Exam questions

The pragmatic system of the language is directly linked to which of the following? A.Knowledge about the schema of the conversation and the intent of the speaker B.Positive fit between the grapheme and the phoneme of L1 and L2 C.Knowledge about contrastive analysis theory between L1 and L2 D.Use of connotative and denotative word meanings

A.Knowledge about the schema of the conversation and the intent of the speaker

Identify the statement that correctly describes Normal Curve Equivalent (NCEs) scores and Percentile rank (PRs) found in formal assessments. A.NCEs are based on actual raw scores and PRs are not. B.PRs are based on the scores of a national norm and NCEs are based on scores from a local norm. C.Both NCEs and PRs are derived from raw data. D.PRs are based on the actual number correct on the test and NCEs are based on derived scores.

A.NCEs are based on actual raw scores and PRs are not.

Minimal pairs are used to teach or assess which of the following? A.Phonology B.Morphology C.Syntax D.Lexicon

A.Phonology

According to Krashen and Terrell (1983), second-language learners go through specific stages of language acquisition. These stages are preproduction, early production, speech emergence, and advanced fluency. Identify the stage in which students begin to understand written information accompanied by concrete objects and based on prior experiences. A.Speech Emergence B.Preproduction C.Early production

A.Speech Emergence

Define Integrative and Instrumental motivation according to Garner 1985

Integrative: the desire to learn a lang in order to communicate w/ or become closer to, people from the culture (or lang community) who speak it Instrumental: the desire to learn a lang b/c it is seen as useful for achieving certain "instrumental" goals (getting a job. passing an exam etc)

What is the Acquisition Model

A theory proposed by John Schumann to describe the acquisition process of a second language / (L2) by members of ethnic minorities that typically include immigrants, migrant workers, or the children of such groups. This acquisition process takes place in natural contexts of majority language setting. The main suggestion of the theory is that the acquisition of a second language is directly linked to the acculturation process, and learners' success is determined by the extent to which they can orient themselves to the target language culture

Research suggests that language development is facilitated when it is combined with content-area instruction. Which of the following provides the rationale? A. Connecting language development to content areas involves students in real language use in a variety of texts, situations, and modes. B. Content areas can be further divided into interpersonal, interpretive, and presentational modes of communication. C. Language objectives are tied to the subject matter of a lesson used to assist students in developing comprehensible input, even though the language objective is not necessary for student understanding. D. Connecting basic interpersonal communication skills with content-area objectives providing a way for students to learn conversational language.

A. Connecting language development to content areas involves students in real language use in a variety of texts, situations, and modes.

The pragmatic system of the language is directly linked to which of the following? A. Knowledge about the schema of the conversation and the intent of the speaker B. Positive fit between the grapheme and the phoneme of L1 and L2 C. Knowledge about contrastive analysis theory between L1 and L2 D. Use of connotative and denotative word meanings

A. Knowledge about the schema of the conversation and the intent of the speaker

Language learning styles are like multiple intelligences in that they represent another way learners process and perceive information. The learning style requiring closure refers to which of the following? A. Learners who dislike ambiguity, require grammatical rules early in the process, and find co-constructing the rules a time-consuming activity B. Learners who are motivated by competition in which winning is the utmost importance in completing a task C. Learners who prefer using dictionaries to find definitions and grammatical details to complete language activities D. Learners who enjoy interactive language tasks using main ideas

A. Learners who dislike ambiguity, require grammatical rules early in the process, and find co-constructing the rules a time-consuming activity

Which of the following should be provided in the foreign language classroom? A. Multiple opportunities for students to interact communicatively with one another in the target language. B. Numerous opportunities for memorization of discrete skills in which students are later expected to use in the classroom. C. Multiple opportunities for error correction in using production skills. D. The use of benchmarks and goals for beginning students to increase their interpersonal communicative language skills.

A. Multiple opportunities for students to interact communicatively with one another in the target language.

Minimal pairs are used to teach or assess which of the following? A. Phonology B. Morphology C. Syntax D. Lexicon

A. Phonology

An important concept in the new assessment paradigm is the emphasis on the use of multiple measures in assessing student progress. Why is this important? A. Students are given multiple opportunities to show what they know and can do with the language. B. This method of assessment provides multiple attempts to collect and average their grades. C. This method of assessment provides multiple types of grammatical knowledge and vocabulary using discrete-point items, often with one right answer. D. This method of assessment provides a limited number of opportunities for students to demonstrate knowledge and

A. Students are given multiple opportunities to show what they know and can do with the language.

What is the disadvantage of using analytic rubrics? A. Unless each point for each criterion is well-defined, raters will have a difficult time in reaching the same score. B. Conceptually this type of rubric is more difficult to design. C. Development requires more time because there should be a connection between identifying assessment criteria with the theoretical framework. D. Specific feedback for improvement is not provided.

