Exercise Physiology Midterm
True or False: The anaerobic step test is very inexpensive
True
If I start jogging and my heart rate starts increasing what are two physiological reasons that my heart rate may be increasing
Vagal withdrawal and the increase in sympathetic stimulaton such as the increase of norepnephrine and epinephrine.
What was found from the isokinetic testing?
Velocity and length tension were plotted. There was an isometric contraction at different angles using flexor and extensor muscles. Flexors produced more force at 15 degrees Extensors produced more force at 90 degrees The optimal length of the position of the joint, sarcomeres and cycling of the cross bridges affect force
Why is weight important to measure when performing and analyzing a vertical jump test? -Weight is needed to measure jump height -Weight is needed to estimate the force of the jump -Weight is needed to estimate muscular power -It is not importanT
Weight is needed to estimate muscular power
Explain why force changes at different joint angles.
When sarcomeres elongate to enable a muscle to lengthen, it alters the overlap between myosin and actin filaments which affects the force production. More overlap results in more force generated, so optimal muscle length is where sarcomere overlap is the greatest. Therefore, as the muscle lengthens and contracts toward the optimal muscle length, the torque increases until the angle is reached.
Power in the anaerobic step test is NOT a function of: -height of the step -height of the participant -number of steps -duration of the test
height of the participant
What is peak power?
highest power output during any 5 second period called anaerobic power atp-pc system only
Describe the all or none law
if a threshold level is met, all muscle fibers in that motor unit are activated. If it is not reached none of the muscle fibers are activated
What are the neural adaptations of resistance training?
increased ability to activate the agonist/synergist muscles (improved recruitment) and decrease in antagonist coactivation
In a normal person, what happens to the systolic and diastolic blood pressures when exercise begins
increases
During an isometric exercise, the total peripheral resistance is the main driver in
increasing systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
One advantage of using dumbbells for strength training is: -they provide constant velocity -there is not advantage -they provide constant resistance in different angles -it is largely used in activities of daily living
it is largely used in activities of daily living
What kind of adaptation is found to be the primary contributor of strength gains and occurs within the first 4-6 weeks? -Muscle hypertrophy -Neural -Greater ROM -Increased VO2 max
neural
What is the primary contributor to initial strength gains for untrained individuals? -Hypertrophy -Neural adaptations -Genetics -Steroids
neural adaptations
Regarding the length tension curve of the knee: -the knee can produce greater force when in full extension -the torque is similar across all joint angles -cross bridges generate greater force when muscle is in slack -quadriceps generate greater force than hamstrings at 90 deg
quadriceps generate greater force than hamstrings at 90 deg (REMEMBER THE GRAPH. At 90 deg there is a lot of force for extensors)
Which of these are advantages to using a Dynamic Constant External Resistance (DCER) to measure strength? A)Related to athletic movements B)Not time consuming C)Relatively inexpensive D)Both A and C
related to athletic movements and relatively inexpensive
Two ways to test vertical jump test:
squat jump and countermovement
what is one way to identify muscle imbalances?
testing isokinetic strength
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the amount of force that a muscle can produce? -the size and architecture of the muscle -the amount of water within the muscle -the joint angle -the muscle's speed of action
the amount of water within the muscle
What was found from the Wingate test?
this 30 second test is very sensitive to anaerobic function. You can measure the peak power, mean power and fatigue index from this test.
What is the main driver for increase in blood pressure during isometric exercise?
total peripheral resistance
Once muscle contraction is complete, what was the purpose of inflating the blood pressure cuff? -Activate central command -Lower cardiac output -Trap metabolite accumulation -Stabilize blood pressure
trap metabolite accumulation
Which of the following is not need to calculate power? a) Force b) Time c) Velocity d) Distance
velocity
Can the subject use the other (i.e., inactive) leg to help push off the ground during the anaerobic step test?
yes
When you are using your muscles for a short burst of energy, what system do you use? A. Anaerobic glycolysis B. ATP-PC system C. Oxidative metabolism D. Oxidative phosphorylation
ATP-PC system
If a track athlete is competing in a 400 meter sprint, what energy system would their body primarily be using? a. ATP-PC System b. Oxidative System c. Anaerobic Glycolysis d. ATP-CP system
anaerobic glycolysis
The main driver for increase in blood pressure during dynamic exercise is
cardiac output
Blood Pressure =
cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
What is MAP?
