Exercise and Aging Final
Process or group of processes occuring in a living organism that lead to loss of adaptability, functional impairment, and eventually death. A. Secondary aging B. Primary aging C. Tertiary aging D. Morbidity
B. Primary aging
You do not see a sheet of ice on the sidewalk and must adjust to keep from falling. This is an example of ___________ postural control. A. Reaction B. Reactive C. Forethought D. Anticipatory
B. Reactive
Aging due to the effects of environment and disease. A. Primary B. Secondary C. Frailty D. Aging process
B. Secondary
Researchers have shown posture is controlled by _______________ mechanisms. A. Corticospinal B. Supraspinal C. Somatosensory D. Vestibulotemporal
B. Supraspinal
One problem astronauts experience when they return to Earth from microgravity is _______. This is why they don't immediately exit after landing. A. Left ventricular hypertrophy B. Syncope C. Increased venous return D. Impaired vision
B. Syncope
The health care needs of older adults coping with multiple chronic conditions accounts for the vast majority of _____________ expenditures. A. Medicaid B. Medicare C. SNAP-ED D. Social Security
B. Medicare
____________ pertubations are a particular problem for older adults and often result in falls. A. Superior B. Mediolateral C. Supraspinal D. Medial osculations
B. Mediolateral
There is __________ evidence showing long-term physical activity can slow down the normal cognitive aging process. A. Strong B. Moderate C. Minimal D. Nonexistent
B. Moderate
Bill has been sedentary for years, but because he was an avid exerciser, he is familiar with and expects soreness after his initial exercise sessions. Bill's previous _______________ or feelings of soreness will help improve his self-efficacy to exercise. A. Social persuasion B. Physiological/emotional states C. Motor production D. Attention
B. Physiological/emotional states
Which of the following is not typically a source of efficacy information? A. Social persuasion B. Vicarious experiences C. Mastery experiences D. Religious and political beliefs
D. Religious and political beliefs
_____ was traditionally defined as a decline in muscle mass due to aging A. Hypoplasia B. Atrophy C. Dynapenia D. Sarcopenia
D. Sarcopenia
T/F: The evidence from the Song et al. (2018) systematic review shows physical exercise, especially aerobic exercise, can positively benefit global cognition in MCI patients. They also concluded resistance training exercise can improve domain-specific cognitive function and psychological outcomes.
False
T/F: Older adults need moderate intensity aerobic physical activity for a minimum of 20 minutes on 5 days each week or vigorous intensity for a minimum of 30 minutes on 3 days each week.
False
T/F: Older adults should always perform balance exercises separately from cardiovascular and resistance training exercises.
False
T/F: Older adults who have fallen once are much less likely to fall again, but they are much more careful.
False
T/F: Older adults with hearing impairment have a more difficult time hearing low frequency sounds.
False
T/F: Seino et al. (2019) found exercise arrangement (exercising with others, not exercising, exercising alone) had little effect on maintaining mental health, but exercising with others enhanced physical function and mental health in both men and women.
False
T/F: Skinfold testing is a useful measure of body composition for older adults, especially those 85 years of age and older.
False
T/F: Stepping in a hole or being bumped in a crowd involves anticipatory postural control to keep your balance.
False
T/F: Sue exercises regularly and does not have signs or symptoms of cardiovascular, metabolic, or renal disease, however, because she is 90 years old, she should obtain medical clearance prior to beginning a light to moderate intensity exercise program.
False
T/F: The International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics Taskforce recommended using the same guidelines for all residents despite their ability to perform ADLs and stand.
False
T/F: The Minimal Data Set 3.0 is a series of assessments that all assisted living facilities must administer to their resident each month.
False
Older adults should perform resistance training at least 3 times per week on consecutive or non-consecutive days. A. True B. False
B. False
T/F: Older adults experience an increased ability to retrieve words, often called the "tip of tongue" effect.
