Exams 3 and 4 Principles of Management

Which group is NOT protected by the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

A. Age

Job enlargement and job enrichment are basically the same thing.

False

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act prevents a teenager from getting fired.

False

All of the following are programs developed by human resource managers EXCEPT

B. Selling

Which model of leadership is summarized by the statement "practice what you preach"?

C. Authentic

A very common appraisal is known as recency

True

Firms that resist change face a high risk of failure.

True

In Equity Theory, we compare ourselves to other people.

True

The comprehensive model of planed change is a step-by-step plan for implementing major changes.

True

Which of the following is used to get multiple perspectives (employee, workers, customers, and/or suppliers) on an employee's performance?

A. 360-degree feedback

According to David McClelland, the desire to work with others in the organization rather than alone is the need for

A. Affiliation

When management has resistant individuals join a change team, specifically to reduce their ability to resist change, it is using what technique?

A. Co-optation

The pairings of managers and workers in the Leader-Member-Exchange Theory are known as:

A. Dyads

The University of Michigan studies of leadership effectiveness found that most effective leaders

A. Employ both task-oriented and relationship-oriented behaviors.

The examination of input-output ratios, employee contributions, and perception of fairness is most associated with __________ Theory.

A. Equity

One of the three basic variables in expectancy theory is the individual's expectation that performing the task will lead to a desired outcome, which is called

A. Instrumentality

What name is given to a description of how leaders develop "unique" working relationships with each of their employees, based on the nature of their social exchanges?

A. Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory

In the Job Characteristics Model, which of the following is NOT a characteristic that determines a job's potential to motivate?

A. Pay level

Human resource programs concerned with bringing the appropriate individuals into the organization include HR planning, recruiting, and

A. Selecting

Which of the following refers to the separation of an employee from the organization?

A. Termination

"Valence" in Expectancy Theory refers to what?

A. Whether we feel the reward has value

According to Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, which of the following is a hygiene or maintenance factor?

A. Working Conditions

COVID has forced many organizations to adopt more of a virtual structure, with workers at home.

True

Change leaders should use vision casting to reduce resistance to change.

True

David McClelland's achievement theory categorized needs according to achievement, affiliation, and power.

True

Employees commonly resist change in a firm because they fear they might lose autonomy.

True

Groups with diverse membership may take longer to become cohesive but are likely to be more productive in the long run.

True

Job rotation is a job design strategy that deliberately moves workers to different jobs on a planned schedule.

True

Alderfer's ERG theory classified needs into which three categories:

B. (E)xistence, (R)elatedness, and (G)rowth

Which of the following is a strategy that managers often apply in attempting to overcome resistance to change?

B. Education and communication

___________ theory states that the extent to which people are willing to contribute to an organization depends on their assessment of the fairness of the reward that they will receive in exchange.

B. Equity

When a company makes relatively small changes, involving fine-tuning processes and behaviors in a few systems in the organization, it is making _________ changes.

B. Incremental

Which of the following is NOT a type of behavioral approach to job design?

B. Job specialization

Which type of power comes directly from the title you hold?

B. Legitimate

In a _________ structure, members of different functional departments are chosen to work together temporarily on a specific contract or project.

B. Matrix

A human resource manager deciding how many positions an organization will need is engaging in which of the following activities?

B. Planning

__________ power results when one person identifies with and admires another.

B. Referent

The stage in group development in which members begin to assert their roles, jockey for leadership, and make their thoughts and feelings known about the task is

B. Storming

All of the following are considered advantages of job specialization EXCEPT.

B. Workers become highly motivated to perform well.

Most behavioral models of leadership boil down to being task or people focused.

True

One of the biggest takeaways of the Situational Leadership theory is that the management style we use in a particular setting depends on worker skills (ability) and dedication level (attitude).

True

Organizations can be structured based on product divisions or geographic areas.

True

Our company dress code can tell us a lot about our company culture.

True

Performance appraisals typically include both subjective and objective measures.

True

Subjective performance appraisals are vulnerable to errors in judgement by the manager.

True

The Joh Characteristics Model identifies five important characteristics that determine a job's potential to motivate.

True

Perhaps the key aspect of or element in the congruence model of organizational change is that changes in one part of the system

C. Can cause changes in another part

__________ Theory states that motivation depends not only on how much a person wants something but also on the person's perception of how likely he or she is to get it.

