Exam2ReviewChap5 a&p

What is skin cancer?

altered DNA

In the stratum spinosum, cells are bound together with .

desmosomes

Where can sebaceous glands found on the body?

everywhere except thick skin of palm and soles

What are some causes of the skin being more pale or blanching?

fear, anger, some emotional stress (possible anemia or low blood pressure)

What causes cyanosis?

lack of oxygenated blood

What is the main function of the stratum corneum?

layer of protection

UV rays can cause elastic fibers to clump, causing _____.

leathery skin

What is a freckle / mole?

local accumulations of melanin

A "tan" is a build up of____ .

melanin

What type of cells are affected by melanomas?

melanocytes

When the skin is exposed to more UV rays, what happens?

more UV exposure = more melanin produced

Where does carotene accumulate in the body?

most obvious on palms/soles

What is an example of somewhere on the human body that you would find thick skin?

palms and soles

What is the main function of the pigment, melanin?

protects DNA from UV (sun) exposure

What is the deeper layer of the dermis?

reticular layer

In which layer of the epidermis do the keratinocytes fill with intermediate filaments?

stratum spinosum

What are strata (in general)?

sublayers

What is sweat composed of?

sweat (99% water) and 1% = some salts/ antibodies/ metabolic wastes/microbe killer / vitamin C

What is a hair follicle?

• "bag" that holds the hair

What are all the appendages of the skin?

• All derivatives of the epidermis - Sweat glands - Sebaceous glands - Hair - Hair follicles - Nails

What type of muscle pulls hair follicles into an upright position?

• Arrector pili muscle

What type of cells make up hair?

• Made mostly of keratinocytes

Active cell division occurs in the ___ region of a piece of hair.

• Root

What are the two major components of hair?

• Shaft • Root (keratinization ongoing)

What is a 3rd degree burn?

- Most severe - Destroys epidermis and all of dermis - "full-thickness burn" - Nerve endings destroyed - Destruction of skin

What causes bad body odor?

- Odorless -> bacteria food -> decomposed materials -> BO

How does the epidermis receive its nutrients?

Since only the dermis is vascularized, nutrients only reach the epidermis by diffusing through the dermis.

What major organ system prevents dehydration?

Skin

Keratinocytes reproduce in what layer of the epidermis?

Stratum Basale

Which of the layers is the deepest layer?

Stratum Basale

In which layer of the epidermis do keratinocytes fill with keratin and lamellated granules?

Stratum Granulosum

What are the five layers of the epidermis?

Stratum basale Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Corneum

What does UV light do to superficial skin cells?

UV light can damage DNA of superficial skin cells

What type of skin cancer affects the cells of the stratum spinosum and forms a scaly rounded elevation?

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

What skin cells are affected by basal cell carcinoma?

Stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis

In what layer of the epidermis are the keratinocytes flattened and deceased?

Stratum corneum

Skin cells flake of the body from what layer of the epidermis?

Stratum corneum

What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?

Stratum corneum

What layer of the Integumentary system is deep to the dermis?

Hypodermis

Dermal tears resulting from extreme stretching are called ______.

"stretch marks"

What is squamous cell carcinoma?

- Arise from stratum spinosum - Produces scaly rounded elevation - Most often on head and hands (sun) - Grows rapidly and usually metastasize - Good chance if removed early

What is the difference between malignant and benign abnormal masses of tissue?

- Benign = mass stays localized - Malignant = mass can break off and grow elsewhere

What is the term for tissue damage from extreme heat (and other sources) that causes cell death?

- Burn

What is the most dangerous form of skin cancer? Why is it the most dangerous?

- Cancer of melanocytes - Most dangerous skin cancer - Highly metastic, usually malignant - Resists chemotherapy - Anywhere with pigment - 1/3 from preexisting moles

What is male pattern baldness?

- Genetically determined - causes growth cycles to shorten to point of hairs not making to surface before shedding

What is alopecia?

- Hair growth slows - Losing hair faster than replacing - Replaced with vellus hair

What is a 1st degree burn?

- Least severe - Only epidermis is damaged - Redness, swelling, pain - Ex. sunburn

What are the health issues that can arise from a burn?

- Loss of fluids - Nutrition needed for tissue repair - Later infection

Where are Merkel cells located? Tactile cells?

