Exam 4 (Ch. 9-11)

According to the typicality effect

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group

Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things) is best described as being

distributed

Sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though the behavior isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, many people look toward the ceiling when thinking about a complex problem, even though "thinking" would likely continue if they didn't look up. This describes a(n)

epiphenomenon

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the _______ property of language.

hierarchical

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that

imagery and perception can interact with one another

Shepard and Meltzer's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n)

instrument inference

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's

lexicon

Shepard and Meltzer measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using

mental chronometry

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as

method of loci

According to the S-F hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes ________ and one that distinguishes ________.

sensory attributes; function

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the

size of the field of view

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words

Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category?

sparrow

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level.

subordinate; basic

If we were conducting an experiment on the impact knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the result of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the ___________ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the ___________ level.

subordinate; basic

People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization?

superordinate

According to the text, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information

superordinate level to basic level

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from _______ categories results in the largest gain in information.

superordinate level to basic level

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _____ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

the same as

Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature?

the tacit-knowledge explanation

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify

50% of the words spoken by their own voices

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use langauge

In what year was the first split-brain surgery performed? (Incognito)

1961

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately _________ seconds.

2

The word "bad" has ____ phoneme(s).

3

Memories from what structure of the brain are difficult to erase and can pop back up in "flashbulb" fashion? (Incognito)

Amygdala

FILL IN

CHAPTER 10 in class

What is the name of the dense highway of fibers that connect the left and right hemisphere (Incognito)

Corpus Callosum

In what area of the brain are memories of daily events consolidated? (Incognito)

Hippocampus

Freely made decisions that bind you in the future are what philosophers call a ____________ contract (Incognito)

Ulysses

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside

a fly / a bumblebee

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT

a spatial layout

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

a turtle is an animal / a pig is an animal

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the _____ node.

can fly; bird

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

category members that have been encountered in the past

The given-new contract is a method for creating

comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation

A(n) __________ is a mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning and using and understanding language.

concept

Research suggests that the _____ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents).

exemplar

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?

exemplar

_______ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.

exemplars

Mental imagery involves

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

Which methodology is used to study categorization processes in very young infants?

familiarization/novelty preference procedure

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

family resemblance

In an eye movement study, Rayner and coworkers had participants read sentences that contained either a high- or low- frequency target word. For example, the sentence "Sam wore the horrid coat though his ______ girlfriend complained," contained either the target word "pretty" or "demure." Results showed the participants' _______ was shorter for the target word _______.

fixation; pretty

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that

had a large number of sophisticated language systems

In which type of surgery is one entire half of the brain removed? (Incognito)

hemispherectomy

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?

imagine the meaning of the word "ethics"

In McClure and Cohen's study, brain areas associated with ___________ were highly activated by the choice of immediate or near-term rewards (Incognito)

impulsive behavior

Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique?

indicate whether the following statement is true: an apple is a fruit. YES NO

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used _____ in playing the game.

inner audition

Olin and Bob are neighbors. Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Olin's standard probably involves

more exemplars than Bob's

In Sperry and Meyer's experiment, what happened to the cats and monkeys whose corpus callous was cut? (Incognito)

nothing, the animals acted normal

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their

order

According to the situation model of text processing,

people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events

Spreading activation

primes associated concepts

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.

prototype

Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentations at the conference are grouped based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on

psycholinguistics

In Kahnemann and Tversky's study, when participants were asked if they would prefer to receive $100 right then, or to wait a week to receive $110, which option did they choose more often? (Incognito)

receive $100 now

Coherence refers to the

representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language?

rules - language has a structure that is governed by rules

The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.

semantic network

A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results

support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when

the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex?

the frontal and temporal lobes

You are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect?

the group with 10 years of English instruction

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word

According to Julian Jaynes, long ago, the left hemisphere followed commands from the right hemisphere. About how long ago did this division of labor between hemispheres begin to break down? (Incognito)

three thousand years

Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ________, some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ________.

using/creating visual images; deactivated

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because

visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them

Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning?

word frequency effect

Which of the following is not one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?

working units

An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include

an extraneous cough

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)

anaphoric inference

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing

at the far side of the front yard, away from the house

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?

before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night

Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with

boat __________ - car ___________

In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves _____ processing and imagery starts as a _____ process.

bottom-up; top-down

Two different definitions of ________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

concepts

One of the key properties of the __________ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with

connectionist networks

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.

crowding

If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that

damage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization.

definitional

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (for example, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because

they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery?

thought is always accompanied by imagery

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves

mental images

Kosslyn's island experiment used the ________ procedure.

mental scanning

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results support

the interactionist approach to parsing

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories

A circular plate rests at the center of a small square table. Around the table are a total of four chairs, one along each side of the square table. A person with unilateral neglect sits down in one of the chairs and eats from the plate. After he is "finished," he moves to the next chair on his right and continues to eat from the plate. Assuming he never moves the plate and he continues with this procedure (moving one chair to the right and eating) how many chairs will he have to sit in to eat all the food on the plate?

3

The ______ states that the nature of a culture's language can affect the way people think.

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?

a field sparrow is an animal

The interactionist approach to parsing states that

semantics is activated as a sentence is being read