Exam final

Which of these muscles have attachment or "connection" to the Scapula? 1. Serratus anterior 2. Biceps brachii 3. Levator scapulae 4. Trapezius 5. Supraspinatus 6. Rhomboid major

1.2.3.4. 5. 6

Which of the following statements is/are accurate or true?

d. All of the above

Which of the following can cause contraction of smooth muscle?

1

Which of the following can cause contraction of smooth muscle? Electricity Local metabolic factors Drugs Hormones (like epinephrine) Temperature Stretch 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

"Which attributes are found in a Slow-Oxidative (Type I) skeletal muscle cell? 1. Slow myosin ATP-ase activity 2. Lots of myoglobin 3. Easily and quickly fatigued 4. Very pale color (white meat) 5. High fatigue resistance 6. Fast cross-bridge cycling

1, 2, 5

Which of the following metabolic pathways are utilized by muscle to "pay" for their contraction? 1. Glycolysis 2.B-oxidation of fats 3. Electron Transport System 4. Citric Acid Cycle 5. Gluconeogenesis 6. Ethanol fermentation

1,2.3.4

Which of the following statements are TRUE? 1. Skeletal Muscle is the ONLY type of muscle under your conscious control. 2. A typical human (110 - 165 lbs.) will "burm" their body weight in ATP every day. 3. Sarcomeres are the "functional unit" of striated muscle. 4. When ALL of the motor 5. A typical skeletal muscle can operate units in a skeletal muscle are stimulated, the muscle is said to be exhibiting "maximal" contraction strength. maximally in an anaerobic state for up to 10 minutes before it goes into "oxygen debt" and shuts down. We all have roughly the same number of muscle cells. Varying degrees of strength between individuals that can be seen is due to the number of myofibrils in the each cell.

1,23.4,6

Identify which of the following occurring during the "contraction" phase of a single muscle twitch. 1. Cleavage of ATP and utilizing the energy to "cock" the myosin head 2. Binding of calcium to Troponin-C causing a shape change 3. A "Power" stroke (myosin head moving the thin filament) 4. Binding of ATP to myosin head that weakens/breaks the "cross-bridge" 5. Release of Ca2 from terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum via an AP 6. High affinity binding of the high energy or "cocked" myosin head to actin molecule

1,3. 4, 6

Which of these characteristics are utilized in the naming of skeletal muscles? 1. Origin 2. Action 3. Size 4. Insertion 5. Shape 6. Location/Region

1. 2. 3. 4, 5, 6

Which of these is a function of the Muscular System? 1. Maintenance of posture 2. Respiration 3. Production of body heat 4. Communication 5. Heart beat 6. Constriction of organs & vessels

1. 2.3, 4, 5, 6

Which of the following directly require ATP in order to occur? 1. Ca2 pumps in SR membrane 2. Release of acetylcholine 3. "Cocking" of the myosin head 4. Removal of tropomyosin blockade 5. Na'/K Pump activity 6. Releasing myosin head from actin

1. 3, 5, 6

Which of the following structure/function relationships is/are CORRECT? 1. Epimysium/surrounds whole muscle 2. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/stores Ca 3. Endomysium/connects muscle to bone 4. T-tubule/conducts AP into cell 5. Perimysium/surrounds fascicles 6. Z-discs/anchors sarcomeric proteins

1.2,4, 5, 6

Which of the following muscles cause "flexion" of some body segment to occur? 1. Biceps brachii 2. Flexor digitorum superficialis 3. Rectus abdominis 4. liopsoas (Iliacus & Psoas muscles) 5. Flexor hallicus longus 6. Biceps femoris

1.2. 3, 4, 5, 6

Place in the correct chronological order the following events of an Action Potential. 1. Depolarization of membrane to threshold 2. Opening of voltage-gated channels 3. Depolarization phase (Na" Influx) 4. Closing of Na' channels 5. Repolarization phase (K' efflux) 6. Closing of K channels

1.2.3, 4, 5,6

Which of the following can cause contraction of smooth muscle? 1. Electricity 2. Local metabolic factors 3. Drugs 4. Hormones (like epinephrine) 5. Temperature 6. Stretch

1.2.3.4.5.6

Which of the following contribute to normal Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) in excitable tissues? 1. Large Intracellular Anionic Proteins 2. K "leak" channels 3. Voltage-Gated Ca* channels 4. K' diffusion gradient 5. Na' diffusing INTO cells 6. Na'/K Pump

1.2.4.5.6

The inability to absorb digested nutrients and produce appropriate levels of mucus might indicate a disorder in which of the following tissues?

Ca. Simple squamous epithelium b. Pseudostratifed ciliated columnar epithelium c. Simple columnar epithelium e. Areolar connective tissue

The "Latent Period" or Lag Phase of a muscle contraction includes all of the events at the neuromuscular junction as well as the "Excitation- Contraction Coupling" mechanisms.