A. Unless each point for each criterion is well-defined, raters will have a difficult time in reaching the same score.

Which is one solution for helping students who have low Spanish language proficiency complete direct assessments? A. Use examples to show students how to complete their test. B. Give feedback that is numerical. C. Provide many different tasks for students to choose from to complete their test. D. Use longer questions so the teacher can do most of the talking.

A. Use examples to show students how to complete their test.

According to Shrum and Glisan (2005), what is the difference between assessment and evaluation? A.Assessment means to "gather information about and measure a learner's level of knowledge and evaluation means to interpret and assign a value to information about a learner." B.Assessment means to "determine a learner's level of knowledge or skills and evaluation means to assign a grade to the information about a learner." C.Assessment means to "measure a learner's level of knowledge and evaluation means to convert assessment information into a letter or numerical score." D.Assessment means to "gather information about a learner into a form that is understandable to the learner and evaluation is to determine a learner's level of language proficiency, knowledge, and skills."

A.Assessment means to "gather information about and measure a learner's level of knowledge and evaluation means to interpret and assign a value to information about a learner."

Social theories of second language acquisition explain using multiple perspectives of the learner and view language learning within larger sociological contexts. According to Schumann's social distance hypothesis, which of the following is true? A.The learner's motivation is shaped by cultural patterns and ethnic prejudice that impact emotional receptiveness to the target language and learning the language. B.This hypothesis maintains that people learn to speak in a new language by participating in conversations with the target language group. C.Language learners are successful when their native language is close to the target language and they practice new language patterns to overcome interference from their first language. D.More successful learners have received more comprehensible input and are more receptive to the available input because of their low affective filter.

A.The learner's motivation is shaped by cultural patterns and ethnic prejudice that impact emotional receptiveness to the target language and learning the language.

Which of the following is an example of the Gouin Series used to teach communication? A.Using a narrative with a step-by-step sequence of actions that takes place in a specific context, such as cooking a meal B.Using a dialogue journal as a written conversation in which a student and teacher communicate regularly using a series of responses C.Storytelling using a combination of language with actions that provides extensive listening practice before students are expected to speak D. Whole group activities used to teach oral skills, such as repetition, modeling, and backward build up

A.Using a narrative with a step-by-step sequence of actions that takes place in a specific context, such as cooking a meal

Krashen's five hypotheses about second-language acquisition

Acquisition-Learning hypothesis; Monitor hypothesis; Input hypothesis; Affective Filter hypothesis; Natural Order hypothesis.

In both first- and second-language acquisition, children complete a series of similar complex processes and transitions towards language mastery. However, in second language acquisition, students need to develop a higher level of language expertise called — A. Metacognitive Learning B. Communicative Competence C. Linguistic Overgeneralization D. Cognitive Academic Language

B. Communicative Competence

Which method of second language acquisition is used to emphasize vocabulary memorization? A. Grammar analysis B. Grammar translation method C. Structural linguistics D. Audio-lingualism

B. Grammar translation method

The use of singing and choral reading are commonly used with students in the preproduction stage of second language acquisition. What is one of the purposes of using these instructional strategies? A. Minimize language interference B. Lower the affective filter C. Motivate students to read and write in the second language D. Provide continuous error correction while learning a second language

B. Lower the affective filter

Which one of the principles of integrated performance assessments are based on engaging students learning a second language? A. Performance-based tasks require students to recite from memory. B. Performance is assessed within contexts that test learners' knowledge and skills in authentic contexts in which students use language within and outside the classroom. C. Performance-based assessment requires less time than traditional testing because the assessment is linked to the standards. D. Students must succeed in performance-based assessments because they are given additional time to process the material.

B. Performance is assessed within contexts that test learners' knowledge and skills in authentic contexts in which students use language within and outside the classroom.