False
Protein supplementation in older adults can increase muscle mass without the addition of strength training A. True B. False
B. False
The innervation ratio (muscle fibers to motor units) decreases with aging. This results in less control of voluntary movement. A. True B. False
B. False
Which brain structure is most responsible for long-term memory? A. Temporal Lobe B. Hippocampus C. Hypothalamus D. Thalamus
B. Hippocampus
The cerebral vascular hypothesis states that exercise stimulates the growth of new capilaries in the brain. This process is called _________. A. Angiogenesis B. Gluconeogenesis C. Hypertrophy D. None of the above
A. Angiogenesis
Which of the following is NOT an example of an Instrumental ADL (IADL)? A. Bathing B. Laundry C. Grocery shopping D. Housework
A. Bathing
While walking, the body's center of mass (COM) should continuously move ____________ the base of support. A. Beyond B. Behind C. Within D. Beside
A. Beyond
What is the primary safety concern during musculoskeletal testing? A. Blood pressure increase B. Hypotension C. Increased heart rate D. Breath rate increases
A. Blood pressure increase
Which of the following are considered functional fitness tests? (more than one may be correct) A. Body composition B. Motor agility C. Speed/agility D. Cardiorespiratory fitness
A. Body composition B. Motor agility D. Cardiorespiratory fitness
Which type of muscle fiber decreases the most with age? A. Fast twitch B. Slow twitch C. Both A and B D. None of the above
A. Fast twitch
Which type of muscle fiber decreases the most with age? A. Fast twitch B. Slow twitch C. Both A&B D. None of the above
A. Fast twitch
Which of the following is NOT a common reason older adults choose to exercise? A. Fear B. Socialization C. Guidance D. Fun and enjoyment
A. Fear
A specialized area of study within the larger discipline of kinesiology that focuses on understanding how physical activity influences all aspects of health and well being in the older adult population and the aging process in general. A. Gerokinesiology B. Geriatric Therapy C. Mature Physical Activity D. Senior Lifespan Movement
A. Gerokinesiology
Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of the frail elderly? A. High socioeconomic status B. Possible isolated living condition C. More frequent hospital stays D. Poor mental health
A. High socioeconomic status
What type of facility is necessary for an individual who needs supportive and palliative care at the end of his/her life? A. Hospice care B. Nursing home C. Adult day care D. Home health care
A. Hospice care
Select components of fluid abilities: A. Inhibition B. Long-term memory C. Working memory capacity D. Processing speed
A. Inhibition C. Working memory capacity D. Processing speed
Which of the following has the lowest percentage of older adults meeting the CDC guidelines for cardiorespiratory and muscle strengthening exercise? A. Kentucky B. California C. Nebraska D. Georgia
A. Kentucky
All of the following are essential components of modeling EXCEPT A. Mastery B. Retention C. Attention D. Motor production
A. Mastery
The ability to move independently and safely from one place to another is called.... A. Mobility B. Posture C. Stability limits D. Balance
A. Mobility
As part of their weekly physical activity, older adults should do --------------- physical activity. A. Multicomponent B. Single component C. Maximal D. Very little
A. Multicomponent
The following quote from an older adult suggests they do not see _______________________in physical activity. "I'm not participating in exercise because I must have been doing something right or I wouldn't be in such good health" * Use the Devereux-Fitzgerald et al. article A. Perceived value B. Intrinsic enjoyment C. Value of social interaction D. Doubts and fears
A. Perceived value
The interaction between the individual, the environment and the behavior is called ________. A. Reciprocal determinism B. Personal characteristics C. Motivation D. Self-efficacy
A. Reciprocal determinism
Which sensory system is concerned with touch, vibration, and pain? A. Somatosensory B. Vestibular C. Gustatory D. None of the above
A. Somatosensory
Older adults have a reduced sympathetic nerve response resulting in a less forceful contraction of the heart. This will lead to a reduction in ___________. A. Stroke volume B. Blood pressure C. Glucose control D. Post exercise hypotension
A. Stroke Volume
There is __________ evidence sustained high levels (2.5 hrs/week of moderate-high intensity) physical activity can reduce the risk of Alzeheimer's disease by 40-50% and all-cause dementia by 25%. A. Strong B. Moderate C. Minimal D. Nonexistent
A. Strong
Decreases in _____ nerve stimulation can result in reduced contraction strength and end-diastolic volume. A. Sympathetic B. Hypertrophic C. aVO2 difference D. Capillary