Coupling" mechanisms. Truc

Which of the following connective tissues directly plays a key role in the "attachment" of skeletal muscles?

Epimysium

"Muscle is a very stable tissue-neither undergoing hypertrophy nor atrophy-regardless of its use.

False

A third (3rd) degree burn is both the most painful and most damaging destruction of the skin.

False

ALL men & women have about the same number of hair follicles spread throughout their "thin" skin.

False

Apocrine sweat glands mature & are activated only in response to "sex hormones.

False

Both Epithelial tissues and Nervous tissues are very poor at regeneration/mitotic activity.

False

Cartilage is found in the most hypoxic (decreased O, levels) regions of the body because O, is actually quite toxic/lethal to chondrocytes.

False

Epithelial tissues with more than one cellular layer are referred to as "simple."

False

Extensibility refers to the ability of a muscle to respond or react to a stimulus.

False

For better healing, incisions through the skin should always be made across (perpendicular) rather than in line with (parallel) cleavage lines produced by collagen fiber bundles in the dermis.

False

Graded (local) potentials spread throughout the entire area of the membrane on which they are generated without decreasing in intensity or magnitude. False

False

Hair follicle cells & nail root cells express the EXACT same keratin as epidermal cells.

False

Intracellular storage of ATP in skeletal muscle to power significant contraction for up to -30 seconds.

False

Isometric muscle contraction is defined as a muscle shortening along its long axis as it generates force.

False

Stratified cuboidal epithelium is moderately rare in the human body - found only in the bladder and proximal urethra.

False

The PEC is the elastic component resident in the muscle's tendons (connective tissue connectionsl.

False

Voltage-gated Sodium channels are the ones that are delayed in their opening and closing.

False

Voltage-gated Sodium channels are the ones that are delayed their opening and closing.

False

When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate to allow more blood to the surface to dissipate more heat.

False

When chloride is present & binds to it, Troponin undergoes a conformational (shape) change that pulls Tropomyosin off of the myosin- binding sites on actin allowing a cross-bridge to form.

False

Which of the following statements is/are FALSE?

b. All ions pass through the plasmalemma (cell membrane) with equal efficiency

Which is the most numerous epidermal cell type?

c Keratinocytes

An individual has just ingested a chemical that binds irreversibly to the acetylcholine receptors in the sarcolemma rendering them useless. By itself it does not alter membrane potential, yet it prevents normal neurotransmitter binding. Ignoring the effects on any other system, the immediate consequence to skeletal muscle would be

c. both b &

The hyperpolarization or after-potential phase of an AP is specifically due to

c. both b &d

A skeletal muscle's insertion is defined by most texts as the

c. more mobile or moveable skeletal attachment

Place the following epidermal strata in the correct anatomical sequence they would be encountered if YOU were a keratinocyte working your way up towards the surface of the skin, 1. Stratum basale 2. Stratum coneum 3. Stratum lucidum 4. Stratum granulosum 5. Stratum spinosum

c1.5, 4, 3. 2

The functions of the skin are 1. aiding in temperature regulation 2. a protective barrier to microorganisms 3. just as decoration 4. preventing dehydration (water loss) 5. beginning Vitamin D synthesis 6. to rid the body of solid wastes

d. 1. 2,4,5

Which of the following play a role in the pigmentation of your skin? 1. amount of blood in capillaries 2. type of keratin produced 3. amount of carotene pigments 4. levels of melanin 5. oxygenated hemoglobin 6. chlorophyll levels

d. 1.3, 4, 5

Which of the following is a correct/legitimate secretion of or by the Integumentary System? 1. Acidic sweat 2. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone 3. Sebum 4. Eccrine (merocrine) gland fluid 5. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 6. Human Pheromones in Apocrine sweat

d. 1.3, 4, 6

Which of the following characteristics are shared in common by all three types of muscle tissue? 1. Autorhythmicity 2. Irritability 3. Elasticity 4. Contractility 5. Extensibility 6. Ca dependant contraction

d. 2.3, 4, 5, 6

Which of the following can be categorized as part of your skin's "Chemical Barriers"?

d. All of above

Please place in the correct chronological order the following events that occur during Cardiac Muscle Excitation-Contraction Coupling. 1. Action potential propagates down membrane and into the large T-tubule network. 2. Troponin undergoes a conformational (shape) change. 3. AP on membrane & in T-tubules open channels & causes Ca2* to enter cell from ECF and to be released from the sarcoplasmic retiuculum. 4. Tropomyosin pulled off of the myosin-binding sites on individual actin proteins (shoves it deeper into the groove). 5. Ca" diffuses out amongst the myofibrils and specifically binds Troponin-C subunits. 6. Myosin heads can now bind and pull on now "unblocked" actin molecules.

