Exams

The portion of the large intestine include

the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus

The red bone marrow found in the flat bones of the skull, ribs, and pelvis are involved in the ___ ___ ___ ___.

Production of Blood Cells

Terms like maximus, minimus, vastus, and longus are used in naming muscles based upon their ___.

Size

What is the normal pH of blood?

Slightly basic

Water can also be used as a ___ for polar molecules.

Solvent

The recording of the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle is called an ____.

.Electrocardiogram (ECG)

The light microscope has a resolving power of

0.0001 mm

Choose the correct order (1-5) of increasing complexity/organization.

1. cells 2. tissues 3. organs 4. organ systems 5. organism

Classify the following according to whether they describe arteries, vein, or capillaries.

ARTERIES: Carry blood away from the heart to the capillaries, aorta, and thick muscular walls. CAPILLARIES: Permit exchange of material with the tissues, Join arterioles to venules, May be bypassed by arteriovenous shunts VEINS: Return blood to the heart, Have valves that regulate the flow of blood, Blood flow due to skeletal muscle contraction

The breakdown results in production of the high-energy molecule ___.

ATP

In people with this disease, antibodies that destroy ___ ___ impair muscle contraction.

Ach Receptors

The ___ of a muscle, or what is actually does, may be part of its name. For instance, the extensor digitorum extends the fingers (the digits), adductors move muscles towards the midline, flexors flex, and levators lift.

Action

One of the first signs of kidney damage is the presence of the blood protein ___, plus white blood cells and/or red blood cells in the urine.

Albumin

Emphysema is a chronic incurable disorder in which the ___ are damaged, leaving decreased available surface are for gas exchange.

Alveoli

In the liver, excess amino acids are broken down into ___ and rapidly combine with___ ___ to produce urea, which is much less toxic to cells.

Ammonia; Carbon dioxide

The right ventricle is to the pulmonary trunk as the left ventricle is to the ___.

Aorta

Muscle ___ is used in naming muscles, too. For instance, the brachioradialis is attached to the brachium and the radius. Terms beginning with quad- or bi- indicated the ___ ___ ___ (four and two, respectively)

Attachment; Number of attachments

Myasthenia gravis is a/an ___ disease characterized by muscle weakness in the eyelids, face, neck, and extremities.

Autoimmune

Because of the nature of science and technology, there are both benefits and risks involved. Classify each of the following as either a risk or a benefit and classify it accordingly.

BENEFITS: Effective treatments for illnesses such as HIV/AIDS and cancer, Genetically engineered crops that are drought and pest resistant, The development of electric and hybrid cars that decrease fuel consumption and harmful emissions RISKS: The development of powerful fertilizers that run off into nearby aquatic ecosystems, The development of modern transportation that increases the levels of carbon dioxide in, Genetically engineered plants interbreed within nearby native plants, affecting their populations' genetic diversity

Which of the following organs of the urinary system is the storage area for urine?

Bladder

Sweating is a physiological process that seeks to maintain

Body temperature

Lung cancer, first evident by the thickening and callusing of the cells lining the ___, can progress to the point at which a love or lung must be removed.

Bronchi

Categorize the following definitions and examples of the four classes of organic molecules.

CARBOHYDRATES: Contain carbon, Characterized by the atomic grouping H--C--OH, where H:O is approximately 2:1, Function for quick and short-term energy storage in all organisms. LIPIDS: Contain carbon, contain more energy per gram than other biological molecules, do not dissolve in water, include fats, oils, and steroids. PROTEINS: Contain carbon, of primary importance in the structure and function of cells, Include enzymes and some (nonsteroidal) hormones, Composed of subunits called amino acids. NUCLEIC ACIDS: Contain carbon, Examples are DNA and RNA, Store hereditary information

Classify the following hypothetical transfusions as "compatible" or "not compatible."

COMPATIBLE: Type A & Type A recipient, Type O donor & Type A recipient, Type O donor & Type B recipient, Type O donor & Type AB recipient, Type A donor & Type AB recipient, Type B donor & Type AB recipient. NOT COMPATIBLE: Type A donor & Type B recipient, Type B & Type A recipient, Type AB donor & Type A recipient

Which of the following blood vessels are small, thin, and porous enough to exchange substances at the tissue level of organization?

Capillars

Water molecules are also ___, meaning they cling together. However, water flows freely.

Cohesive

A tissue is composed of similarly specialized cells that perform a ___ function in the body. The tissues of the human body can be categorized into four major types.

Common

____ tissue bonds and support body parts and is the most diverse type of tissue found in the human body. Connective tissue may be represented by such diverse structures as bone, cartilage, or blood.

Connective

The ___ bones support the abdominal cavity.

Coxal

Which bone(s) is (are) part of the pelvic girdle?

Coxal bones

Match the causes to the following disorders of the large intestine.