In the Interactive Model, which mode of communication uses written and oral summaries of text, visuals, and oral and written products as discourse formats for assessment? A. Intrapersonal mode B. Presentational mode C. Interpretive mode D. Interpersonal mode

B. Presentational mode

Which of the four stages in the learning process is the language learning strategy "contextualizing and personalizing" categorized under? A. Planning for learning B. Regulating or facilitating one's learning C. Problem solving D. Evaluating one's progress and learning

B. Regulating or facilitating one's learning

Which of the following progress indicators is aligned with The Standards of Foreign Language learning in the 21st Century (SFLL) Standard 2.1: Students demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between the practices and perspectives of the cultures studied? A. Students use language information and compare it with their first language. B. Students use appropriate gestures and oral expressions for greetings, leave takings, and classroom interactions. C. Students use communicative language both within and beyond the school setting. D. Students demonstrate an understanding of the nature of language.

B. Students use appropriate gestures and oral expressions for greetings, leave takings, and classroom interactions.

One of the most effective strategies used for second-language students in the preproduction stage of language development is the Total Physical Response (TPR) method. Which of the following lists ways teachers can promote second language development? A. Using direct teach instructional methods for teaching the structure of language. B. Using role playing, contextualized instruction, and concrete objects. C. Using short answer, yes/no questions, and one answer questions in conducting a demonstration. D. Using the audiolingual method of teaching a second language.

B. Using role playing, contextualized instruction, and concrete objects.

What is an example of text-based products in assessing reading in language learning? A. Learners demonstrate their knowledge by sharing their personal point of view. B. The ability to use the information from the text to summarize the plot. C. Finding factual answers to specific questions using information from the text. D. The ability to infer, formulate a main idea, or evaluate a text

C. Finding factual answers to specific questions using information from the text.

Lev Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development theory provides the foundation in learning, the development of a second language, and for the instructional value of — A. student understanding. B. social interaction. C. intrapersonal skills. D. modified input.

B. social interaction.

According to Selinker (1972, 1991), what is interlanguage in the target language? A.A dialectical variation of a language used temporarily for communication. B.An individual linguistic system created by second language learners' variability in language performance because of cognitive processes used in acquisition. C.The intermediate fluency level of the learners undergoing the stages of second-language acquisition. D.The acquisition process that occurs with the flow of input and output of the target language.

B.An individual linguistic system created by second language learners' variability in language performance because of cognitive processes used in acquisition.

In both first- and second-language acquisition, children complete a series of similar complex processes and transitions towards language mastery. However, in second-language acquisition, students need to develop a higher level of language expertise called — A.Metacognitive Learning B.Communicative Competence C.Linguistic Overgeneralization D.Cognitive Academic Language

B.Communicative Competence

While listening and reading are receptive modes of language use, speaking and writing are — A.Receptive modes B.Production modes C.Creative modes D.Integrative modes

B.Production modes

What is the disadvantage of using discrete-point tests for the assessment of second language students? A. Discrete-point tests use dictation tasks to demonstrate an individual's understanding of language. B. Discrete-point tests are formatted with cloze activities that require global scoring to measure an individual's language competence. C. Discrete-point tests do not generally measure communicative competence. D. Discrete-point tests require test administrators to undergo extensive training and these tests do not provide enough time for its completion.

C. Discrete-point tests do not generally measure communicative competence.

In addressing Spanish, Guadalupe Valdés (1995) has developed goals of instruction for teaching heritage language learners. Which of the following is NOT one of these goals? A. Acquisition of the prestige variety of Spanish so that heritage language learners can function in professional contexts B. Expansion of bilingual range so heritage language learners can improve linguistic abilities and communicative strategies in both languages. C. Acquisition of oral communicative language skills in various dialects. D. The transfer of literacy skills enabling learners to carry over skills effectively into the other language.

C. Acquisition of oral communicative language skills in various dialects.

When students are afforded adequate "wait time" to analyze and answer questions posed to them in Spanish, they usually can do which of the following? A. Perform better in the target language than in their native language. B. Perform better than advanced Spanish heritage speakers. C. Demonstrate a better understanding of the knowledge required to answer the question. D. Understand the question, and then transfer information to the target language.

C. Demonstrate a better understanding of the knowledge required to answer the question.

A secondary Spanish teacher is informed that four students who are heritage language learners will be placed in her beginning-level Spanish class. In considering instructional approaches for this class, which of the following is most important for the teacher to keep in mind when teaching heritage language learners? A. Heritage language learners may have advanced high level proficiency and will require supplemental activities. B. Heritage language learners will make the best progress if they work together in a group rather than working with the whole class. C. Heritage language learners have diverse schooling backgrounds and varying degrees of oral proficiency and literacy skills in Spanish. D. Heritage speakers may serve as teacher's aides and model correct Spanish pronunciation and usage for non-heritage language learners in the class.