A. Sympathetic
The two areas of the brain have been shown to improve with exercise; the ____________ and the prefrontral cortex. A. Temporal Lobe B. Parietal lobe C. Occipital lobe D. Cerebellum
A. Temporal Lobe
(Use slide 23 from the presentation slides to answer this question) Postmenopausal women who do not take exogenous estradiol experience a decrease in nitrox oxide regardless of exercise training. This leads to less positive adaptations to endurance exercise in women verses men. A. True B. False
A. True
Upper extremity muscles change less than lower extremity muscles. A. True B. False
A. True
Which of the following flexibility activities are recommended for older adults? more than one answer may be correct A. Yoga B. Power cleans C. Tai-Chi D. Ballistic stretching
A. Yoga or C. Tai-Chi
What kind of posture restricts movement the most? A. Lordotic B. Kyphotic C. Both A & B D. None of the above
B. Kyphotic
The two-minute step test involves which of the following piece(s) of equipment? A. 5 pound dumbbell B. Masking tape C. Stopwatches D. 18-in ruler
B. Masking tape C. Stopwatches
Which growth factor is most important for increased brain neurogenesis? A. Insulun-like growth factor (IGF-1) B. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) C. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) D. Somatotropin
B. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
Maximum heart rate ______ with age. A. Increases B. Decreases C. Does not change D. Increases with training
B. Decreases
Decrease resistance to blood flow in the aorta and arterial tree may result in increased size of left atrium. A. True B. False
B. False
Inactive older adults experience a reduction in cardiac output due to moderate increases in stroke volume and gradual decreases in maximal heart rate. A. True B. False
B. False
Exercise can reduce the risk of fall-related injuries by -----------%. A. 50-60 B. 32-40 C. 30-40 D. 22-38
B. 32-40
Upper body flexibility is assessed using the ______________, which is a part of the Senior Fitness Test battery. A. Arm Curl B. Back scratch C. Two-minute step test D. 8 foot up and go
B. Back scratch
It is generall accepted that _____ muscle fibers are more effected by age compared to ______ muscle fibers. However, there is evidence to suggest both types of fibers are equally effected. A. Type I, Type II B. Type II, Type I C. Type IA, Type IIA D. Type IIA, Type IIB
B. Type II, Type I
What percentage of total motor units is lost per year beginning in the third decade? A. 2.5% B. 5% C. 1% D. 10%
C. 1%
In 2017, what percentage of older adults in Kentucky met the CDC guidelines for cardiorespiratory and muscle strengthening exercise? A. 15.6 B. 17.6 C. 11.6 D. 2.1
C. 11.6
Older adults should engage in at least______ sessions of resistance training each week. A. 1 B. 3 C. 2 D. 4
C. 2
Balance training for older adults should be conducted AT LEAST ____ times per week. A. 3-4 B. 1-2 C. 2-3 D. 4-5
C. 2-3
On average, the hair cells in the vestibular system decrease 40% by age _______. A. 50 B. 60 C. 70 D. 80
C. 70
Which BMI (according to BIA) is associated with presarcopenia for men? A. 5.76 - 6.75 kg/m^2 B. <8.50 kg/m^2 C. 8.51 - 10.75 kg/m^2 D. <5.75 kg/m^2
C. 8.51-10.75 kg/m^2
How many people are predicted to be 65 years of age and older by the year 2060? A. 52.4 million B. 80.8 million C. 94.7 million D. 25.5 million
C. 94.7 million
Seeing the sidewalk ends and gravel begins, you decide to reduce your stride length and shuffle your feet.This is an example of ___________ postural control. A. Balance B. Reactive C. Anticipatory D. Stability
C. Anticipatory
Older adults who are unable to live independently, but do not require the level of care provided by a nursing home may choose to live in this type of facility? A. Adult day care B. Hospice care C. Assisted living D. Independent living community
C. Assisted living
Doing this contributes to a focus on increasing healthspan rather than lengthening life. A. Compression of mortality B. Reductions in fraility C. Compression of morbidity D. None of the above
C. Compression of morbidity
Which is an example of an activities of daily living (ADL)? A. Walking B. Running C. Grooming D. Climbing Stairs
C. Grooming
Which term accurately describes the process of cells dividing and reproducing a limited number of times? A. Cell clock B. Free radical oxidation C. Hayflick limit D. Sarcopenia
C. Hayflick limit
Which of the following is NOT a suggested contribution to anabolic resistance of protein synthesis? A. Decrease in anabolic signaling proteins B. Decrease in postprandial amino acid availability C. Increase in muscle uptake of dietary amino acids D. Decrease in postprandial muscle perfusion
C. Increase in muscle uptake of dietary amino acids