- Merkel cells are located at junction between epidermis and dermis - Tactile cells are found in epidermis

What is basal cell carcinoma?

- Most common - Least malignant, slow growing - Stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis - 99% of cases are safely removed (surgery)

What are the positive reasons for having sebaceous glands in the human body?

- Sebum softens and lubricates skin and hair - Slows water loss - Bactericidal

What is different about "true" sweat and the substance that comes out of apocrine glands?

- Substance that comes out of the apocrine gland are mostly confined to axillary and anogenital areas - Ducts empty into hair follicles True sweat + fatty substances and proteins

What are the two types of sweating that the body can perform?

- Thermoregulation o Forehead -> spreads inferiorly - Emotional sweating o Starts at palms, soles and axillary regions

What are the four types of cells found in the epidermis?

1) Keratinocytes 2) Melanocytes 3) Epidermal dendritic cells (Langerhans cells) 4) Tactile cells (Merkel cells)

T / F In the dermis, most collagen fibers run parallel to the skin surface.

True.

How do the two layers of the dermis differ from one another?

1) Papillary layer - Superficial layer - Areolar connective tissue - Dermal papillae on superior surface -Indent overlying epidermis (whole body) 2) Reticular layer - Deeper layer of dermis - Larger portion of dermis - Dense irregular connective tissue - has collagen fibers run parallel to skin surface

How many layers are in the epidermis in thick skin?

5

The hypodermis is a shock absorber because it is mostly a layer of ___ tissue.

Adipose tissue.

How do the two types of hair thinning / baldness differ from each other?

Alopecia (men and women) - Hair growth slows - Losing hair faster than replacing - Replaced with vellus hair Male pattern baldness - Genetically determined - causes growth cycles to shorten to point of hairs not making to surface before shedding

KNOW THE RULE OF NINES AND BE ABLE TO APPLY IT

Anterior & posterior head & neck - 9% Ant & Post Upper limbs - 18% Ant & Post trunk - 36% Ant & Post lower limbs 36% Perineum - 1%

T / F The Integumentary system helps prevent heat loss.

True.

What type of sudoriferous glands is mostly confined to the axillary and genital regions?

Apocrine sweat glands

Why is it possible that a 3rd degree burn can "hurt" less than a 2nd degree burn?

Because the nerve endings are destroyed

What type of barriers does the Integumentary system form?

Biological barrier Physical barrier

What is the name of the skin condition when the skin is bronzing and has a metallic appearance?

Bronzing - almost metallic appearance to skin usually sign of Addison's disease

What causes an abnormal mass of tissue?

Cancer = abnormal cell growth and division

If someone has very orange soles on the their feet, what pigment is accumulated in those areas?

Carotene

What happens to keratinocytes as they move higher in the strata of the epidermis? Why?

Cells get pushed away from blood source and die

What type of glands secrete cerumen (ear wax)?

Ceruminous glands

The dermis is mostly made of ____tissue.

Connective

What is the purpose of having lamellated granules in skin cells?

Contain water proofing liquid

What type of connective tissue is the reticular layer (of the dermis) mostly composed of?

Dense irregular connective tissue

___________are on the superior surface of the papillary layer of the dermis, and indent the overlying epidermis.

Dermal papillae

Nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels are all found in what layer of the Integumentary system?

Dermis

What layer of the Integumentary system is directly deep to the epidermis?

Dermis

What layer of the skin has blood vessels?

Dermis

What causes the lines on the palms and wrists?

Dermis tightly secured to deeper structures

What are worldwide differences in skin color caused by?

Differences in color is due to amount and type of melanin produced.

What type of sweat gland produces "true" sweat?

Eccrine sweat glands

T / F mammary glands are modified sweat glands.

True.

Which of the two major layers of the Integumentary system has epithelial tissue and does not contain blood vessels?

Epidermis

What are the two major layers of the Integumentary system?

Epidermis Dermis

What is the ABCD rule and what are its parts?

Examine moles and other pigmented spots A) Asymmetry B) Border irregularity C) Color D) Diameter E) Elevation

T / F Overexposure to the sun can cause an increase of folic acid.

False

T /F Thin skin is composed of 5 layers.

False. 4 layers. (Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Corneum)

T / F Humans in different parts of the world have varying amounts of melanocytes in their body.

False. All humans have similar number of melanocytes

T / F Sudoriferous glands are only found on the nipples and external genitalia.

