Indies. -dealt with fishing rights off Newfoundland. -allowed more British to immigrate to the United States. -ended naval competition on the Great Lakes by limiting naval forces there.
ended naval competition on the Great Lakes by limiting naval forces there.
The rapid expansion of the cotton belt in the South: -spurred a rise in the number of enslaved blacks given their freedom. -increased the responsibilities of fieldwork for the plantation mistress. -reduced the significance of slavery. -eliminated the presence of all other staple crops throughout the region. -ensured that the region became more dependent on enslaved black workers.
ensured that the region became more dependent on enslaved black workers.
The American System included support for all of the following policies, EXCEPT: -high prices for western lands. -high tariffs. -internal improvements. -free public schools. -a national bank.
free public schools
Which of the following was NOT a part of the "masculine" culture of the Old Southwest's frontier? -gambling -gender equality -sexual promiscuity -alcohol use -violence
gender equality
Horace Mann advocated for a public school system for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT to: -give school-age children a year-round learning opportunity. -reinforce values such as hard work and clean living. -ensure that everyone had a basic level of knowledge and skills. -prepare the next generation to become good citizens. -give women opportunities for rewarding work outside the home.
give school-age children a year-round learning opportunity.
After the panic of 1837, working-class Americans could expect all of the following, EXCEPT: -high prices for food and clothes. -government assistance. -numerous bank failures. -massive joblessness. -wage cuts.
government assistance
The Anti-Masonic party was the first to: -endorse violence as a legitimate political tactic. -call for a total halt to immigration. -carry several states in its first election. -nominate a Catholic for president. -hold a national nomination convention.
hold a national nomination convention.
Jackson declared his opposition to nullification: -in a series of newspaper articles. -in his toast at a Jefferson Day dinner. -during a dramatic speech to Congress. -only in private conversations. -in a meeting with his cabinet.
in his toast at a Jefferson Day dinner
Andrew Jackson led American troops into Florida in 1818: -to recapture runaway slaves. -to further his personal political ambitions. -in pursuit of hostile Seminoles. -to collect debts owed to the United States by Spain. -to acquire a port on the Gulf Coast.
in pursuit of hostile Seminoles
By 1860, slavery was most concentrated: -in Texas and Louisiana. -in the Carolinas. -in the Upper South. -equally through the South. -in the Lower South.
in the Lower South
Deists: -felt the United States should have an official religion. -argued for the literal truth of the Bible. -believed in an all-powerful God. -included Founding Fathers such as Jefferson and Franklin. -were basically atheists.
included Founding Fathers such as Jefferson and Franklin.
In his fight against Jackson to save the B.U.S., Biddle: -appealed to Jackson directly to change his impression of the bank. -set up "pet banks" on behalf of the Jackson administration. - agreed to accept state currency. -nearly destroyed the Democratic party. -initiated a national financial crisis.
initiated a national financial crisis.
The slave revolt led by Nat Turner: -proved the influence of abolitionists in the South. -was betrayed before it even got started. -killed more than fifty whites before its suppression. -was one of hundreds in American history. -resulted in his escape to Canada.
killed more than fifty whites before its suppression
Most slaves in the lower South: -supported the institution of slavery. -were white. -escaped from their masters at one point. -labored on large plantations. -served as household help.
labored on large plantations
All of the following are true of Brook Farm, EXCEPT that it was: -established by transcendentalists. -located near Boston. -long lasting. -an effort in cooperative living. -a secular utopian community.
long lasting
The Tariff of 1816 was intended to do all of the following, EXCEPT: - protect American industry. -tax imports. -raise revenue. -promote economic independence. -lower the price of British goods.
lower the price of British goods.
A tariff passed by Congress in 1832: -was ruled constitutional by the Supreme Court. -was intended strictly to raise revenue. -ended talk of nullification. -was vetoed by Jackson. -lowered duties on some items.
lowered duties on some items
A typical form of resistance pursued by slaves entailed: -suicide. -arson. -outright rebellion. -running away. -malingering, feigning illness, and sabotage.
malingering, feigning illness, and sabotage.
In an attempt to prevent slave rebellions, southern whites: - taught slaves the value of hard work. -offered freedom and passage out of the South to the most troublesome slaves. -tried to ensure slave loyalty through kind treatment and monetary compensation. -had dark-skinned whites infiltrate and spy on slave communities. -met any sign of resistance or rebellion with a brutal response.
met any sign of resistance or rebellion with a brutal response.
