EXAM 4 PSYC, 12, 13
The id forms the basis for the moral part of the personality.
Which of the following statements is false, according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
Sigmund Freud
Which of the following theorists argued that unconscious forces were the main focus of personality?
Alfred Adler
Which of the following theorists is considered a neo-Freudian?
The death instinct
Which of the following, according to Freud's theory, would likely be the cause of starting harmful rumors about someone at work?
the death instinct
Which of the following, according to Freud's theory, would likely be the cause of suicidal feelings?
an inferiority complex
While growing up, Chuck did not receive much encouragement from his caretakers. In fact, he was often harshly criticized in an unfair manner. As a result, Chuck will likely develop _____ based on Adler's theory of individual psychology.
James, who is socially introverted wherever he goes
Who represents the best example of a clear understanding of the trait theory approach?
Trait theories
_____ attempt to explain personality and differences among people in terms of personal characteristics that are stable across situations.
Psychoanalysis
_____ consists of a person's characteristic patterns of behaving, thinking, and feeling.
Carl Rogers; a fully functioning person.
_____ created person-centered therapy in an effort to help each individual become
A peak experience
_____ involves an experience of deep meaning, insight, and harmony within oneself and with the universe.
Personality
_____ is Freud's theory of personality and his therapy for treating psychological disorders.
Self-esteem
_____ is another term for a person's sense of self-worth.
Unconditional positive regard
_____ provides unqualified caring and nonjudgmental acceptance of another.
Central; source
_____ traits are to Allport as _____ traits are to Cattell.
Raymond Cattell
Which of the following researchers created the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, also known as the 16PF?
a strong id.
Jolene frequently gets into fights at school. When asked about her behavior, she says that she just can't help but fight. According to psychoanalytic theory, Jolene likely is being influenced by _____
a trait.
A personal characteristic that is stable across situations and is used to describe or explain personality defines _____
collective unconscious.
According to Carl Jung, the idea that all humans everywhere generally care for their young would be found within the _____
a little girl's identification with her mother.
According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, successful resolution of the Elektra complex leads to _____
a little boy's identification with his father.
According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, successful resolution of the Oedipus complex leads to _____
a period of sexual calm
According to Freud, _____ occurs during the latency stage of psychosexual development.
5 or 6.
According to Freud, individuals develop the moral component of their personality by age _____
death instinct
According to Freud, the _____ accounts for unconscious aggressive and destructive impulses.
life instinct
According to Freud, the _____ fuels the sexual instincts and biological urges such as hunger and thirst.
libido
According to Freud, the _____ is the psychic energy that fuels the entire personality.
conscious.
According to Freud, the thoughts, feelings, sensations, or memories of which a person is aware at any given moment define the
preconscious.
According to Freud, the thoughts, feelings, sensations, or memories that a person is not consciously aware of at the moment, but that may be easily brought to consciousness, defines the _____
preconscious, conscious, unconscious.
According to Freud, the three levels of awareness are _____
Superego
According to Freud, which of the following is considered the moral system of the personality?
Superego
According to Freud, which structure of the personality contains the conscience?
Id
According to psychoanalysis, which of the following is the source of the libido?
within her superego
According to psychoanalytic theory, all of Kendra's behaviors (both ones for which she has been punished and ones for which she has been praised) reside _____
conscious; preconscious.
According to psychoanalytic theory, being aware of how you feel answering this question right now would be located in your _____ awareness, whereas information to answer the question "What color is your vehicle?" would be available in your _____
conscious
According to psychoanalytic theory, being aware of how you feel answering this question right now would be located in your _____ awareness.
unconscious; preconscious
According to psychoanalytic theory, the _____ is where traumatizing, repressed events are located, whereas the _____ holds information an individual may not necessarily be thinking about but can easily access.
id.
According to psychoanalytic theory, the structure of personality that operates on the pleasure principle is the _____
ego.
According to psychoanalytic theory, the structure of personality that operates on the reality principle is the _____
phallic
According to the psychosexual stages of development, initial sexual curiosity occurs during the _____ stage of psychosexual development.
genital
According to the psychosexual stages of development, the establishment of mature, sexual relationships occurs in the _____ stage.
Hans Eysenck
Which of the following researchers is known for her or his work with the PEN model?
individual psychology
Alfred Adler's theory is called _____ because of its emphasis on the uniqueness of the person.
Superego
Consider this statement: We are our own worst critic. According to Freud, which of the following components of our personality may best fuel this notion?
