EXAM THREE PSY212

If a sample is biased, then it is ________ the population of interest. A. unrepresentative of B. unrelated to C. incorrectly compared to D. unfairly applied to

A. unrepresentative of

________ validity tends to be higher in experiments than in other types of studies. A. Content B. Internal C. External D. Statistical

B. Internal

If a measure is NOT reliable A. It can still be valid B. It cannot be valid C. We can't know anything about its validity D. It isn't measuring what it is supposed to measure

B. It cannot be valid

Another word for hypothesis is a(n) A. theory. B. observation. C. prediction. D. outcome.

C. prediction.

Why might a researcher choose a within-groups design over an independent-groups design? A. You don't need a control group in a within-groups design B. A within-groups design is less time consuming C. Practice effects aren't a concern with a within-groups design D. A within-groups design requires fewer participants

. A within-groups design requires fewer participants

Dr. Green is interested in conducting a 2 × 2 × 3 within-group factorial design, with 20 participants in each cell. How many participants does she need overall? A. 20 B. 40 C. 80 D. 240

A. 20

Which of the following is true of the difference between basic and applied research? A. Basic and applied research have different goals. B. Applied research is more important than basic research. C. Basic research is more difficult to conduct than applied research. D. Applied research is done by consumers of research.

A. Basic and applied research have different goals.

How are quota sampling and stratified random sampling similar? A. Both identify subgroups that need to be studied. B. Both randomly sample subgroups to be studied. C. Both result in nonrepresentative samples. D. Both result in representative samples.

A. Both identify subgroups that need to be studied.

__________ controls for order effects in within-groups designs. A. Counterbalancing B. Using a manipulation check C. Conducting a pilot study D. Making unobtrusive observations

A. Counterbalancing

Dr. Rodriguez wants to conduct a study on whether 30 minutes of exercise per day causes improvements in mood. He designs an experiment to test this. He randomly assigns participants to either the exercise condition or the control condition. In the exercise condition, participants follow an exercise program which has them do 30 minutes of cardio per day for a month. In the control condition, participants go about their business as usual for a month. After the month, he measures participants' mood on a 0-10 scale. How could Dr. Rodriguez change the control group to a comparison group? A. He could have the group journal every day for a month B. He could put the participants on a waitlist to do the exercise condition

A. He could have the group journal every day for a month

Dr. Finkel is a social psychologist who studies romantic relationships. Several researchers have found that there is a link between income and marital satisfaction (e.g., Dakin & Wampler, 2012). Dr. Finkel is curious as to whether there is a causal link between the two variables, such that having a higher income causes higher levels of marital satisfaction. He is confident that he cannot reasonably or ethically manipulate people's income level, so he decides to use a multivariate design. He is also curious as to whether there is a causal link between these two variables or if two other variables (number of arguments and life satisfaction) can explain the relationship. He measures his three variables in a sample of 124 married couples recruited from a local community center. Below are his results: Marital satisfaction and income: r = 0.69, p = 0.03 (significant) Marital satisfaction and number of arguments: r = - 0.73, p = 0.01 (significant) Marital satisfaction and life satisfaction: r = 0.13, p = 0.81 (non-significant) Based on these findings, what can Dr. Finkel conclude? A. Increases income are significantly related to increases in marital satisfaction. B. Increases in number of arguments are significantly related to increases in marital satisfaction. C. Increases in life satisfaction are significantly related to increases in marital satisfaction. D. Marital satisfaction is significantly related to income, number of arguments, and life satisfaction.

A. Increases income are significantly related to increases in marital satisfaction.

Which of the following statements is true of random assignment and random sampling? A. Random assignment is necessary for internal validity, whereas random sampling is necessary for external validity. B. They both are necessary for frequency claims. C. They both mean the same thing. D. Random sampling is more important than random assignment.

A. Random assignment is necessary for internal validity, whereas random sampling is necessary for external validity

RESEARCH STUDY: Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following makes Dr. Kang's study an experiment? A. The study included a manipulated variable and a measured variable. B. The study included a distractor task. C. The study was conducted at a university by a psychologist. D. The study investigated a theory of emotion on memory.