False. All over body EXCEPT nipples and parts of external genitalia.

T / F Hemoglobin is the pigment in unoxygenated blood.

False. Hemoglobin is the pigment in oxygenated red blood cells.

T /F Melanocytes are the most common cell type in the epidermis.

False. Keratinocytes are the most common cell type in the epidermis.

T / F Stratum lucidum is only found in thin skin.

False. extra layer found only in thick skin

What do the friction ridges on palms of hands from in conjunction with sweat pores?

Fingerprints

Most sunburns are an example of a ___ degree burn.

First Degree Burns

T /F The hypodermis is not technically part of the skin.

True.

What are dermal folds at or near joints, that show that the dermis is secured to deeper structures?

Flexure lines

What pigment cause a pink hue in fair skin?

Hemoglobin

What layer of the Integumentary system anchors the skin to deeper structures?

Hypodermis

How would you describe the life cycle of a keratinocyte? Include layers and what happens in each.

Keratinocyte is the most common epidermal cell. The youngest keratinocytes starts in the layer of the epidermis called Stratum Basale. The cells in this level divides rapidly. Each time the cell divides, one daughter cell is pushed into the cell layer just above to begin its specialization into a mature keratinocyte. The other daughter cell remains in the basal layer to continue to produce new keratinocyte. When the keratinocyte that is pushed up reach the next level which is Stratum Spinosum, they appear to have spines. As they move up to the Stratum Granulosum their appearance change drastically and the process of keratinization begins. This is when the cell is filled with the protein keratin. In this level, the keratinocytes flatten, their nuclei and organelles begin to disintegrate and they accumulate two types of granules. These granules help to form keratin in the upper layer. The next layer, Statum Lucidum, is filled with clear, flat, dead keratinocytes. By the time the keratinocytes that are being pushed up reach the surface of the skin, Stratum Corneum, they are dead scale-like structures that flakes off.

What cell type produces keratin?

Keratinocytes.

Epidermal dendritic cells are an example of a fixed______ in the skin.

Macrophage

What are immune cells that engulf and destroy in the epidermis?

Macrophage

What pigment absorbs energy from UV light?

Melanin

What pigment is usually in yellows, reds, browns, and blacks?

Melanin

What substance do melanocytes produce?

Melanin

What are the three skin coloring pigments in the human body that we learned about?

Melanin (only one made in skin) Carotene Hemoglobin

Of the three pigments we learned, which one is made in the body?

Melanin. Made by melanocytes

What are scale like modifications of the epidermis that are constructed with "hard" keratin?

Nails

T / F Hair follicles contain nerve fibers?

True. Innervated (has nerves)

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Papillary and Reticular

What happens to the production of keratinocytes in areas of high ware?

Produce more keratin, forms thick callus

Where are keratinocytes produced?

Produced in deepest layer - Stratum Basale

What happens to the production of melanin when your skin is exposed to less UV light?

Production increases in response to UV exposure, less exposure, less production

What type of gland secretes sebum?

Sebaceous (oil) glands

What type of glands secrete into the hair follicle and are holocrine glands?

Sebaceous (oil) glands

Blisters usually arise after a ___ degree burn.

Second Degree burn

What degree of burn involves damage to the epidermis and the upper portion of the dermis?

Second Degree burn

What are blisters?

Separation of dermis and epidermis

What are cleavage lines and how are they helpful?

Surgeon cuts parallel to lines; heal faster

What cell in the epidermis is associated with free nerve endings?

Tactile cells

T /F Melanin is passes to keratinocytes via melanosomes.

True. Packages melanin in packets called melanosomes

What type of burn is the total destruction of the skin?

Third Degree Burn

T / F Blisters are fluid-filled pockets caused by a separation of the dermis and hypodermis.

True

What causes white heads?

blocked gland duct

What causes the skin to be black and blue?

blood escaped from vessel and clotted beneath skin

What physical changes happen to keratinocytes while in the stratum granulosum?

cells flatten, nuclei and the organelles disintegrate

Jaundice is usually caused by a ___ disorder.

usually indicates liver disorder

What colors does the pigment carotene come in?

yellow to orange pigment

What are the functions of hair?

• Warmth • Sensory (insect detection) • Protect head from sun, heat loss, and trauma • Keep foreign objects out (eyelash/nose)