Slave religion: -was stamped out by white masters. -caused slaves to accept their condition. -mixed African and Christian elements. -was best observed during racially integrated church services. -required reading of the Bible.
mixed African and Christian elements
All of the following statements about southern free blacks are true, EXCEPT that: -some were slave owners themselves. -no women were among them. -most were very poor. -some owned and operated businesses that served a white clientele. -they were still subject to racist legal restrictions not imposed upon whites.
no women were among them
Which of the following was NOT a common way that slaves established their private communities? -telling stories about figures like Brer Rabbit, who used his wits to survive against overwhelming odds -singing religious spirituals that possessed double meanings -gathering in secret night meetings where singing and dancing gave them a much-needed emotional release -openly attempting to organize religious services -embracing religion as a way to spiritually free themselves from their captivity
openly attempting to organize religious services
On a plantation, the position responsible for managing the agricultural production in every way was the: -field hand. -overseer. -slave. -driver. -master.
overseer
To be called a "planter," one had to: -avoid involvement in politics. -work alongside slaves. -be engaged in the slave trade. -own thousands of slaves. -own at least twenty slaves.
own at least twenty slaves
One of John Quincy Adams's major shortcomings as president was his lack of: -ideas for the nation's future. -personal energy. -political skills. -intellect. -experience.
political skills
In response to South Carolina's tariff nullification, Jackson: -said South Carolina was free to leave the Union. -was unusually indecisive. -backed down by telling Congress to repeal the tariff. -declared South Carolina in a state of rebellion. -privately threatened to hang Calhoun.
privately threatened to hang Calhoun
The Indian Removal Act of 1830: -showed Jackson's willingness to pursue policies that might hurt his popularity. - proposed moving Indian tribes to areas west of the Mississippi River. -became law after Congress overrode Jackson's veto. -allowed Indians who wished to become American citizens to remain on their homeland. -contained loopholes designed to exclude peaceful Indians from removal.
proposed moving Indian tribes to areas west of the Mississippi River.
Women may have been drawn to camp meetings because they: -provided women with opportunities to participate as equals in public rituals. -provided an outlet for women to exhibit their preaching skills. -provided the only avenue of higher education available to women. -were not open to male participation. -allowed women to edit the Bible to reflect their own ideals.
provided women with opportunities to participate as equals in public rituals.
Most of the utopian communities of the early nineteenth century: -saw their ideas quickly become accepted by the public. -received funding from the government. -were led by religious extremists. -quickly became failures. -were established inside major cities.
quickly became failures
President Jackson's policy toward Indians could best be described as one of: -salutary neglect. -extermination. -paternalism. -removal. -integration.
removal
The Specie Circular: -paid off the national debt. -gave excess federal money to the states. -outlawed paper currency. -stabilized the economy for the rest of the 1830s. -required gold or silver payment for public lands.
required gold or silver payment for public lands.
The Convention of 1818 did all of the following, EXCEPT: -return control of the Southwest to Spain. -settle the northern limit of the Louisiana Purchase. -open Oregon to joint occupation by the United States and Great Britain. - settle several points of contention between the United States and Britain. -acknowledge the right of Americans to fish off Newfoundland and Labrador.
return control of the Southwest to Spain.
During the first half of the nineteenth century, cotton became the most profitable form of agriculture, surpassing: -indigo. -rice. -tobacco. -hemp. -swine.
rice
The new Bank of the United States created in 1816: -would be located in Washington, D.C. -would be forbidden to issue paper money. -served as a depository for federal funds. -was totally owned by the government. -was opposed by President Madison.
served as a depository for federal funds
Martin Van Buren was known as the "Little Magician" due to his: -seeming ability to read the mind of Jackson. -miraculous election as president in 1836. -skill as a professional politician. -ability to get the country out of a depression. -success in building the Whig coalition.
skill as a professional politician
Antidemocratic voices freely acknowledged that democracy was incompatible with: -informed political participation. -slavery. -the natural order. -intelligence. -a successful republic.
slavery
The Missouri Compromise stipulated that in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30': -there would be no restrictions on slavery. -slaves would become free at age twenty-five. -slavery would be excluded. -free blacks could not become citizens. -majority rule would determine whether slavery would be legal.
slavery would be excluded.
Free blacks in the South: -were always of mixed race. -outnumbered slaves. -mostly immigrated to Africa. -sometimes owned slaves. -enjoyed full legal equality.
sometimes owned slaves
Plantation mistresses: -very seldom toiled. -were usually college-educated. -could count on their husbands being faithful. -supervised the domestic household. -tended to oppose slavery.
supervised the domestic household
The killing of Elijah Lovejoy showed: -the end of a free press. -the growing support for black equality. -the danger of encouraging slave rebellion. -that support of slavery extended into the North. -the violent tactics of abolitionists.
that support of slavery extended into the North.