A. The study included a manipulated variable and a measured variable.

Why are techniques like cluster sampling and systematic sampling just as externally valid as simple random sampling? A. They all contain elements of random selection. B. They all measure every member of the population of interest. C. They all use lists of all population members. D. They all rely on large samples.

A. They all contain elements of random selection.

When examining an association claim using a bar graph, an association is indicated by which of the following? A. a difference in the height between the bars B. the number of bars in the graph C. the number of observations that make each bar D. the direction of the bars

A. a difference in the height between the bars

Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person; they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. Sasha would likely draw a different conclusion if she did which of the following? A. asked her enemies if she was a nice person B. counted up all the times she was nice in the past C. asked all her friends the same question again in another six months D. considered all the times she was nice to her enemies

A. asked her enemies if she was a nice person

Dr. Wilson conducted a long-term study on friendship. He noticed that the most introverted people dropped out by the third session. Therefore, his study might be affected by which of the following internal validity threats? A. attrition B. maturation C. selection D. regression

A. attrition

After reading the chapter, Cyril says to himself, "I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking, but I never would." What is Cyril experiencing? A. bias blind spot B. confirmation bias C. faulty intuition D. motivated thinking

A. bias blind spot

If some outside event (such as a change in weather) influences most of the people in a study between the time of the pretest and the posttest, this would be a(n) A. history threat B. selection threat. C.order effect. D.placebo effect.

A. history threat

Dr. Finkel is a social psychologist who studies romantic relationships. Several researchers have found that there is a link between income and marital satisfaction (e.g., Dakin & Wampler, 2012). Dr. Finkel is curious as to whether there is a causal link between the two variables, such that having a higher income causes higher levels of marital satisfaction. He is confident that he cannot reasonably or ethically manipulate people's income level, so he decides to use a multivariate design. He is also curious as to whether there is a causal link between these two variables or if two other variables (number of arguments and life satisfaction) can explain the relationship. He measures his three variables in a sample of 124 married couples recruited from a local community center. Which of the following is an outcome variable in Dr. Finkel's study? A. marital satisfaction B. life satisfaction C. income D. number of arguments

A. marital satisfaction

Which of the following is a necessary component of a longitudinal design? A. measuring the same variables at two points in time B. measuring at least four variables at one time C. measuring different age groups at two different times D. manipulating a variable at two points in time

A. measuring the same variables at two points in time

In true experiments,________ is to dependent variable as ________ is to independent variable. A. measuring; manipulating B. controlling; manipulating C. recording; measuring D. manipulating; measuring

A. measuring; manipulating

In a correlational design, ________ variable is to dependent variable as ________ variable is to independent variable. A. outcome; explanatory B. manipulated; measured C. control; mediator D. bivariate; multivariate

A. outcome; explanatory

In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to A. questions. B. answers. C. data. D. research.

A. questions.

A correlation coefficient and a scatterplot both provide which of the following pieces of information? A. the strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements B. the path and significance of the relationship between two measurements C. the validity and reliability of two measurements D. the outliers present in the two measurements

A. the strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements

RESEARCH STUDY: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. If Dr. Sheffield's measure does not actually measure pathological gambling, his measure is said to lack which of the following? A. validity B. Reliability C. conceptualization D. operationalization

A. validity

Salma conducts a study and finds that her data do not completely support her theory. Which of the following statements should she avoid saying? A. "My data are inconsistent with my theory." B. "My data disprove my theory." C. "My theory needs amending." D. "My data partially prove my theory."

B. "My data disprove my theory."

In order to use the known groups paradigm to establish criterion validity, which of the following is necessary? A. At least three groups must be used. B. After testing, the groups should have significantly different scores on the measure. C. Prior to testing, similarity between the groups must be demonstrated. D. The groups must be composed of experts in the field of psychology.

B. After testing, the groups should have significantly different scores on the measure

________ can be examined in both simple bivariate designs and longitudinal designs. A. Autocorrelation B. Cross-sectional correlation C. Cross-lag correlation D. Sequential correlation

B. Cross-sectional correlation

Dr. Rhodes notices an interaction in his factorial study. In describing this, which statement might he use to explain the link between Independent Variable A and Independent Variable B in predicting the dependent variable? A. Variable A cancels out Variable B. B. The effect of Variable A depends on Variable B. C. Variable A mainly affects Variable B. D. The effect of Variable A is mediated by Variable B.