C. Heritage language learners have diverse schooling backgrounds and varying degrees of oral proficiency and literacy skills in Spanish.

According to Chomsky, children use language elements they know to make utterances they have never heard before. That is, children are born with a language acquisition device (LAD). Which of the following explains what the LAD is responsible for regarding processing language? A. It initiates the development of intelligence in children learning their first language. B. It transfers the cognitive processes from the native language to the second language. C. It contains universal abstract principles of language and selects the innate rules specific to the linguistic input children receive. D. It assists in the development of comprehensible input plus one (i + 1), which is slightly above what the child can perform alone without the aid of a competent peer.

C. It contains universal abstract principles of language and selects the innate rules specific to the linguistic input children receive.

Assessment involves evaluating student performance. Which of the following is related to the purpose of assessing students learning a second-language? A. Assessments should document social development and interactions with native Spanish speakers living in the community. B. Standardized testing should be used to measure students' performance in the classroom. C. Language proficiency must be assessed to provide appropriate instruction for students learning a second language. D. Documentation of students' progress must include collecting all completed assignments, writing samples, and group projects for formative evaluation.

C. Language proficiency must be assessed to provide appropriate instruction for students learning a second language.

Which of the following foreign language assessments can be characterized as the learners perform tasks designed for a particular language level to determine their ability to perform specific language functions within a specific context using a particular type and level of accuracy? A. Authentic assessments B. Performance-based assessments C. Pro achievement assessments D. Interactive assessments

C. Pro achievement assessments

A new Spanish teacher is looking for information about instructional strategies for students with various special needs in the language classroom. The teacher will have a few gifted and talented students and a few students with language or learning disorders in the general classroom population. The teacher could best prepare for these students by consulting which of the following resources? A. Professional journals about language teaching B. A teacher who is serving as a mentor at the school C. School specialists who work with special populations D. Pedagogy texts from the school's teaching library

C. School specialists who work with special populations

Which of the following is not one of Krashen's five hypotheses about second language acquisition? A. The monitor hypothesis B. The acquisition-learning hypothesis C. The motivation hypothesis D. The affective filter hypothesis

C. The motivation hypothesis

Scores from direct assessments are sometimes difficult to interpret. Which of the following is the reason? A. Direct assessments are too subjective for scoring numerically. B. Sometimes students are on the borderline between score levels. C. The scores need to be considered along with the rubrics used to evaluate the performance. D. Longer performances take more time to score and teachers may get tired and score the tests lower.

C. The scores need to be considered along with the rubrics used to evaluate the performance.

Which is a question language teachers should consider first when developing an assessment? A. How many questions should be written for the test? B. When should the test be given? C. Why are the students being assessed? D. What types of test questions should be including on the test?

C. Why are the students being assessed?

One of the best instructional methods used to help a new student learning Spanish in your classroom is to — A. study foods and holidays from various Latin American countries. B. study grammar and subjects that will be easy for the student. C. create a secure classroom where all students feel that they belong. D. make sure the student works in groups

C. create a secure classroom where all students feel that they belong.

Criterion-referenced tests compare the — A. results of students and ranks them based on the number of students who took the test on each administration. B. passing rates of students at the state and national levels to determine the criteria for measuring mastery. C. performance of students against a fixed set of predetermined numbers of learning standards for mastery that is required to pass the test. D. results and the number of items used to determine if the test has validity

C. performance of students against a fixed set of predetermined numbers of learning standards for mastery that is required to pass the test.

The pre-production stage of second-language acquisition is also identified as the — A. early production stage, because the students are in the early stages of language acquisition. B. speech emergence stage, because the students may emerge over time in the classroom from previous periods of inattentiveness. C. silent period, because the student may not communicate during this period except in nonverbal ways. D. intermediate fluency stage, because this refers to adolescent students who often demonstrate faster academic language growth than younger beginning second-language learners.

C. silent period, because the student may not communicate during this period except in nonverbal ways.

There are many sources that motivate an individual to succeed in language learning. According to Gardner (1985), which of the following defines instrumental motivation? A.Learning a language to fit in with people who speak the language natively. B.Learning a language to improve your presentation skills. C.Learning a language to get a better job or to fulfill an academic requirement. D.Learning a language to participate in setting an agenda for your learning.