Physical activity self-definitions depend on all of the following EXCEPT A. Motivation to engage in the behavior B. Perceptions about the behavior C. Motivation to stop the behavior D. Significant others acknowledge that self-definition
C. Motivation to stop the behavior
What are the three intrinsic systems that contribute to balance and mobility? A. Motor, sensory, and vestibular B. Vestibular, vision, and motor C. Motor, sensory, and cognitive D. Visual, somatosensory, and vestibular
C. Motor, sensory, and cognitive
Which part of the brain is important for executive function, focus, and shifting attention? A. Temporal lobe B. Cerebellum C. Prefrontal cortex D. Thalamus
C. Prefrontal cortex
Which of the following does not describe motivation among the older population? A. Includes choices of what tasks to do B. Includes perceptions of performance (capable, not capable) C. Relatively the same over time and between individuals D. None of the above
C. Relatively the same over time and between individuals
Older adults' resting heart rates are _____ when compared to young adults A. higher B. lower C. Similar D. Variable
C. Similar
Which test is not a part of the STEADI assessment? A. Timed up and go B. 30-second chair stand C. Sit and reach D. 4-stage balance test
C. Sit and reach
Of the three strategies for maintaining postural control, especially from external perturbations, which is the most preferred by older adults even when the pertubation is small? A. Hip B. Ankle C. Step D. None of the above
C. Step
Older Adults can expect to see _______ in resting heart rate and _______ in total blood volume after respiratory training. A. increases, decreases B. decreases, decreases C. decreases, increases D. increases, increases
C. decreases, increases
Walking speed is an important predictor of older adult falls. If an older adult walks slower than ----------- meter/second for 10 meters, they likely need an interventionton reduce their falls risk. A. 0.4 B. 0.6 C. 0.8 D. 1.0
D. 1.0
What is the range of arm curl test scores for men aged 65-69? A. 13-19 B. 12-18 C. 14-21 D. 15-21
D. 15-21
Every _________ minutes an older adult dies from a fall. A. 10 B. 15 C. 5 D. 20
D. 20
Older Adults can experience decreases in AVO2 difference between ______% A. 5-10 B. 15-20 C. 30-40 D. 20-30
D. 20-30%
Flexibility exercises can be performed a maximum of ---- days per week. A. 2 B. 3 C. 5 D. 7
D. 7
Which of the following are examples of intrinsic risk factors for falls? A. Cognitive impairment B. Gait impairment C. Low vitamin D D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following are resistance training options for older adults? A. Bands and tubes B. Free weights C. Water D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following are ways to further challenge balance during balance training? A. Dynamic movements that perturb the center of gravity B. Stressing postural control muscle groups C. Reducing sensory input live vision and hearing D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following could cause reduced stability in older adults? A. Reduced range of motion around ankle joint B. Stroke C. Fear of falling D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following is a reason for assessing the physical fitness level of older adults? A. To see progress toward goals B. To identify strengths of older individuals C. To help set goals D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following tests is part of the Short Physical Performance Battery? A. Gait speed test B. Chair stand test C. Balance tests D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following things should be considered when working with older adults? A. Choice of music B. Addressing participants by their first name C. Older adults' life experiences D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Caloric restriction MAY increase the human lifespan by effecting which of the following metabolic pathways? A. Insulin signaling B. mTOR C. Sirtuin-1 D. All the above
D. All the above
Which of the following medications can increase an older adult's risk of falling? A. Tylenol B. Nazatidine C. Ibuprofen D. Benzodiazepine
D. Benzodiazepine
The six-minute walk test is an assessment of which physical fitness parameter? A. Body composition B. Lower body strength C. Lower body endurance D. Cardiorespiratory fitness
D. Cardiorespiratory fitness
Increased blood flow to the brain during physical activity may increase angiogenesis or the growth of new capillaries in the brain. This idea is referred to as the __________________. A. Hormonal circulation factor hypothesis B. Nuerohomornal hypothesis C. Brain hypertrophy hypothesis D. Cerebral circulation hypothesis
D. Cerebral circulation hypothesis