B. The effect of Variable A depends on Variable B.

The number of main effects that need to be examined is ________ the number of independent variables. A. more important than B. equal to C. unrelated to D. independent of

B. equal to

Melanie conducts a study for her research methods class to determine if consuming caffeine causes people to perform better on cognitive tasks. In her study, she gives half of her participants a glass of water and half of her participants a glass of cola and then has them attempt to solve 15 math problems. She finds that people who drink caffeine beforehand solve more math problems than those who drink water beforehand. Melanie decides to conduct a conceptual replication. Which of the following could be in the study to make it this type of replication? A. measuring a different group of participants B. having participants drink a caffeinated energy drink rather than a caffeinated cola C. measuring the same participants one week later D. having participants complete 10 math problems instead of 15

B. having participants drink a caffeinated energy drink rather than a caffeinated cola

Dr. Gonzalez is a peer reviewer for a manuscript submitted to a journal. He is likely to provide comments on which of the following? A. how well the general public will understand the study B. how well the research was conducted C. the prestige/reputation of the author D. previous studies from the same research group

B. how well the research was conducted

Which of the following is a quasi-experimental design in which participants are not randomly assigned to groups and are tested only after exposure to the quasi-independent variable? A. interrupted time-series design B. nonequivalent control group posttest-only design C. nonequivalent groups interrupted time-series design D. stable-baseline design

B. nonequivalent control group posttest-only design

A(an) __________ measure operationalizes a variable by recording a participant's __________. A. behavioral; intrapersonal thoughts B. physiological; biological data C. observational; questionnaire answers D. self-report; observable behavior

B. physiological; biological data

Which type of measure operationalizes a variable by recording the answers of a participant using a questionnaire? A. physiological measure B. self-report measure C. observational measure D. conceptual measure

B. self-report measure

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2 × 2 × 4 design." Based on this sentence alone, you would know which of the following pieces of information? A. the number of participants in the study B. the number of main effects that need to be examined C. the statistical significance of the interaction D. the number of participant variables

B. the number of main effects that need to be examined

RESEARCH STUDY: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. How many measured variables are included in this study? A. one B. two C. three D. four

B. two

While reading about a research study, which of the following would tell you that an association claim is being made? A. one manipulated and one measured variable B. two measured variables C. two manipulated variables D. two categorical variables

B. two measured variables

Stefan wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which of the following is necessary? A. He must make a frequency claim first. B. He must manipulate all of his variables. C. He must measure all of his variables. D. He must conduct an experiment.

D. He must conduct an experiment.

A quasi-experimental design in which there are multiple measurements before and after an intervention (as depicted here) is called: A. Nonequivalent control groups posttestonly B. Nonequivalent control groups pretest/posttest C. Nonequivalent control groups interrupted time series

C. Nonequivalent control groups interrupted time series

How is a nonequivalent control group design different from a true independent-groups experiment? A. Only only uses random sampling B. Only one measures the dependent variable C. Only one uses random assignment D. Only one has two or more levels of the independent variable

C. Only one uses random assignment

Which of the following is true of testing threats? A. They are the same as instrumentation threats. B. They occur only when using mechanical instruments (e.g., blood pressure cuffs, scales). C. They can be avoided with counterbalancing. D. They are problematic only in observational research.

C. They can be avoided with counterbalancing

A researcher wants to investigate whether a new cancer treatment is effective. They randomly assign participants to two groups: one group that receives the new treatment, and one group that will receive the new treatment when the study concludes. What kind of control group is used in this study? A. Business as usual B. Placebo C. Waitlist

C. Waitlist

Which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable? A. a scatterplot B. a line graph C. a bar graph D. a pie chart

C. a bar graph

James is asked about the best way to study for an exam. He responds that the best way to study is by making flashcards. He easily thinks of all the times he used flashcards and got an A. However, he fails to take into consideration all the times he got an A and did not use flashcards and the times he used flashcards and did not do well. His faulty thinking is an example of A. cherry-picking evidence. B. the availability heuristic. C. a present/present bias. D. asking biased questions.