C.Learning a language to get a better job or to fulfill an academic requirement.

A portfolio is an organized collection of the learner's work used by the teacher and the learner to monitor academic and language learning progress. How is portfolio assessment used in second language instruction and assessment? A.Assists in assigning the learner a grade for reporting to parents and caregivers B.Designates a specific time for assessing learners using criteria developed by the language teacher C.Measures the learner's ability at a specific time and provides evidence of their language performance over time D.Provides the learners with a management system to store a collection of artifacts involving their language performance

C.Measures the learner's ability at a specific time and provides evidence of their language performance over time

What is an advantage of using multiple choice questions for assessing language students? A.Multiple choice questions are easier for teachers to write. B.Multiple choice questions are the best way to test grammar directly. C.Multiple choice questions do not require beginner level students to produce language. D.Multiple choice questions give students answer choices to choose the correct option.

C.Multiple choice questions do not require beginner level students to produce language.

Social theories of second-language acquisition differ from others because they explain L2 learning from the perspectives of the learner's contexts and external influences. According to Schumann's (1994), a second language learners' success is based on the emotional receptiveness to the target language, known as the — A.Affective Filter Hypothesis B.Critical Period C.Social Distance Hypothesis D.Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis

C.Social Distance Hypothesis

According to Rebecca Oxford, language teachers teach students how to use strategies in order to help them in the language learning process. Strategy training can be integrated with language learning and communication through the use of which of the following? A.Reference materials, explanation, and predictions. B.Simulation, games, and other interactive tasks. C.Specific aspects of language and situational details. D.Developing personal objectives and identifying the purpose of tasks.

C.Specific aspects of language and situational details.

Which of the following is not one of Krashen's five hypotheses about second-language acquisition? A.The monitor hypothesis B.The acquisition-learning hypothesis C.The motivation hypothesis D.The affective filter hypothesis

C.The motivation hypothesis

Language acquisition refers to — A.how students use language in their classrooms. B.how young children interact with their caregivers. C.how children and others acquire language. D.how we use language in social situations.

C.how children and others acquire language.

The pre-production stage of second-language acquisition is also identified as the — A.early production stage, because the students are in the early stages of language acquisition. B.speech emergence stage, because the students may emerge over time in the classroom from previous periods of inattentiveness. C.silent period, because the student may not communicate during this period except in nonverbal ways. D.intermediate fluency stage, because this refers to adolescent students who often demonstrate faster academic language growth than younger beginning second-language learners.

C.silent period, because the student may not communicate during this period except in nonverbal ways.

Identify the statement that best summarizes the research findings associated with the development of proficiency in the second language and the age of initial exposure to the language. A. Students exposed to a second language before puberty develop near native-like pronunciation. B. Given the appropriate instruction, children who are exposed to a second language after puberty will develop similar language proficiency as those children who are heritage language speakers. C. Students exposed to a second language after puberty master pronunciation, grammar, and reading better than younger students. D. Students may have advantages over adults in the mastery of pronunciation, but adults might have advantages in the acquisition of various abstract language components.

D. Students may have advantages over adults in the mastery of pronunciation, but adults might have advantages in the acquisition of various abstract language components.

Which of the following is a reason why heritage language learners are placed into foreign language classes of their home language at the K-12 level? A. To improve their ability to use grammatical structures found in most languages B. To socialize with other heritage language learners. C. To improve their grade point average because they already know the language. D. To maintain and improve their language proficiency and acquire new content knowledge, such as culture and literature.

D. To maintain and improve their language proficiency and acquire new content knowledge, such as culture and literature.

The term "scaffolding" is used in second-language instruction to describe which of the following? A. Constructing content knowledge and language using grammatically sequenced instruction. B. Supporting students in their efforts toward content memorization. C. Engaging students in classroom discussions with native language speakers. D. Using caretaker speech or foreign talk learning strategies to develop the oral language of novice level students.