1.3,5, 2.4, 6

Please place in the correct chronological order the following events that occur during Excitation-Contraction Coupiling (rest of the Lag phase events after NMJ). 1. Action potential propagates down entire length of sarcolemma-including down into the transverse or T-tubule network. 2. Troponin undergoes a conformational (shape) change. 3. AP in T-tubules causes Ca? to be released from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (dihyropyridine receptors "plugged" into foot proteins or Ca2 release channels). 4. Pulling Tropomyosin off of the myosin-binding sites on individual actin proteins (shoves it deeper into the groove). 5. Ca* diffuses out amongst the myofibrils and specifically binds to Troponin-C subunits. 6. Myosin heads can now bind and pull on now "unblocked" actin molecules.

1.3. 5, 2,4, 6

Please place in the correct chronological order the following events that occur at the neuromuscular junction. 1. Action potential propagates to the terminal end (buton) of the axon 2. lons (mostly Na+) diffuse into the muscle cell causing a local (or graded) potential to occur at motor end plate 3. 2 Ach molecules bind their receptor on the post-synaptic membrane causing a conformational change in this protein that opens a cation channel End-plate potential depolarizes the adjacent sarcolemma to threshold and a new action potential is generated on the muscle cell membrane 5. AP on axonal membrane opens voltage-gated Ca channels allowing Calcium to diffuse INTO the axon. 6. Acetylcholine-filled secretory vesicles migrate to the pre-synaptic membrane and Ach is released into synaptic cleft by exocytosis 7. Ach diffuses across the synaptic cleft; most is degraded by acetylcholinesterase

1.5.6. 7.3. 2.4

In which type of Olympic athlete would you most likely find a greater abundance of Fast-twitch Glycolytic (Type lb) skeletal muscle fibers?

100 m sprinters

Which substances below could be observed either entering or leaving a mitochondrion? 1. Oxygen 2. Pyruvate 3. Glucose 4 Adenosine Triphosphate 5. CO 6. Carbon monoxide gas

1245

Please place in the correct chronological order the following events that occur during normal contraction of Smooth Muscle. 1. Ca enters cell through DHP channels (a little Ca" released from meager SR stores) 2. Myosin Kinase phosphorylates the "hinge" region of myosin molecule. 3. Ca binds and activates Calmodulin proteins. 4. Phosphorylated Myosin heads can now move and bind and pull actin thin filaments. 5. Activated Calmodulin then in turn activates Myosin Light Chain Kinase enzymes. 6. Cross-bridge cycling continues until Myosin Phosphatase enzymes remove phosphate from myosin light chains rendering them immobile and ending contraction.

13.5.246

Which type(s) of muscle is/are under the control of the Autonomic Nervous System?

1Da Skeletal Muscle

Which of the following characteristics are shared in common by all three types of muscle tissue? 1. Autorhythmicity 2. Irritability 3. Elasticity 4. Contractility 5. Extensibility 6. Ca dependent contraction

2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Which of these characteristics are UNIQUE to smooth muscle cells? 1. Ca dependent contraction 2. Calmodulin proteins 3. Actin/Myosin Cross ridge Cycling 4. Myosin kinase enzymes 5. Stress-Relaxation Response 6. "Latch" phenomenon

245.6

Which of the following is an important function of Calcium (Ca")? 1. Neuromuscular Excitability 2. Excitation-Contraction Coupling 3. Stimulus-Secretion Coupling 4. Structural integrity of bone & teeth 5. Clotting of blood 6. Intracellular second messenger

All of the above

Which of the following proteins/structures can be found in Cardiac myocytes? 1. Larger T-tubules (in lumen size) 2. Intercalated disks 3. Troponin 4. Slow, L-type Ca channels 5. Reduced amount of SR 6. Sarcomeres

All of the above

The depolarization phase of an Action Potential is specifically due to

Amassive influx of sodium ions

Where does the Citric Acid (or Kreb's) Cycle occur in the cell?

Mitochondrial matrix

Consider the following statements and determine which, if any, are FALSE.

None of the above

Fast-Glycolyt itb) hoersae the largest and strongest of all the types of skeletal muscle The hnt.motor tinits ecruto wtiena muscle contracts ae the SlowOidanve hoers With the appropriate training. Ilb fibers can be converted to lla hbers or vice versa

None of the above

Glucose is the only molecule that can be metabolized into ATP.

O False

Most cells (muscle included) are incapable of operating in an anaerobic state (without O2) even temporarily and will cease to function and die.

O False

The "Contraction Phase" of a single muscle twitch is specifically due to the actions of the Ca2* pumps on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).