What federal law(s) did South Carolina nullify? -the Fugitive Slave Law -Marbury v. Madison -the Indian Removal Act -the Monroe Doctrine -the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832
the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832
The four major points of the Monroe Doctrine contained all of the following, EXCEPT that: -the United States would not interfere with existing European colonies in the Americas. -the United States would stay out of the international affairs of European nations. -the United States would consider European intervention in the Western Hemisphere to be a threat to its "peace and safety." -the United States would consider European intervention in South America to be an act of war. -"the American continents . . . are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers."
the United States would consider European intervention in South America to be an act of war.
The focus on cotton and other cash crops has obscured the degree to which: -the South relied on Britain for its manufactured goods. -the North had to use imported cotton from overseas for its textile manufacturers. -the antebellum South fed itself from its own fields. -the South became totally dependent on the West for its food. -most white southerners lived and worked in cities.
the antebellum South fed itself from its own fields.
The "corrupt bargain" in the election of 1824 referred to: -the widespread purchase of votes in several states. -the belief that Clay supported Adams in return for becoming secretary of state. -Jackson's belief that the Constitution had been disregarded. -Jackson's promise to make Calhoun his vice president. -the blatant miscounting of ballots in the electoral college.
the belief that Clay supported Adams in return for becoming secretary of state.
The Trail of Tears resulted in: -the complete eradication of the Creeks and Seminoles. -the death of thousands of Indians. -Jackson's change of heart about Indian removal. -Jackson's diminished popularity in the South and West. -a sad but uneventful transfer of Indians to Oklahoma.
the death of thousands of Indians
One undebatable fact about the Jacksonian era is: - the degree that common men lessened the power of elites. -Jackson's place as one of the greatest presidents in American history. -the dramatic increase in voter participation by 1840. -the wisdom of Jackson's destruction of the "Monster" bank. - Jackson's sincere commitment to equality for all Americans.
the dramatic increase in voter participation by 1840
All of the following might be used to explain the South's distinctiveness, EXCEPT: its biracial population. -its climate. -its preponderance of farming. -its determination to preserve slavery. -the high proportion of immigrants that comprised the overall southern population.
the high proportion of immigrants that comprised the overall southern population.
In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Marshall court struck down that state's ability to tax: -imports. -private contracts. -income. -farmers. -the national bank.
the national bank
One of Jackson's greatest personal vulnerabilities in the 1828 campaign was: -his lack of conviction. -his reputation as a cruel slave master. -the scandal surrounding his marriage. -his large amount of wealth. -charges that he was a coward.
the scandal surrounding his marriage.
In Worcester v. Georgia, the Marshall court: -took the side of the Cherokees. -supported Georgia's control of all lands in its boundaries. -ordered the relocation of the Cherokees to the West. -forced Jackson to protect Cherokee land titles. -backed states' rights over federal authority.
took the side of the Cherokees
The 1828 presidential campaign was dominated by: -vicious personal attacks. -debate over tariff policy. -public concerns over foreign policy. -record levels of campaign spending. -controversy over foreign immigration.
vicious personal attacks
All of the following statements about the American Colonization Society are true, EXCEPT that it: -was founded in the late 1810s. -was supported by black leaders. -proposed to send blacks back to Africa. -did not reduce the total number of slaves. -was backed by many prominent politicians.
was supported by black leaders.
Workingmen's parties: -never found legitimacy, despite their representation of the Jacksonian ideal of the "common man." -promoted temperance and the role of men in ensuring family stability. -were devoted to promoting the interest of laborers. -were a constant presence in the political arena for the entirety of the industrialized nineteenth century. -concentrated on making labor unions a part of the American political landscape.
were devoted to promoting the interest of laborers.
In the first half of the nineteenth century, internal improvements: -were supported mainly by people in New England and the South. -were supported mainly by people who held to a strict interpretation of the Constitution. -were supported mainly by people in the West. -finally became the responsibility of the national government. -caused the national debt to skyrocket.
were supported mainly by people in the West.
After his reelection, Jackson moved to destroy the Bank of the United States by: -selling its stock to private investors. -getting the Supreme Court to declare it unconstitutional. -opening new state banks. -firing its director. -withdrawing its federal deposits.
withdrawing its federal deposits
Frederick Douglass: -helped abolish slavery in the British West Indies. -was captured in the North and returned to slavery. -became a notable black preacher. -wrote a famous account of his life as a slave. -was the founder of the Underground Railroad.
wrote a famous account of his life as a slave
The most numerous white southerners were the: -planters. -manufacturers. -"poor whites." -overseers. -yeoman farmers.
yeoman farmers
