Exercise 6- Classification of Tissue
Simple squamous epithelium
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Four main types of adult connective tissue
1. Connective tissue proper 2. Cartilage 3. Bone 4. Blood
The four primary tissue types
1. Epithelium 2. Connective 3. Nervous 4. Muscle
Characteristics of connective tissue
1. Have rich supply of blood 2. Composed of many types of cells 3. Great deal of noncellular, nonliving material between the cells of connective tissue
Characteristics that distinguish epithelial tissue.
1. Polarity 2. Specialized contact 3. Supported by connective tissue 4. Avascular but are innervated 5. Regeneration
Epithelial tissue or epithelium
A sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity.
Dense irregular connective tissue function
Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; Provides structural strength.
Simple columnar epithelium function
Absorption; Secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; Ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action.
Simple squamous epithelium function
Allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; Secretes lubricating in serosae.
Elastic connective tissue function
Allows recoil of tissue following stretching; Maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; Aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration.
Cardiac Muscle function
As it contracts, cardiac muscle propels blood into the circulation; Involuntary control.
Dense regular connective tissue function
Attaches muscles to bones or to other muscles; Attaches bones to bones; Withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction.
Bones (osseous tissue) location
Bones.
Nervous tissue location
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
This type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs. It has no striations, and its cells are spindle shaped. It is: A. Cardiac Muscle B. Skeletal Muscle C. Smooth Muscle
C. Smooth Muscle
Epithelial tissues can be classified according to cell shape. ________ epithelial cells are scalelike and flattened. A. Columnar B. Cuboidal C. Squamous D. Transitional
C. Squamous
Columnar
Columnar.
Ground Substance
Component of extracellular matrix that is composed chiefly of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium location
Conciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; Ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract.
Simple epithelia
Consist of one layer of cells attached to the basement membrane.
Stratified epithelia
Consist of two or more layers of cells.
Elastic connective tissue description
Dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers.
Endocrine glands
Ductless glands; Secrete hormones into the extracellular fluid, and from there the hormones enter the blood or the lymphatic vessels that weave through the glands.
Mesenchyme description
Embryonic connective tissue; Gel-like ground substance containing fibers; star-shaped mesenchymal cells.
Reticular tissue (loose connective tissue) function
Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (storm) that supports other cell types, including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages.
Dense irregular connective tissue location
Fibrous capsule of organs and of joints; Dermis of the skin; Submucosa of digestive tract.
Hyaline cartilage location
Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; Covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; Form costal cartilages of the ribs; Cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx.
How many primary tissue types are found in the human body?
Four 1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscular 4. Neural
Areolar tissue (loose connective tissue) description
Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium description
Generally two layers of cubelike cells.
D. Tissues
Groups of cells that are anatomically similar and share similar function are called: A. Organ System B. Organism C. Organs D. Tissues
Tissue
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function.
Bones (osseous tissue) description
Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fiber; osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized.
Neurons
Highly specialized cell that receives stimuli (excitability) and to generate electrical signals that may be sent to all parts of the body.
Skeletal muscle location
In muscles attached to bones an occasionally skin.
Fibrocartilage location
Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; Discs of knee joint
Simple squamous epithelium location
Kidney glomeruli; Air sacs of lungs; Lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; Lining of ventral body cavity (serosae).
Transitional epithelium location
Lines the utterers, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra.
Skeletal muscle description
Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; Obvious striations.
Reticular tissue (loose connective tissue) location
Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen).
Fibrocartilage description
Matrix similar to but less firm than matrix in hyaline cartilage; Thick college fibers predominate.
Smooth muscle location
Mostly in the walls of hollow organs.
Reticular tissue (loose connective tissue) description
Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network.
Of the two major cell types found in nervous tissue, (neurons/neuroglial cells) are highly specialized to generate and conduct electrical signals.
Neurons
Nervous tissue description
Neurons are branching cells; Cell processed that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-cointianing cell body; Also contributing to nervous tissue are non excitable supporting cells.
Nervous tissue function
Neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscle and glands); Supporting cells support and protect neurons.
Mesenchyme location
Primarily in embryo.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium function
Protection.
Stratified columnar epithelium location
Rare in the body; Small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands.
Blood description
Red and white blood cells n a fluid matrix (plasma).
Transitional epithelium description
Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; Basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamouslike, depending on degree of organ stretch.
Squamous
Scalelike.
Stratified columnar epithelium description
Several cell layers; Basal cells usually cuboidal; Superficial cells elongated and columnar
Elastic cartilage description
Similar to hyaline cartilages, but more elastic fibers in matrix.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium description
Single layer of cells differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; Nuclei seen at different levels; May contain mucus-secreting goblet cells and bear cilia.