Gerontological research has shifted from lengthening life to increasing years of health. This goal is referred to as _____________ A. Life span compression B. Compression of mortality C. Compression of disease state D. Compression of morbidity
D. Compression of morbidity
Which of the following is NOT an effect of exercise on the brain? A. Cortex thickening B. Angiogenesis C. Hippocampal nuerogenesis D. Decreased brain synapses
D. Decreased brain synapses
____ is the primary event in aging muscle, especially in those > 80 years old. A. Muscle atrophy B. Dynapenia C. Hyperplasia D. Denervation
D. Denervation
Postural stability can be assessed by administering the _________________ test. A. Sit and reach B. Arm curl test C. 8-ft up and go D. Functional reach test
D. Functional reach test
Devereux & Fitzgerald (2016) found successful older adult interventions should include all of the following EXCEPT: A. Fun B. Led by knowledgeable instructors C. Able to create social connections D. More challenging than the participants expect
D. More challenging than the participants expect
Which of the following evidence-based programs specifically focuses on managing chronic diseases like diabetes? A. Matter of Balance B. Enhance Fitness C. Go4Life D. None of the above
D. None of the above
Which of the following is false regarding changes in muscular strength with age? A. Muscles of upper extremities change less than lower extremities B. Maximal strength achieved in the 20's or 30's C. Isometric strength changes little until after 6th decade D. None of the above
D. None of the above
The Olympic athlete discussed in the presentation was able to perform at a high level for two decades primarily due to a steady increase in ________. A. Maximal heart rate B. Stroke volume C. Cardiac output D. Oxygen Pulse
D. Oxygen pulse
Which of the following sensory disabilities is a common symptom associated with Type I and II diabetes? A. Sensory processing disorder B. Multiple Sclerosis C. Lymphedema D. Peripheral Neuropathy
D. Peripheral Neuropathy
As we age our ability to overcome the demands of the environment is determined by our _________________. A. Socioeconomic status B. Social Status C. Psychological reserve D. Physiological reserve
D. Physiological reserve
Which of these brain structures is most vulnerable to the effects of aging and neuro-degenerational disease? A. Cerebellum B. Olfactory bulb C. Cerebrum D. Prefrontal cortex
D. Prefrontal cortex
T/F: Assessing power in older adults is not a good idea because they shouldn't perform fast and explosive movements.
False
T/F: BAM is an acroynym for Better through Active Movement.
False
T/F: Based on evidence from rat brain studies, most neuroscientists believe hippocampal neurogenesis is not possible.
False
T/F: Because Bob is having trouble hearing your exercise instructions, he may be one of the many older adults over 60 suffering from gout.
False
T/F: Brain games have far reaching positive effects on executive function similar to long-term exercise training.
False
T/F: Communication with older adults is not important as long as you are using behavioral theories to guide your exercise program implementation.
False
T/F: It is imperative you use glossy paper when printing educational materials for older adults because they are better able to grip the materials.
False
T/F: Long-term care residents spend up to 50% of their waking time in sedentary activities.
False
T/F: Motivation changes over time, but does not differ across individuals
False
T/F: There is a shortage of adequately prepared geriatric nurses, physical therapists, occupational therapists, social workers, and public health professionals. Rowe et al., (2016) suggest one reason is most clinical professionals are not interested in working with older patients.
False
T/F: Type of flooring and poor lighting are examples of intrinsic risk factors for falls.
False
T/F: As older adults progress in their resistance training efforts, it is important to begin to focus on faster movements to increase muscular power; assuming there are no obvious contraindications (injuries, etc.).
True
T/F: Many effective approaches to enhancing delivery of care for older persons have been developed. However, dissemination and implementation have been a problem due to a lack of funding.
True
T/F: Researchers recently found a blood test for a specific tau protein may serve as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Currently, the only way to confirm the disease is through autopsy of the brain.
True
T/F: The large number (polypharmacy) and types of prescribed medications can be a major cause of falls in older adults.
True
T/F: True or false: Consistent positive associations have been found between physical functioning and cognition, particularly for fluid abilities such as executive function and processing speed.
True