C. a present/present bias.

Which of the following is a method researchers use to identify or correct for attrition? A. find other participants with similar scores and replace the missing ones B. not allow participants to leave a study once it has started C. determine whether those who dropped out of the study had a different pattern of scores than those who stayed in the study D. follow up with the participants who left the study at a later date and replace their missing data with the new data

C. determine whether those who dropped out of the study had a different pattern of scores than those who stayed in the study

A researcher finds that when 40 people take a five-item measure of extroversion, their answers to each of the five items are correlated. This is A. internal validity. B. test-retest reliability. C. internal reliability. D. interrater reliability

C. internal reliability.

Dr. Rodriguez wants to conduct a study on whether 30 minutes of exercise per day causes improvements in mood. He designs an experiment to test this. He randomly assigns participants to either the exercise condition or the control condition. In the exercise condition, participants follow an exercise program which has them do 30 minutes of cardio per day for a month. In the control condition, participants go about their business as usual for a month. After the month, he measures participants' mood on a 0-10 scale. Which of the following experimental designs is Dr. Rodriguez using? A. repeated measures B. pretest/posttest C. posttest-only D. concurrent measures

C. posttest-only

Professor Adeyemi is examining well-being after retirement in a city, and it is important to have excellent external validity. Professor Adeyemi selects two random numbers, 4 and 6, and gets a list of all of the retired people in the city. If Professor Adeyemi obtains the sample by starting with the 4th person on the list and selecting every 6th person, which of the following sampling techniques is most likely being used? A. cluster sampling B. stratified random sampling C. systematic sampling D. quota sampling

C. systematic sampling

What is the primary difference between pretest/posttest designs and within-groups designs? A. the number of participants used B. the number of times the dependent variable is measured C. the number of levels of the independent variable participants are exposed to D. there is no difference between the two designs.

C. the number of levels of the independent variable participants are exposed to

Which of the following can direct replication studies change? A. the dependent variable B. the study procedures C. the participants D. the independent variable

C. the participants

In a conceptual replication, which of the following is allowed to be different from the original study? A. the dependent variable in the study B. the independent variable in the study C. the procedures of the study D. the moderators used in the study

C. the procedures of the study

Which of the following may lead to a biased sample? A. using people who accept compensation (e.g., money) to participate B. using people who agree to participate C. using people who are readily available to the researcher D. using people who have participated in other research studies

C. using people who are readily available to the researcher

If a scale or measure has good interrater reliability, it A. means that a measure is valid. B. will have a negative slope on a scatterplot. C. will have a positive slope on a scatterplot. D. will also have good internal reliability.

C. will have a positive slope on a scatterplot.

Dr. Hoda measures job satisfaction and number of years of education. In examining her scatterplot, she sees the cloud of points has no slope. This indicates which type of relationship? A. negative association B. positive association C. zero association D. causal association

C. zero association

If I demonstrate, in a sample of people, that my new self-report measure of extroversion correlates with an observation of the number of conversations each person has in a day, I have demonstrated __________ validity. A.face B. content C.criterion D.convergent E. discriminant

C.criterion

Dr. Rodriguez wants to conduct a study on whether 30 minutes of exercise per day causes improvements in mood. He designs an experiment to test this. He randomly assigns participants to either the exercise condition or the control condition. In the exercise condition, participants follow an exercise program which has them do 30 minutes of cardio per day for a month. In the control condition, participants go about their business as usual for a month. After the month, he measures participants' mood on a 0-10 scale. How could Dr. Rodriguez change this to a pretest/posttest design? A. He could measure mood every day for the entire month B. He could add a third condition where they do half of the exercise program (15 days only) C. He could have all participants first do the control group and then do the exercise group D. He could add a measurement of mood at the start of the month, prior to the participants experiencing the exercise or control group conditions

D. He could add a measurement of mood at the start of the month, prior to the participants experiencing the exercise or control group conditions

Why do studies that use probability samples have excellent external validity? A. They also ensure excellent internal validity. B. They study every member of the population of interest. C. They use a larger number of measures. D. All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample

D. All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample

Why do studies that use probability samples have excellent external validity? A. They also ensure excellent internal validity. B. They study every member of the population of interest. C. They use a larger number of measures. D. All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample.