C. Expectancy

Which of the following refers to the grouping of jobs according to similar economic activities. such as finance, production and operations, and marketing?

C. Functional Structures

Which of the following is a common reason for resistance to change?

C. Lack of understanding or perception

Two schools which did competing studies on leadership were:

C. Ohio State and Univ. of Michigan

A diagram showing all the positions in a company and who reports to whom is called a(n):

C. Organizational chart

The purpose of recruiting is to attract applicants who are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

C. Overqualified

A great deal of research into group decision making suggest that the ideal group size is _______

C. Seven

"I did that part right there" describes what component of the Job Characteristic Model?

C. Task Identity

Under employment at will, your employer could fire you for dyeing your hair orange.

True

We would choose centralization over decentralization when decisions are critical.

True

Large-scale planned change that involves significantly altering how the firm operates is called

c. Quantum change

What is flex time?

D. A work schedule that allows employees to choose their starting and ending times as long as they are working during a specific time period.

According to David McClelland, an individual's desire for goals that are well-defined and moderately difficult is the need for

D. Achievement

When a manger is under extreme pressure of time to implement a change, he or she will sometimes resort to the use what tactic?

D. Coercion

The best possible response to the use of power is ______, while the worst is _____.

D. Commitment; Obvious resistance

When using flextime, the hours of the day when everyone must work are called

D. Core

Medical doctors and car repairmen are seen by many to have _______ power.

D. Expert

What term describes a transition period during which the behaviors of the organization or department are shifted to a new level?

D. Moving

Based on Maslow's hierarchy, a homeless person will most likely work towards fulfilling which of the following needs?

D. Physiological

According to Robert Greenleaf, leaders who try to ensure that the highest priorities of their followers are met and who help followers grow are ________ leaders.

D. Servant

The organizational structures associated with narrow spans of control is the

D. Tall organization

The primary weakness of the matrix structure is

D. That each team member reports to two bosses

In Expectancy Theory, each potential outcome has a value or importance to the individual, which is called

D. Valence

Which of the following is NOT a stage in the organizational life cycle?

D. death

The principle that holds that either party may break the employment contract at any time, for any reason, is called

D. employment-at-will

"Glass walls" are artificial barriers that prevent women and other minorities from attaining upper-level management positions in an organization.

False

A company with a span of control of 8 would have more layers than one with a span of control of 4.

False

A compressed work week allows a company to take advantage of the skills of two people in performig the job.

False

An advantage of groups over individuals is that they make faster decisions.

False

Change in an organization always comes suddenly.

False

Goals are much more effective if they are easy to achieve.

False

If we threaten to spank our child when he is misbehaving in the store, we are using coercive power; if we actually spank him, we are using negative reinforcement.

False

In Expectancy Theory, three basics variables influence employee motivation: choice, expectancy, and valence.

False

Increasing the number of tasks that make up a job in order to make the job more stimulating is called job enrichment.

False

It has been said that leadership influences the brain, while management encourages the heart and spirit.

False

It is poor management practice to seek employee input in major change decisions.

False

Leadership and management are the same thing.

False

Orientation and training are the same thing.

False

Research on Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory has found that in-group members perform more poorly, have lower levels of satisfaction, have higher turnover, and are promoted more slowly than out-group members.

False

The Ohio State University studies identified two dimensions of leadership behavior, which they called task-oriented behaviors and relationship-oriented behaviors.

False

The number of subordinates under a position is called the chain of command.

False

Training is the process of familiarizing new employees with the organizational environment: co-workers, company procedures, and physical properties.

False

When forming a team for a school class project, it is most import to start by getting our friends, since we get along well with them.

False

Equity Theory says that someone will be motivated if they are paid a lot.

Flase

A "functional" organizational structure groups people by departments, such as finance and marketing.

True

A disadvantage of a matrix structure is that someone could have two managers to report to.

True

A job interview is used to access a candidate's KSAs

True

A number of studies suggest the proper leadership style depends on the situation.

True

A reference check from a candidate's friend is not usually very helpful.

True

An example of negative reinforcement is lifting the curfew on our child when they improve their grades.

True

All groups are teams, but not all teams are groups.

False