Simpe columnar epithelium description
Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; Some cells bear cilia; Layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells).
Neuroglia
Special supporting cells that protect, support, and insulate the more delicate neurons.
Smooth muscle description
Spindle-shaped cells wth central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets.
Transitional epithelium function
Stretches readily and permits distention of urinary organ by contained urine.
Hyaline cartilage function
Supports and reinforces; Serves as resilient cushion; Resists compressive stress.
Elastic cartilage location
Supports the external ear (auricle); Epiglottis
Apical surface
The free surface of the membrane.
Histology
The study of tissues.
Cardiac Muscle location
The walls of the heart.
Connective tissue
Tissue that is found in all parts of the body as discrete structures or as part of various body organs; Protect, support, insulate, and bind together other tissues of the body.
Blood function
Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances.
True/False. Blood is a type of connective tissue.
True
True/False. Endocrine and exocrine glands are classified as epithelium because they usually develop from epithelial membranes.
True
Areolar tissue (loose connective tissue) location
Widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; Packages organs; Surrounds capillaries.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium function
secretes substances, particularly mucus; Propulsion of mucus by ciliary action.
How many basic types of muscle tissue are there?
three 1. Cardiac 2. Smooth 3. Skeletal
Transitional epithelium
A peculiar stratified squamous epithelium formed of rounded, or "plump", cells with the ability to slide over one another to allow organ to be stretched.
Basal Surface
A surface that is bounded.
Smooth muscle function
Propels substances (food stuffs, urine) or a baby along internal passageways; Involuntary control
Dense regular connective tissue location
Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses.
Blood Location
Contained within blood vessels.`
Cuboidal
Cubelike.
Mesenchyme function
Gives rise to all other connective tissue types.
Stratified squamous epithelium location
Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth and vagina; Keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.
Dense irregular connective tissue description
Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; Some elastic fibers; Major cell type is the fibroblast.
Simple cuboidal epithelium function
Secretion and absorption.
Simple cuboidal epithelium description
Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei.
Fibrocartilage function
Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock.
Muscle tissue
Tissue that is highly specialized to contract and produce most types of body movement.
Hyaline cartilage description
Amorphous bur firm matrix; Collegen Fibers form an imperceptible network; Chondroblasts produce the matrix and, when mature (chondrocytes), lie in lacunae.
Basement membrane
An amorphous material secreted partly by the epithelial cells (basal lamina) and connective tissue cells (reticular lamina) that lie next to each other.
Pseudostratified epithelium
An often ciliated, simple columnar epithelium that gives the false appearance of being stratified.
Bones (osseous tissue) function
Bone supports and protects (by enclosing); Provides levers for the muscles to act on; Stores calcium and other minerals and fat; Marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation.
Cardiac Muscle description
Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions called intercalated discs.
All connective tissue is derived from an embryonic tissue known as: A. Cartilage B. Ground Substance C. Mesenchyme D. Reticular
C. Mesenchyme
All of the following are examples of connective tissue except: A. Bones B. Ligaments C. Neurons D. Tendons
C. Neurons
Epithelial tissue specialized contacts
Cells fit closely together to form membranes, or sheets of cells, and are bounded by specialized junctions.
Simple cuboidal epithelium location
Kidney tubules; Ducts and secretory portions small glands; ovary surface.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium location
Largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands and salivary glands.
Elastic cartilage function
Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility.
Adipose tissue (loose connective tissue) description
Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; Closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet.
Simple columnar epithelium location
Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; Ciliated variety lines small bronchi uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.
Dense regular connective tissue description
Primarily parallel collagen fibers; A few elastic fibers; Major cell type is the fibroblast.
Epithelial functions
Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception.
Stratified columnar epithelium function
Protection; Secretion
Stratified squamous epithelium function
Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.
Adipose tissue (loose connective tissue) function
Provides reserve fuel; Insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs.
Simple squamous epithelium description
Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; Simplest of the epithelia
Exocrine glands
Sweat and oil glands; Secretions empty through these ducts either to the body surface or into body cavities.
Covering and lining epithelium
The outer layer of the skin and lines body cavities that open to the outside. Also covers the walls and the organs of the closed ventral body cavity.
Stratified squamous epithelium description
Thick membrane composed of several cell layers; Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; Surface cells are flattened (squamous); In the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; Basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers.
Adipose tissue (loose connective tissue) location
Under skin; Around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breast.
Skeletal muscle function
Voluntary movement; Locomotion; Manipulation of the environment; Facial expression; Voluntary control.
Elastic connective tissue location
Walls of large arteries; Within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes
Areolar tissue (loose connective tissue) function
Wraps an cushions organs; Its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; Plays important role in inflammation; Holds and conveys tissue fluid.