D. Using caretaker speech or foreign talk learning strategies to develop the oral language of novice level students.

Mediational tools that assist learning can take various forms. Which of the following does NOT provide a list of mediation tools used in supporting learning? A. Textbooks, visuals, classroom discourse patterns, and opportunities for interaction B. Explicit instruction, direct instruction, self-talk, and teacher assistance C. Rubrics, portfolios, performance assessments, vocabulary lists, verb conjugations D. Rote memorization, language drills, and error correction of oral language

D. Rote memorization, language drills, and error correction of oral language

Canale (1983) identified four components of communicative competence. Which of the following is the ability to compensate for a breakdown in communication? A. Grammatical competence B. Sociolinguistic competence C. Discourse competence D. Strategic competence

D. Strategic competence

In which theory of language acquisition does the social environment play a significant role? A. Behaviorist theory B. Innateness hypothesis C. Input hypothesis D. Interactionist hypothesis

D. Interactionist hypothesis

What is one of the functions of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL)? A. It is a professional association of foreign language teachers that advocates for the professionalism in teaching those represented in non-native second language communities. B. It is a professional organization that provides a forum for collegial exchange about important issues dealing with foreign language instruction. C. It is an organization that advocates for accessible collaboration in a global community and interaction of research for reflective practice. D. It is the national umbrella organization for the foreign language teaching profession that addresses teacher preparation and instruction

D. It is the national umbrella organization for the foreign language teaching profession that addresses teacher preparation and instruction

For students to become fully proficient in Spanish, they need to develop the following types of language competence — A. discourse, cognitive, and strategic B. grammatical linguistic, and strategic C. sociolinguistic, academic, and grammatical D. grammatical, discourse, sociolinguistics, and strategic

D. grammatical, discourse, sociolinguistics, and strategic

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of performance-based assessments for evaluating Spanish language students? A.Real-life cultural experiences and active involvement with the curriculum B.Embedded in the instruction and interpreted using rubrics C.Demonstration of specific skills in self-selected or assigned writing samples D.Assessment of cognitive ability and the recall of grammar rules

D.Assessment of cognitive ability and the recall of grammar rules

Heritage language speakers may have problems with standardized test questions based on unfamiliar wording related to linguistic or cultural differences. This is an example of which of the following found in standardized testing — A.Reliability test issues B.Validity test issues C.Construct-validity bias test issues D.Content-validity bias test issues

D.Content-validity bias test issues

In which theory of language acquisition does the social environment play a significant role? A.Behaviorist theory B.Innateness hypothesis C.Input hypothesis D.Interactionist hypothesis

D.Interactionist hypothesis

What is one of the functions of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL)? A.It is a professional association of foreign language teachers that advocates for the professionalism in teaching those represented in non-native second language communities. B.It is a professional organization that provides a forum for collegial exchange about important issues dealing with foreign language instruction. C.It is an organization that advocates for accessible collaboration in a global community and interaction of research for reflective practice. D.It is the national umbrella organization for the foreign language teaching profession that addresses teacher preparation and instruction.

D.It is the national umbrella organization for the foreign language teaching profession that addresses teacher preparation and instruction.

Identify the statement that best describes the innatist position of how a language is learned. A.Children learn language using imitation through the age of two, then they are explicitly taught grammar rules in the school setting. B.Children invent strategies to assist them in understanding, which is required for the learning of complex material like language. C.Language learning appears to be the result of some combination of imitation and habits that are reinforced by rewards and positive reinforcement. D.Language learning occurs in children through the language acquisition device (LAD), which is impacted by the language community and environmental influences

D.Language learning occurs in children through the language acquisition device (LAD), which is impacted by the language community and environmental influences

What is the rationale for using visuals and hands-on activities in teaching language? A.Make the content of the lesson more interesting for the learners. B.Activate prior knowledge before teaching the instructional objective. C.Incorporate visuals for students who are visual learners. D.Meet the learning style differences of kinesthetic learners.

D.Meet the learning style differences of kinesthetic learners.

Students in the pre-production stage of second-language acquisition require support from their teachers to prepare them to interact linguistically. However, most teachers make the mistake of doing which of the following? A.Providing continuous error correction in grammar activities. B.Guiding students to communicate using nonverbal cues or answering yes/no questions. C.Providing age-appropriate communication activities. D.Pressuring students to speak before they are ready and not accepting non-verbal cues as communication or responses to questions.

D.Pressuring students to speak before they are ready and not accepting non-verbal cues as communication or responses to questions.