D. All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample

Angel reads about a study in which smartphone use is associated with migraine headaches. He says, "Well, that study is not valid because I use a smartphone more than anyone I know, and I never get migraines." Based on his comment, Angel may be forgetting which of the following? A. Science is based on empiricism. B. The study has been replicated. C. The study did not properly define smartphone use. D. Science is probabilistic.

D. Science is probabilistic.

Tim tells you that the best way to make friends is by opening the conversation with a joke. He can easily recall all the friends he met by telling a joke and also the times he opened with chitchat and didn't befriend the person. If you were concerned that Tim was making the present/present bias, what would you ask him? A. How many people have you met and befriended? B. Do you think the times you made friends by telling jokes might come more easily to mind? C. Did you go into conversations where you opened with jokes thinking that you would make friends? D. What about the times you opened with a joke and didn't become friends with the person?

D. What about the times you opened with a joke and didn't become friends with the person?

Which of the following is the correct ordering of the sections of an empirical journal article? A. introduction, abstract, results, discussion, method, references B. introduction, discussion, method, results, abstract, references C. abstract, introduction, results, method, discussion, references D. abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, references

D. abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, references

In previous studies, Dr. Hamid is curious whether finding meaning in one's classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has his teaching assistant randomly assign half the class to write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group). The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). He does not know which of his students are writing which paragraph, and the students are not aware they are responding to different writing assignments. To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam and a final exam. Which of the following aspects of Dr. Hamid's study allows him to prevent observer bias? A. keeping his students unaware of which type of essay they are writing B. having his teaching assistant assign students randomly to the two groups C. grading the exams himself (a Ph.D.) instead of having his teaching assistant (a college senior) do itD. ensuring the person grading the exams is unaware of each student's writing group

D. ensuring the person grading the exams is unaware of each student's writing group

Which types of reliability can be analyzed with scatterplots? A. all types of reliability B. internal reliability and test-retest reliability C. internal reliability and interrater reliability D. interrater reliability and test-retest reliability

D. interrater reliability and test-retest reliability

Dr. Rodriguez wants to conduct a study on whether 30 minutes of exercise per day causes improvements in mood. He designs an experiment to test this. He randomly assigns participants to either the exercise condition or the control condition. In the exercise condition, participants follow an exercise program which has them do 30 minutes of cardio per day for a month. In the control condition, participants go about their business as usual for a month. After the month, he measures participants' mood on a 0-10 scale. Which of the following is a dependent variable in Dr. Rodriguez's study? A. type of exercise B. exercise condition C. time between exercise and mood measurement D. mood rating

D. mood rating

If Jamal wanted to test the consistency of participants' responses on a survey at two different times, what would he use? A. internal reliability B. interrater reliability C. criterion validity D. test-retest reliability

D. test-retest reliability

Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing? A. the statistical validity of the study B. the internal validity of the study C. the construct validity of the study D. the external validity of the study

D. the external validity of the study

RESEARCH STUDY: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a variable in this study? A. the gender of the researcher B. the volume of the music C. the type of game D. the gender of the participant

D. the gender of the participant

RESEARCH STUDY: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. In this study, the authors were interested in participants' board game performance. Which of the following would be a reasonable operational definition of performance? A. an earnest attempt to finish quickly B. which board game participants chose to play C. performance when playing a board game D. whether participants won against a partner

D. whether participants won against a partner

Kalei is studying the relationship between vitamin consumption and cognitive ability. Which of the following is a categorical way to operationalize vitamin consumption? A. the number of vitamins consumed in a day B. the number of milligrams of vitamin C consumed during the study C. the frequency of buying vitamins from the store D. whether the participant consumed vitamins in the 24 hours prior to the study

D. whether the participant consumed vitamins in the 24 hours prior to the study

A researcher is investigating if a one-week vocabulary training program helps test scores. The study involves two independent variables 1) training condition (training vs. no training) and 2) test type (verbal test vs. math test). Using a factorial design, how many conditions are in this study? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 6

c.4