Exercise 6- Classification of Tissue

Simple squamous epithelium

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Four main types of adult connective tissue

1. Connective tissue proper 2. Cartilage 3. Bone 4. Blood

The four primary tissue types

1. Epithelium 2. Connective 3. Nervous 4. Muscle

Characteristics of connective tissue

1. Have rich supply of blood 2. Composed of many types of cells 3. Great deal of noncellular, nonliving material between the cells of connective tissue

Characteristics that distinguish epithelial tissue.

1. Polarity 2. Specialized contact 3. Supported by connective tissue 4. Avascular but are innervated 5. Regeneration

Epithelial tissue or epithelium

A sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity.

Dense irregular connective tissue function

Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; Provides structural strength.

Simple columnar epithelium function

Absorption; Secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; Ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action.

Simple squamous epithelium function

Allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; Secretes lubricating in serosae.

Elastic connective tissue function

Allows recoil of tissue following stretching; Maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; Aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration.

Cardiac Muscle function

As it contracts, cardiac muscle propels blood into the circulation; Involuntary control.

Dense regular connective tissue function

Attaches muscles to bones or to other muscles; Attaches bones to bones; Withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction.

Bones (osseous tissue) location

Bones.

Nervous tissue location

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

This type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs. It has no striations, and its cells are spindle shaped. It is: A. Cardiac Muscle B. Skeletal Muscle C. Smooth Muscle

C. Smooth Muscle

Epithelial tissues can be classified according to cell shape. ________ epithelial cells are scalelike and flattened. A. Columnar B. Cuboidal C. Squamous D. Transitional

C. Squamous

Columnar

Columnar.

Ground Substance

Component of extracellular matrix that is composed chiefly of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium location

Conciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; Ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract.

Simple epithelia

Consist of one layer of cells attached to the basement membrane.

Stratified epithelia

Consist of two or more layers of cells.

Elastic connective tissue description

Dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers.

Endocrine glands

Ductless glands; Secrete hormones into the extracellular fluid, and from there the hormones enter the blood or the lymphatic vessels that weave through the glands.

Mesenchyme description

Embryonic connective tissue; Gel-like ground substance containing fibers; star-shaped mesenchymal cells.

Reticular tissue (loose connective tissue) function

Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (storm) that supports other cell types, including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages.

Dense irregular connective tissue location

Fibrous capsule of organs and of joints; Dermis of the skin; Submucosa of digestive tract.

Hyaline cartilage location

Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; Covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; Form costal cartilages of the ribs; Cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx.

How many primary tissue types are found in the human body?

Four 1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscular 4. Neural

Areolar tissue (loose connective tissue) description

Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells.

Stratified cuboidal epithelium description

Generally two layers of cubelike cells.

D. Tissues

Groups of cells that are anatomically similar and share similar function are called: A. Organ System B. Organism C. Organs D. Tissues

Tissue

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function.

Bones (osseous tissue) description

Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fiber; osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized.

Neurons

Highly specialized cell that receives stimuli (excitability) and to generate electrical signals that may be sent to all parts of the body.

Skeletal muscle location

In muscles attached to bones an occasionally skin.

Fibrocartilage location

Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; Discs of knee joint

Simple squamous epithelium location

Kidney glomeruli; Air sacs of lungs; Lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; Lining of ventral body cavity (serosae).

Transitional epithelium location

Lines the utterers, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra.

Skeletal muscle description

Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; Obvious striations.

Reticular tissue (loose connective tissue) location

Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen).

Fibrocartilage description

Matrix similar to but less firm than matrix in hyaline cartilage; Thick college fibers predominate.

Smooth muscle location

Mostly in the walls of hollow organs.

Reticular tissue (loose connective tissue) description

Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network.

Of the two major cell types found in nervous tissue, (neurons/neuroglial cells) are highly specialized to generate and conduct electrical signals.

Neurons

Nervous tissue description

Neurons are branching cells; Cell processed that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-cointianing cell body; Also contributing to nervous tissue are non excitable supporting cells.

Nervous tissue function

Neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscle and glands); Supporting cells support and protect neurons.

Mesenchyme location

Primarily in embryo.

Stratified cuboidal epithelium function

Protection.

Stratified columnar epithelium location

Rare in the body; Small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands.

Blood description

Red and white blood cells n a fluid matrix (plasma).

Transitional epithelium description

Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; Basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamouslike, depending on degree of organ stretch.

Squamous

Scalelike.

Stratified columnar epithelium description

Several cell layers; Basal cells usually cuboidal; Superficial cells elongated and columnar

Elastic cartilage description

Similar to hyaline cartilages, but more elastic fibers in matrix.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium description

Single layer of cells differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; Nuclei seen at different levels; May contain mucus-secreting goblet cells and bear cilia.