Canale (1983) identified four components of communicative competence. Which of the following is the ability to compensate for a breakdown in communication? A.Grammatical competence B.Sociolinguistic competence C.Discourse competence D.Strategic competence

D.Strategic competence

Identify the statement that best summarizes the research findings associated with the development of proficiency in the second language and the age of initial exposure to the language. A.Students exposed to a second language before puberty develop near native-like pronunciation. B.Given the appropriate instruction, children who are exposed to a second language after puberty will develop similar language proficiency as those children who are heritage language speakers. C.Students exposed to a second language after puberty master pronunciation, grammar, and reading better than younger students. D.Students may have advantages over adults in the mastery of pronunciation, but adults might have advantages in the acquisition of various abstract language components.

D.Students may have advantages over adults in the mastery of pronunciation, but adults might have advantages in the acquisition of various abstract language components.

According to Canale and Swain what is Discourse Competence

Discourse Competence: cohesion and coherence./ Knowing how to interpret the larger context and how to construct longer stretches of language so that the parts make up a coherent whole. Discourse competence asks: How are words, phrases and sentences put together to create conversations, speeches, email messages, newspaper articles?

According to Canale and Swain what is Grammatical Competence

Grammatical Competence: words and rules. /Knowing how to use the grammar, syntax, and vocabulary of a language. Linguistic competence asks: What words do I use? How do I put them into phrases and sentences?)

Sociocultural theory maintains that learning is facilitated by the learner's use of self-talk, which serves as way to solve a task or problem. Which of the following involves the function of private speech in which learners experiment with grammatical, phonological and lexical features of the language being acquired? A.Mental rehearsal B.Lucid play C.Language play D.Mediational play

Language play

Schumann based his Acculturation Model on two sets of factors: ______ and __________.

Social and psychological / (Social distance, as Ellis notes, concerns the extent to which individual learners can identify themselves with members of TL group and, thereby, can achieve contact with them. Psychological distance is the extent to which individual learners are at ease with their target-language learning task. Schumann identifies eight factors that influence social distance: social dominance, integration pattern, enclosure, cohesiveness, size factor, cultural congruence, attitude factor, and intended length of residence. He also identifies three factors that influence psychological distance: motivation, attitude, and culture shock.)

According to Canale and Swain what is Sociolinguistic Competence

Sociolinguistic Competence: appropriateness. / Knowing how to use and respond to language appropriately, given the setting, the topic, and the relationships among the people communicating. Sociolinguistic competence asks: Which words and phrases fit this setting and this topic? How can I express a specific attitude (courtesy, authority, friendliness, respect) when I need to? How do I know what attitude another person is expressing?

According to Canale and Swain what is Strategic Competence

Strategic Competence: appropriate use of communicative strategies. / Knowing how to recognize and repair communication breakdowns, how to work around gaps in one's knowledge of the language, and how to learn more about the language and in the context. Strategic competence asks: How do I know when I've misunderstood or when someone has misunderstood me? What do I say then? How can I express my ideas if I don't know the name of something or the right verb form to use

What is the Gouin Series (used to teach communication)

The Gouin Series is an activity that helps to move students from listening to speaking. It was developed by Francois Gouin in the 19th century. The teacher presents a series of six to eight relatively short statements that describe a logical sequence of actions that takes place in a specific context—buying a gift, cooking a meal, making a cake, making a phone call, writing and sending an email. The statements include concrete action verbs and use the same tense and the same person. The teacher first presents the statements to the class orally, accompanying them with pantomime of the actions involved. Props are useful. The class responds first by doing the actions, and then responds by saying the words while still performing the actions. The class speaks first as a group and then as individuals. (Elements of a Gouin Series: An introduction to set the scene Concrete action verbs One specific context One tense One person 7-10 -syllables 6-8 statements Props or visuals Logical sequence)

The Normal Curve Equivalent

The Normal Curve Equivalent, or NCE, is a way of measuring where a student falls along the normal curve. The numbers on the NCE line run from 0 to 100, similar to percentile ranks, which indicate an individual student's rank, or how many students out of a hundred had a lower score. NCE scores have a major advantage over percentile rank scores in that they can be averaged. That is an important characteristic when studying overall school performance, and in particular, in measuring school‐wide gains and losses in student achievement.

Language learning strategies (definition according to Rebeca Oxford)

a term referring to the processes and actions that are consciously deployed by language learners to help them to learn or use a language more effectively./ They have also been defined as 'thoughts and actions, consciously chosen and operationalized by language learners, to assist them in carrying out a multiplicity of tasks from the very outset of learning to the most advanced levels of target language performance