Actual experiences and information provided by others form the basis for one's self-esteem
Based on the research presented in the current chapter, which of the following statements is true of self-esteem?
ego; id; superego
Because the _____ is the rational part of the personality, it sometimes plays referee between the wishes of the _____ and the _____
overarching characteristics that describe a person to the point that the person is known for that particular trait; those generally mentioned when writing a letter or recommendation.
Cardinal traits are _____, whereas central traits are _____
conditions of worth.
Carl Rogers believed that many parents set up _____, or conditions on which their positive regard rests.
Carl Rogers; Sigmund Freud.
Conditions of worth are to _____ as fixations are to _____
unconditional positive regard.
Creating an environment in which someone is accepted and not judged, no matter what, exemplifies _____
Gordon Allport
Which of the following researchers is known for her or his work with the cardinal and central traits?
self-actualization
Developing one's fullest potential is the goal of _____
the life instinct
Drug use aside, which of the following, according to Freud's theory, could have likely been the cause of the free love movement in the 1960s?
unconscious.
For Freud, the primary motivating force of human behavior, containing repressed memories as well as instincts, wishes, and desires of which you have never been consciously aware, is the _____
Denial
Gigi just gave birth to her first child. Unfortunately, the baby was born with significant heart, lung, and kidney damage and is in the neonatal intensive care unit. Though the baby is only surviving because of all of the life support machines he is hooked up to, Gigi refuses to acknowledge the severity of the situation and instead talks about what outfits the baby can wear and whether he'll like his nursery at home. Which of the following defense mechanisms may best explain Gigi's refusal to acknowledge how ill her newborn son really is?
strong superego.
Having a strong feeling of guilt for minor mistakes may be a reflection of a(n) _____
phallic
Identification with the same-sex parent occurs during the _____ stage of psychosexual development
Raymond Cattell
Which of the following researchers is known for her or his work with the surface and source traits?
preconscious
Imagine you were engaged in a conversation about politics. Information to answer the question "What color is your vehicle?" would be located in the _____ according to psychoanalytic theory.
ego.
In Freud's theory, the logical, rational, and largely conscious system of personality is the _____
latency
Jane is at the stage of her life in which she is interested in female friends and playing soccer. She also has taken interest in her science class because she thinks the teacher lets the students do cool experiments. According to the psychosexual stages of development, Jane is in the _____ stage.
Displacement
Kayla is terribly saddened and frustrated by the antisocial behavior of her moody teenage son. Instead of yelling at him for not engaging with her, she decides to go for a jog. Which of the following defense mechanisms may best explain Kayla's decision to go for a jog instead of yell at her son?
unconditional positive regard
Kito has just begun the process of therapy with a new therapist. Compared to his previous therapist, this new one seems to create an atmosphere of acceptance and nonjudgment no matter what he says in therapy. Because of this, Kito is willing to share much more than he ever has before. It is clear that Kito's new therapist is utilizing _____ to establish a safe therapeutic environment.
conditions of worth.
Lulu's parents have told her that as long as she becomes a doctor, they will pay for her schooling. Lulu, however, really wants to become a chemistry teacher. When she tells her parents of her desire to study chemistry and teaching, they tell her to apply for financial aid. Lulu responds with sadness, anxiety, and distress. Lulu's parents have established _____
Regression
Nine-year-old Sofia was excited about having a new baby brother. However, she was not excited about the fact that he now gets all the attention. She finds that she no longer wants to attend to him when he cries or needs something. Her parents have also noticed, and are frustrated by, her need to suddenly suck her thumb. Which of the following defense mechanisms may best explain Sofia's new thumb-sucking behavior?
source
One's overall level of likability, a trait possessed by all to a certain degree, is an example of Raymond Cattell's _____ trait.
"Peter, you are likely experiencing repression. After we work through the painful details of that traumatic event, your depression will lift and you will feel much better."
Peter finally got up the courage to see a therapist after struggling with depression. When discussing his issues with his psychoanalytic therapist, Peter told his therapist that he was sexually assaulted by his previous college roommate. Though Peter was aware that the assault took place, he could not remember any of the painful details of the situation. Which of the following is Peter's therapist likely to say?
trait theorist.
Piotr is a researcher who has spent his career studying personality in terms of characteristics and descriptions that are stable across time. Piotr is likely a _____
surface; source
Raymond Cattell describes Kevin as a funny and sarcastic guy upon first meeting him. Funny and sarcastic would be examples of _____ traits, whereas his overall level of sociability would be considered a(n) _____ trait.
death instinct
Tarrin is a teenager who is struggling with feelings of hostility and angst. Because she was arrested for vandalism, she was court-ordered to therapy. Her treatment goal is to understand these feelings or at least to learn how to keep them in check. If Freud were her psychoanalyst, he would speculate that her _____ was to blame for her hostility and angst.