Simpe columnar epithelium description

Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; Some cells bear cilia; Layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells).

Neuroglia

Special supporting cells that protect, support, and insulate the more delicate neurons.

Smooth muscle description

Spindle-shaped cells wth central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets.

Transitional epithelium function

Stretches readily and permits distention of urinary organ by contained urine.

Hyaline cartilage function

Supports and reinforces; Serves as resilient cushion; Resists compressive stress.

Elastic cartilage location

Supports the external ear (auricle); Epiglottis

Apical surface

The free surface of the membrane.

Histology

The study of tissues.

Cardiac Muscle location

The walls of the heart.

Connective tissue

Tissue that is found in all parts of the body as discrete structures or as part of various body organs; Protect, support, insulate, and bind together other tissues of the body.

Blood function

Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances.

True/False. Blood is a type of connective tissue.

True

True/False. Endocrine and exocrine glands are classified as epithelium because they usually develop from epithelial membranes.

True

Areolar tissue (loose connective tissue) location

Widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; Packages organs; Surrounds capillaries.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium function

secretes substances, particularly mucus; Propulsion of mucus by ciliary action.

How many basic types of muscle tissue are there?

three 1. Cardiac 2. Smooth 3. Skeletal

Transitional epithelium

A peculiar stratified squamous epithelium formed of rounded, or "plump", cells with the ability to slide over one another to allow organ to be stretched.

Basal Surface

A surface that is bounded.

Smooth muscle function

Propels substances (food stuffs, urine) or a baby along internal passageways; Involuntary control

Dense regular connective tissue location

Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses.

Blood Location

Contained within blood vessels.`

Cuboidal

Cubelike.

Mesenchyme function

Gives rise to all other connective tissue types.

Stratified squamous epithelium location

Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth and vagina; Keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.

Dense irregular connective tissue description

Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; Some elastic fibers; Major cell type is the fibroblast.

Simple cuboidal epithelium function

Secretion and absorption.

Simple cuboidal epithelium description

Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei.

Fibrocartilage function

Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock.

Muscle tissue

Tissue that is highly specialized to contract and produce most types of body movement.

Hyaline cartilage description

Amorphous bur firm matrix; Collegen Fibers form an imperceptible network; Chondroblasts produce the matrix and, when mature (chondrocytes), lie in lacunae.

Basement membrane

An amorphous material secreted partly by the epithelial cells (basal lamina) and connective tissue cells (reticular lamina) that lie next to each other.

Pseudostratified epithelium

An often ciliated, simple columnar epithelium that gives the false appearance of being stratified.

Bones (osseous tissue) function

Bone supports and protects (by enclosing); Provides levers for the muscles to act on; Stores calcium and other minerals and fat; Marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation.

Cardiac Muscle description

Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions called intercalated discs.

All connective tissue is derived from an embryonic tissue known as: A. Cartilage B. Ground Substance C. Mesenchyme D. Reticular

C. Mesenchyme

All of the following are examples of connective tissue except: A. Bones B. Ligaments C. Neurons D. Tendons

C. Neurons

Epithelial tissue specialized contacts

Cells fit closely together to form membranes, or sheets of cells, and are bounded by specialized junctions.

Simple cuboidal epithelium location

Kidney tubules; Ducts and secretory portions small glands; ovary surface.

Stratified cuboidal epithelium location

Largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands and salivary glands.

Elastic cartilage function

Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility.

Adipose tissue (loose connective tissue) description

Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; Closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet.

Simple columnar epithelium location

Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; Ciliated variety lines small bronchi uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.

Dense regular connective tissue description

Primarily parallel collagen fibers; A few elastic fibers; Major cell type is the fibroblast.

Epithelial functions

Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception.

Stratified columnar epithelium function

Protection; Secretion

Stratified squamous epithelium function

Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.

Adipose tissue (loose connective tissue) function

Provides reserve fuel; Insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs.

Simple squamous epithelium description

Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; Simplest of the epithelia

Exocrine glands

Sweat and oil glands; Secretions empty through these ducts either to the body surface or into body cavities.

Covering and lining epithelium

The outer layer of the skin and lines body cavities that open to the outside. Also covers the walls and the organs of the closed ventral body cavity.

Stratified squamous epithelium description

Thick membrane composed of several cell layers; Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; Surface cells are flattened (squamous); In the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; Basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers.

Adipose tissue (loose connective tissue) location

Under skin; Around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breast.

Skeletal muscle function

Voluntary movement; Locomotion; Manipulation of the environment; Facial expression; Voluntary control.

Elastic connective tissue location

Walls of large arteries; Within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes

Areolar tissue (loose connective tissue) function

Wraps an cushions organs; Its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; Plays important role in inflammation; Holds and conveys tissue fluid.