DIARRHEA: Infection of the lower intestinal tract & nervous stimulation CONSTIPATION: Diets lacking in whole grains & Ignoring the urge of defecate DIVERTICULOSIS: Diets lacking in whole grains & Little pouches of mucosa where food can collect IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME: Uncoordinated contractions of the muscularies

Select all of the following that are functions of the blood in the human body.

Defends the body against blood loss, Defends the body against pathogens, and Transports oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones.

The ___ ___ ___ ___ within a muscle is specified in the names of muscles like the rectus abdominus (rectus means straight) and obliques (oblique means diagonal).

Direction of Muscle Fibers

Which of the following is not associated with the stomach?

Duodenum

The retention of water and salts by diseased kidneys can cause ___, an accumulation of fluid in body tissues. Imbalances in the ionic composition of body fluids can lead to loss of consciousness and ___ ___.

Edema; Heart failure

It is thought that President Abraham Lincoln suffered from a genetic disorder known as Marfan syndrome. Which types of fibers are affected in this disorder?

Elastic fibers

The ___ ___ that occur in the myocardial tissue during these waves are detected by electrodes that are place on the skin.

Electrical changes

The innermost layer of an artery is known as what?

Endothellum

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells obtain ___ by breaking down nutrients.

Energy

___ tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities such as the respiratory tract and endocrine glands.

Epithelial

Which of the following is not a metabolic waste product?

Erythropoletin

What is the unifying principle of the biological sciences?

Evolution

The kidneys are the primary groups that ___ metabolic wastes, especially in the form of nitrogen-based products. The primary end product of nitrogen metabolism in human beings is ___.

Excrete; Urea

Millions of Americans suffer from ___, a muscle and ligament disorder that causes chronic pain and fatigue. The cause of this disease is still unknown but may be due to underlying infection.

Fibromyalgia

What type of cell junctions are found in cardiac muscle tissue?

Gap junctions and desmosomes

Several diseases that affect other parts of the body can have devastating effects on kidney function. Most of these conditions tend to damage the ___, which causes the kidneys to lose the ability to filter, and eventually, to fail. Various types of infections can affect the kidneys themselves, a condition called ___.

Glomeruli; Pyelonephritis

Cellular respiration involves the complete breakdown of ___ to carbon dioxide and water.

Glucose

What cell structure is composed of a stack of slightly curved saccules that are important in packaging and secretion?

Golgi apparatus

Water also has a high ___ ___ ___, or requires a great deal of heat to turn to steam, which moderates the temperature of the Earth.

Heat of vaporization

The kidneys also regulate the balance of water and salt in the blood which in turn affects blood volume. The ___ content of the blood, the more osmosis, or diffusion of water, occurs into the blood. The more water diffuses into the blood, the greater the blood volume and the ___ the blood pressure in the vascular system.

Higher; Higher

Interactions between the cardiovascular system and all other body systems helps the body maintain its internal balance, or ____.

Homeostasis

The cardiovascular system transport the ___ produced by the endocrine system, moving them from ___ to their target organs.

Hormone; Glands

Water molecules have many beneficial characteristics due to their polarity and their ___ bonding.

Hydrogen

Lung cancer is the leading cause of death in women and its recent ___ in incidence is directly related to increased numbers of women that smoke.

Increase

The ___ of the skeletal system, along with muscles, permit flexible body movement.

Joints

The small lymphatic capillaries that reside in the small intestine and absorb fats are known as

Lacteals

Which of the following is not part of the lower respiratory tract?

Larynx

Smoking is a ___ cause of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer. Cigarettes contain chemicals that ___ the air passage and lungs; a smoker might have one or all of these disorders or diseases.

Leading; Irritate

Muscle cancer can occur in smooth and skeletal muscle. For instance, a ___ occurs in the smooth muscle of the uterine wall, while ___ are a rare form of cancer that sometimes originate in skeletal muscle.

Leiomyoma; Rhabdomyosarcomas

Frozen water is ___ dense than liquid water. Thus, ice floats.

Less

Water is a ___ at room temperature. Its ___ rises and falls slowly, preventing drastic changes for organisms.

Liquid; Temperature

A muscle's ___ can be indicated in its name as well, as in the case of the obliques: the external obliques are outside the internal obliques.

Location

Which part of the respiratory system carries out gas exchange?

Lungs

Progressed lung cancer, evident by ___, or spreading of the cancer to tissues beyond the lungs, requires chemotherapy and radiation. However, these treatments provide no guarantee and lung cancer often results in death.

Metastasis

Glucose breakdown is completed in the ___ of the cell.

Mitochondria

Upper respiratory tract infections are ___ common than lower respiratory tract infections because of their frequent exposure to pathogens.