O False

An Action Potential will ONLY propagate in the "forward" direction because VG Na* channels in the "backward" direction are in a refractory state (unresponsive).

O True

The specific effect of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach) on the sarcolemma is to temporarily modify its ion permeability properties to create the "Motor End-Plate" potential.

O True

ATP Synthase is an enzyme found in the inner mitochondrial membrane that utilizes the significant proton gradient established by the complexes of the ETS to create ATP by coupling ADP & P

Truc

Each individual skeletal muscle cell (fiber)requires its own unique neuromuscular junction.

Truc

"Maximal voltage" is defined as the stimulus strength that recruits all possible motor units in a muscle generates the maximum force or tension possible by that muscle.

True

A physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color of patients.

True

ALL epithelial tissues are "held in place" by a basement membrane of areolar connective tissue.

True

ALL muscle is elastic, extensible, irritable, and has the ability to shorten with force or contract.

True

ALL skeletal muscle fibers in a muscle are "electrically insulated" from each other by endomysium.

True

ALL skeletal muscle fibers in a muscle are "electrically insulated" from each other by endomysium. True

True

All living cells have a measurable potential difference across their membranes.

True

An alpha (a) motor neuron & all of the skeletal muscle fibers that it innervates is defined as a motor unit.

True

By definition tendons connect muscles to bones while ligaments connect bones to bones.

True

Connective tissue is the most abundant primary tissue in the body and is found "everywhere

True

Eccentric muscle contraction is defined as maintaining tension as a muscle lengthens.

True

Histology is defined simply - and correctly as the "study of tissues."

True

Hyperpolarization (more potential on the membrane) occurs because the VG K' channels close slowly.

True

Large (>100 mV), rapid, brief (-2 ms) changes in membrane potential that are due to the actions of special voltage-gated ion channels are called Action Potentials.

True

Slow-twitch (Type-l) fibers are highly fatigue resistant & very effective at oxidative phosphorylation.

True

Smooth muscle is the slowest of all muscle in contraction speed and is also the most fatigue resistant.

True

Terminal cisternae are important regions of the SR because they are coupled to T-tubules & release Ca" when depolarized by an action potential.

True

The Gastrocnemius (fast twitch) & Soleus (slow twitch) muscles BOTH plantar flex the foot-the differences between them are the speed at which they cause this action & their ability to resist fatigue.

True

The eponychium of a nail is more commonly called the "cuticle.

True

The hypodermis (adipose tissue) is technically not considered to be part of the skin.

True

The stratum basale is the epidermal layer anchored to the basement membrane and the primary site of active cell division or Mitosis.

True

Threshold is defined as "the potential of a membrane that opens voltage-gated ion channels."

True

Troponin-C or Calmodulin are the important Ca2* binding proteins in the control of muscle contraction depending upon the type of muscle being reviewed.

True

Viscoelasticity in skeletal muscle means that it has the ability to stretch and remain stretched over time.

True

When stimulated, a skeletal muscle cell will contract maximally in an "All-or-None" fashion.

True

With an average surface area of about 2 m2 & a weight of around 10 Ibs., the skin is the largest organ of the human body.

True

are the small, localized changes to membrane potential that "get an excitable tissue like a skeletal muscle cell to threshold.

a Graded potentials

Rigor mortis occurs because

a, no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules

What is the first significant threat to life following a massive third-degree burn?

a. Infection

The in cardiac muscle is due to the slow influx of Ca into the cell maintaining a state of depolarization for -250 msec.

a. Plateau phase

The result of repeated rubbing or abrasive forces on your skin that cause the epidermis to separate from the dermis is commonly called

a. a blister

The is the functional unit in striated muscle.

a. sarcomere fascicle

Which of the following statements are TRUE? a Muscle contraction must overcome passive elasticity in the PEC S SEC before any movement of a bodv seemenewill occur E The Paralel Elastic Component (PECI the elasticity inhenet in the sanccieminas of the muscle cells c. It stimui ate presented to the eletalimscle cell tasterhanthe CaNitpin the SR can heove Ca stane of sustained contraction ao tetany occurs

d. All of thc above

Calcium release depends upon in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

d. All of the above

Which of the following statements about the effects of stretch on muscle are correct?

d. All of the above

Which of the following statements pertaining to Vitamin D are TRUE?

d. All of the above

Which the following compounds found in the urine can also be found in "typical" eccrine sweat?

d. All of the above

Myosin heads exist in the "cocked" or ready position even when muscles are relaxed, so long as ATP is present in the cell.

e True

Which type of muscle tissue is classified as "striated (arranged in sarcomeres)?

e. Both a &c

Which of the following contribute to the "normal" ENDING of a muscle contraction?

e. Only a & b