Exam 4: Axial Skeleton
Thoracic vertebrae can be distinguished by __________.
large transverse processes and long inferiorly directed spinous processes
Lumbar vertebrae can be distinguished by
massive bodies and curved articular surfaces
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
rest and digest
Cervical vertebrae can be distinguished by __________.
transverse foramina and split tip of spinous process
How many thoracic vertebrae?
12
The vertebral column consists of __________.
26 bones
How many lumbar vertebrae?
5
How many cervical vertebrae?
7
What is true of the first cervical vertebra?
All of the above; called the atlas, supports the head, has no body
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the true ribs, or vertebrosternal ribs?
All of the above; first seven ribs, articulate with the sternum directly by costal cartilage, articulate with the thoracic vertebrae
The ________ allow for a wide range of head movements.
Cervical vertebrae
What are the large nerve plexuses?
Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral
What type of cartilage attaches the ribs to the sternum
Costal cartilage
Ribs 8 to 12 are called ________ because they do not attach directly to the sternum.
False ribs
Posterior White Column
Fascicles Gracilis: carry fine touch/pressure sensations from lower body to cerebellum Fasciculus Cuneatus: carry fine touch/pressure sensations from upper body to cerebrum
What type of cartilage is an intervertebral disc?
Fibrocartilage
Which of the following includes bones belonging to the axial skeleton?
Frontal bone, hyoid bone, thoracic vertebra, true ribs
What is kyphosis
Hunch back
Why is the lumbar vertebrae the largest?
It bears most of the body weight
Pregnancy is most likely to contribute to which of these conditions?
Lordosis
The region of the vertebral column that is most susceptible to herniated disks is the ____ region.
Lumbar
The superior part of the sternum is called the ________ .
Manubrium
Which are the primary curves? Which are secondary curves?
Primary: thoracic, sacral Secondary: cervical, lumbar
The vertebrae in the sacrum functions
Protecting reproductive/urinary organs, points of attachment for pelvic bones & lower limbs, points of attachment for muscles that move the thigh
Which are the vertebrosternal ribs? What is the other name?
Ribs 1-7; true ribs
Which are the vertebral ribs? What is the other name?
Ribs 11 and 12; floating ribs
Which are the vertebrochondral ribs? What is the other name?
Ribs 7-10; false ribs
An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is called ________.
Scoliosis
Give the clinical term for the condition in which the vertebral laminae fail to unite during development.
Spina bifida
Lateral White Column
Spinocerebellar Tract: carry proprioception sensations to cerebellum
Anterior White Column
Spinothalmic tract: carry paint/temperature sensations to thalamus which relays to cerebrum
Which bone from the pectoral girdle attaches to the axial skeleton?
Sternum
What is lordosis?
Sway back
Which of the following statements about the ribs is INCORRECT?
The rib articulates with the sternum at the head, capitulum, of the rib
The first cervical vertebra is better known as the ________.
atlas
The second cervical vertebra is called the ________.
axis
What are the primary types of vertebra?
cervical, thoracic, lumbar
The five vertebral regions are the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and ________.
coccygeal
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
fight or flight response
The axis ____
has a tooth like process called the dens and is the second cervical vertebra
Which structure protects the spinal column from compression and acts like a shock absorber?
intervertebral disc
Which vertebrae have long, thin spinous processes and possess articular facets on their lateral surfaces to articulate with ribs?
Thoracic
What are the two primary curves?
Thoracic, Sacral
The adult sternum has __________ component(s).
Three
rue ribs have cartilage directly connected to the sternum and are therefore also called ________ ribs.
Vertebrosternal
The term ________ is used to describe an injury caused by displacement of the cervical vertebrae during a sudden change in body position.
Whiplash
An inexperienced EMT administering CPR is unsure where to place his hands during chest compressions and uses too much pressure on the thoracic cage. Which structure in the thoracic cage could easily be broken?
Xiphoid process of the sternum