The death instinct
Reggie works in an office with about 50 other attorneys. The environment is fiercely competitive because many of them want to be made a partner in the firm. In an effort to gain some ground, Reggie began spreading harmful rumors about two of his coworkers. Even though Reggie knew that the rumors could ultimately impact their career in a negative manner, he still chose to engage in the rumor-spreading behavior. Which of the following, according to Freud's theory, would likely be the cause of Reggie's malicious acts?
problems in her life instinct
Shelley is currently undergoing treatment for an eating disorder. She reports to her therapist that food absolutely disgusts her. Her therapist, trained in psychoanalysis, immediately thinks of _____ as the potential cause
has a strong superego.
Sixteen-year-old Evan is referred to as a perfectionist by his friends and family. Neither his parents nor his teachers put pressure on him because they all know Evan seems to be the most critical of himself. According to Freud, Evan likely _____
defense mechanisms.
Strategies used by the ego to help reduce the anxiety caused by too much conflict between the id and superego are called _____
Rationalization
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves verbally justifying or supplying a logical reason for one's own inappropriate behavior or impulse?
id; ego
The _____ is to the pleasure principle as the _____ is to the reality principle.
unconscious forces shape human thought and behavior.
The central idea of psychoanalytic theory is that _____
conditions of worth.
The notion that "I'll feel warmly toward you and respect you only if you do as I say" suggests _____
Carl Jung.
The notions of archetypes, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious are the work of _____
ego ideal; conscience.
The superego is made up of the _____ and _____
ego ideal.
The superego is made up of the conscience and _____
psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism.
The three personality factors studied by Hans Eysenck are _____
id.
The unconscious system of the personality, which contains the life and death instincts and operates on the pleasure principle, defines the _____
She rejected the idea that early experiences played a role in later personality development.
Which of the following is false regarding Karen Horney?
Personal strife
Which of the following is not a characteristic in self-actualizing individuals?
Both theories are difficult to test out from a scientific standpoint.
Which of the following is the common thread between psychoanalytic theory and humanistic theory?
Carl Rogers— conditions of worth
Which of the following pairings is correct?
"Hey there, Jeffrey. Good to see you. How are you these days?"
Though 10 years out of high school, Simon is still scarred and bothered by the bullying he experienced at the hand of Jeffrey. If the defense mechanism of reaction formation were being utilized, which of the following would Simon say to Jeffrey when he unexpectedly saw Jeffrey at the local grocery store?
Reaction formation
Though 10 years out of high school, Simon is still scarred and bothered by the bullying he experienced at the hand of Jeffrey. When Simon unexpectedly saw Jeffrey at the local grocery store, he greeted Jeffrey and shook his hand. Which of the following defense mechanisms may best explain Simon's behavior?
excessive cleanliness; messiness.
Too little gratification during the anal stage may result in _____, whereas overindulgence during the anal stage may result in _____
Rationalization
Trevor was recently passed over for a promotion at work. He was frustrated and angry because he felt strongly that he deserved the promotion. In light of that, he began taking home office supplies and stretching the truth on his time card. When asked about these behaviors, Trevor said that the company owed him for not awarding him with the promotion. Which of the following defense mechanisms may best explain Trevor's reasoning?
Genital
Twenty-nine-year-old Annabelle and her partner are seriously committed to one another and have discussed the possibility of marriage. According to Freud, in which of the psychosexual stages are they?
the development of a fixation
Unsuccessful resolution of any of the stages of psychosexual development will likely result in _____
unconscious.
When Nancy was five years old, she found her sister floating face down in the family swimming pool. She was highly traumatized by the event. As a young adult, however, she does not seem aware that she was the one to actually find her sister. According to psychoanalytic theory, this information would likely be located in her _____
Projection
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves attributing one's own undesirable traits, thoughts, behaviors, or impulses to another?
Reaction formation
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves expressing ideas and emotions that are opposite of the disturbing, unconscious impulses or desires?
Repression
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves involuntarily removing an unpleasant memory, thought, or perception from consciousness?
Sublimation
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves rechanneling sexual and aggressive energy into accomplishments that society considers acceptable or even admirable?
Denial
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves refusing to consciously acknowledge the existence of danger or a threatening situation?
Regression
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves reverting back to an earlier stage of development?
Displacement
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves substituting a less-threatening object or person for the original object of a sexual or aggressive impulse?