More

___ tissue moves the body and its parts.

Muscular

The ___ ___ are a group of genetic diseases that affect the muscles. These disorders vary considerably in their severity.

Muscular Dystrophies

Contractions of the ___ ___ keep blood moving while the ___ ___ protects the heart and produces red blood cells.

Muscular System; Skeletal System

Homeostasis is maintained through feedback mechanisms. Distinguish between positive and negative feedback mechanisms by sorting the choices below.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: A sensor & a control center, maintains blood glucose, the output of a system resolves or corrects the original stimulus, regulates blood pressure POSITIVE FEEDBACK: A senor & a control center, Causes uterine contractions, which aid in child birth, The output of a system brings about an increasing change in the same direction

What is the symbol for sodium?

Na

Which of the following elements will have more than two electrons and have a full outer orbital?

Ne

___ tissue receives stimuli, processes that information, and conducts nerve impulses.

Nervous

A person with O negative blood has what antigens on his or her red blood cells?

None

Which structure is the initial entryway for air entering the respiratory system?

Nose

A complex individual that consists of organ systems is known as a(n)

Organism

Bone is also involved with storage of minerals and fat. Bone cells called ___ break down bone and return calcium and phosphate ions to the bloodstream.

Osteoclasts

Bone cells are called ___ while cartilage cells are called ___.

Osteocytes; Chondrocytes

The cardiovascular system transports ___ and nutrients to the cells of all the organs.

Oxygen

This breakdown is accomplished by intake of ___ and release of carbon dioxide.

Oxygen

During a cardiac cycle, the ___ wave occurs prior to atrial contraction, the ___ wave occurs just prior to ventricular contraction and the _T_ wave occurs when the ventricles are recovering from contraction.

P; QRS

Inflammation of the pharynx is also called ___ and is often caused by the ___ Streptococcus pyogenes.

Pharyngitis; Bacterium

ATP carries energy in the form of high-energy

Phosphate bonds

The fragmentation of very large megakaryocytes results in the production of

Platelets

Which of the following are actually cell fragments and not whole cells?

Platelets

An X-Ray revealed that Josh's lungs were filled with fluid. What is the proper diagnosis of Josh's illness?

Pneumonia

Which of the following is not a function of skeletal muscles?

Pumping of blood throughtout the body

The collecting duct of the nephron originates in what region of the kidney and extends to what region of the kidney?

Renal cortex to the renal pelvis

General characteristics of life

Respond to stimuli, maintain homeostasis, acquire material and energy, are organized, grow and develop, have an evolutionary history, and reproduce

The bones of the skeleton have five major functions. Some bones protect soft body parts. For example, the sternum, thoracic verterbrae, and ___ ___ protect the heart and lungs.

Rib Cage

What greatly increases the capacity of the stomach?

Rugae

Muscle cancer belongs to a group of cancers called soft tissue ___, which may also occur in bone, adipose, and cartilage.

Sarcomas

Muscles are also called named with terms that indicate their ___. For instance, the deltoid is triangular, and the Greek letter delta is a triangle.

Shape

Also known as ___ ___ these infections can develop into scarlet fever or rheumatic fever if left untreated.

Step throat

Which of the following joints is a fibrous joint?

Sutures between cranial bones

Which of the following is not a term that refers to how muscles work?

Synergism

If the mitochondrion is the result of endosymbiosis, what membrane of the mitochondrion represents the engulfing vesicle?

The outer mitochondrial membrance

What muscle works in a pair with the biceps brachii?

The triceps branchii

Why are slow-twitch muscles dark?

They contain myoglobin

Specialized cells that work together to perform a common function are called

Tissues

In a metabolic pathway, substrate Z is broken down to form products Y and X. Y is further broken down into products V and W. How many enzymes are required for this metabolic pathway?

Two

Because there are many different strains, an effective vaccine is ___.

Unlikely

Destruction of more than two-thirds of the nephrons usually leads to ___, an accumulation of urea and other waste products in the blood.

Uremia

Degradation of nucleotides, such as the nitrogen-containing bases adenine and thymine, produces __ ___. If blood concentrations of this compound are too high, crystals many precipitate out and collects in the joints, producing a painful aliment called ___.

Uric acid; Gout

Different abnormalities can be detected through this technique, including ___ ___, or the uncoordinated irregular electrical activity of the ventricles.

Ventricular fibrillation

The common cold is an infection caused by a ___ and is characterized by sneezing, rhinitis, and a mild fever.

Virus

The vitamin necessary for fibrinogen and prothrombin formation (found in green vegetables and released by intestinal bacteria) is

Vitamin K

Blood vessels also transport ___ from the cells which is later ___ by the urinary system.

Waste; Excreted

What criterion is used to categorize the skeleton into axial and appendicular?

Whether the bones lie on the midline or on a girdle

The three major components of connective tissue are

cells, ground substance, and protein fibers