exam 7
class 2 MHC
appear on surface of antigen presenting cells
Immunity that results from vaccination against influenza is classified as __________.
artificially acquired active immunity
class 1 MHC
built into plasma membranes of body cells
effector cells
carry out immune responses, activate helper T cells, active cytotoxic T cells, plasma cells
Which of the following cells has a CD8 marker?
cytotoxic T
cell mediated immunity
cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens, against intracellular pathogens, cancer cells, foreign tissue transplants
CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells.
cytoxic: helper
endogenous antigens
foreign antigens present inside body cells, viral proteins synthesized after virus infects cell, toxins from intracellular bacteria, abnormal proteins.
precipitation
formation of insoluble complexes
Another term for antibodies is
immunoglobulins
Martha had a heart transplant. In order to keep her body from rejecting the transplant she takes
immunosuppressive drugs
memory cells
remember foreign antigens, secondary response can happen before signals and symptoms occur, memory helper T cells, memory cytotoxic T cells, memory B cells
A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably
tears
igA
10-15% antibodies in blood, endocrine system glands provide localized protection of mucous membranes
igM
5-10% antibodies in blood first antibody secreted by plasma cells during initial exposure activates complement and causes agglutination and lysis of pathogens anti A and B antibodies of ABO blood group
immunocompetence
B cells in the red bone marrow T cells in thymus
antibody mediated immunity
B cells transform into plasma cells that secrete antibodies (humoral immunity), effective against extracellular pathogens
Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and that may activate antibody production are
IgD
Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are
IgE
Which class of immunoglobulins sensitizes cells to allergens?
IgE
Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are
IgG
Which antibody crosses the placenta between a mother and a fetus during development?
IgG
Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies of the ABO blood groups belong to which class of antibodies?
IgM
Anti-A and Anti-B blood typing antibodies are of which class?
IgM
During the primary response, which antibody peaks sooner? During the secondary response, which antibody level is higher? (Figure 22-25)
IgM: IgG
antibody
aka immunoglobulins, track down bacteria and viruses to fight them back, function to bind to antigens
antibodies disable antigens with immobilizing bacteria
antibodies form against bacteria cilia/flagella, bacteria lose their mobility
Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only when
antigen presenting cell has engulfed and is processing an antigen
Steps in antigen presentation include which of these?
antigens digested, fragments appear on antigen presenting cells surface, phagocytic antigen presenting cell engulfs pathogens
naturally acquired passive immunity
baby receives antibodies from mom through placenta/breast milk
antibodies disable antigens with neutralization
blocks bacterial toxins/prevents attachment of viruses to body cells
interleukin 2 (cytokines)
costimulates proliferation of helper T cells, cytotoxic cells, B cells, activates NK cells, secreted by helper T cells
The lymphocytes that enter tissues and directly attack antigens are __________ cells.
cytotoxic T
When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell.
cytotoxic T
Which cell is involved in cell-mediated immunity?
cytotoxic T cell
complement system
defensive system made of over 30 proteins that act in cascade, three pathways which activate C3
artificially induced active immunity
develops after administration of antigen to prevent disease , immunization/vaccination
naturally acquired active immunity
develops after exposure to antigens in environment
C3
enhances phagocytosis via opsonization initiates reactions that result in cytolysis several compliment proteins form cylinder shaped membrane attack complex which inserts into plasma membrane channels in membrane, ECF moves into cell, cytolysis
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) process endogenous antigens.
false
Helper T cells respond to foreign antigens presented by infected body cells.
false
Passive immunity develops after exposure to a particular antigen.
false
exogenous antigens
foreign antigens present in fluids outside of body cells, bacteria, bacterial toxins, inhaled pollen/dust, parasitic worms, viruses
agglutinations
formation of large complexes
igD
found on surface of B cells as antigen receptors, activates B cells .2% of antibodies in blood
Major histocompatibility complex antigens MHC
help T cells recognize an antigen as self vs, foreign.
When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell.
helper T
B cells are primarily activated by the activities of
helper T cells
Interleukin I (IL-1) promotes proliferation of which type of lymphocyte?
helper T cells
antigen receptors
immune system can recognize and bind to at least billion antigenic determinants, human genome 35,000 genes
active immunity
in response to antigen exposure
Hormones that regulate the activity of B cells and T cells and enhance nonspecific defense are called
interleukins
secondary response
memory B cells recognize antigen divide and differentiate into plasma cells, secrete antibodies quickly, memory lasts +20 yrs rapid antibody increase of only igG
lgG
most abundant, 80% of antigens in blood protects against bacteria/viruses by enhancing phagocytosis, neutralizing toxins, triggering compliment system only antibodies that go from mom to fetus through placenta
antibodies disable antigens with precipitation and agglutination
multiple binding sites on antibody allow it to link multiple antigens together
Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.
naturally acquired passive
primary response
no antigen present for several days antigen must first activate B cells which then differentiate into plasma cells and secrete antibodies igM first to appear then igG-immediate response
CD8 makers
on cytotoxic T cells, respond to antigens presented by class 1 MHC proteins
CD4 makers
on helper T cells, respond to antigens resented by class 2 MHC proteins
igE
on mast cells and basophils, involved in allergic/hypersensitivity responses protection against parasitic worms less than .1% of antibodies in blood
artificially induced passive immunity
person receives antibodies to fight infection/prevent disease
The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the
phagocytes
_____________________ cells produce and secrete antibodies.
plasma
clonal selection
process by which lymphocyte proliferates and forms more highly specialized cells in secondary lymphatic tissue
passive immunity
produced by transfer of anibodies
anergy
prolonged state of inactivity in T and B cells, results from recognition without costimulation
interleukin 1 (cytokines)
promotes proliferation of helper T cells, secreted by monocytes and macrophages
cytokines
protein hormone that stimulate/inhibit normal cell function, cell growth and differentiation from active helper T cells
Helper T cells do all of the following except
provide rapid response to future expose to the antigen
Which of the following cells has a Class-I MHC marker in its plasma membrane?
somatic body cell
antigen
substances recognized as foreign and provoke immune response
Where do T cells develop immunocompetence?
thymus
All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity except that it
weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.
costimulation
when T cells activated if they receive second signal while bound to foreign antigen, cytokines