cardiac output x total vascular resistance
What affects blood pressure?
central command and afferents
In this type of muscle contraction, force production is greater than resistance. concentric eccentric isometric isokinetic
concentric
Question 1: The force produced by a muscle is higher than the resistance, causing the muscle to shorten. What type of contraction is this considered? Isometric Concentric Eccentric Isokinetic
concentric
What dietary supplement may be used to enhance performance through the phosphates system? Creatine Fish oil Multivitamin Beet juice supplement
creatine
Describe the criteria that must be met in order for a step to be "counted" as successful during the anaerobic step test
Must fully extend their leg with the back straightened
The predominant energy production system in a 40 yard dash (5-6 sec) is: -oxidative metabolism -ATP-PC system -anaerobic glycolysis -fatty acids
ATP-PC system (you use what is already stored in your muscle first when you need energy. You use the ATP-pc system because it's a short contraction)
During a marathon, what are the stages of energy metabolism that a runner would go through? -ATP-PC, Anaerobic Glycolysis, Aerobic -ATP-PC only -Anaerobic Glycolysis only -Aerobic metabolism only
ATP-PC, Anaerobic Glycolysis, Aerobic
Theoretically, what variable from the Wingate test is most like the mean anaerobic power value from the anaerobic step test?
Absolute peak power
How do you calculate relative peak power from the Wingate Test
Divide the subject's absolute peak power by their body weight
What is the purpose of an agonist muscle? A) Muscle that causes action B) Muscle that is opposite of the movement C) The primary muscle involved in any movement D) Both A and C
Muscle that causes action & the primary muscle involved in any movement
Which of the following is not a benefit of using isometric testing? a.) cheap b.) muscles contract until weakness c.) time efficient d.) people are easily capable of performing
Muscles contract until weakness
Rank the following energy systems from the fastest to the slowest assigning them numbers from 1 to 5: slow glycolysis, fast glycolysis, oxidation of fat, oxidation of carbohydrates, phosphagen
1. Phosphagen 2. Fast glycolysis 3. Slow glycolysis 4. Oxidation of carbohydrates 5. Oxidation of fat
Name 3 tests that can measure anaerobic capabilities.
10-40 meter dash, Margaria Power Test, Wingate Test, Vertical Jump Test, Anaerobic Step Test
What would be an example of an exercise that would require the primary usage of the anaerobic glycolysis energy system?
200 meter dash
How long does the anaerobic step test last?
60 seconds
At what angle would the bicep produce the greatest amount of force? (With a straight arm being 180 degrees and a completely bent arm being 0 degrees) A) 10 degrees B) 90 degrees C) 170 degrees
90 degrees
During twitch interpolation, if a subject has a superimposed twitch of 1N and a control twitch of 20N, and voluntary activation = [(control twitch force-superimposed twitch force)/Control twitch force)}x100, what percentage of motor units were activated during the contraction? 5% 25% 100% 95%
95%
What is an eccentric action?
A muscle action in which the muscle lengthens while generating force.
What is a concentric action?
A muscle action in which the muscle shortenswhile generating force.
What is an isometric action?
A muscle action that generates force without a change in muscle length (so no visible change in joint angle).
What is an antagonist?
A muscle that can move the joint opposite to the movement produced by the agonist
What is an agonist?
A muscle that causes action, and generally, the primary muscle involved
What is a stabilizer?
A muscle that contracts with no significant movement to maintain a posture or fixate a joint
Name two positive aspects to isokinetic testing, and two criticisms.
Advantages: Measures max torque at all angles, Can measure many velocities, Can set up to measure practically any joint, Can measure concentric or eccentric (or both), Can attain a lot of information for each muscle action Disadvantages: Very expensive, Requires training of lab personnel, Major criticism: Do actual movements occur at constant velocities? Not very applicable to real-world movements.
when doing a leg extension which muscle is the agonist and which one is the antagonist?
Agonist: quads antagonist: hamstrings
If you were an endurance runner and began heavy weight lifting, what would be an adaptation ? a) Overall, the diameter of your muscle fibers would increase b) You would have an increased activity in myosinATPase and CaATPase enzymes c) You would transition more slow-oxidative muscle fibers into fast-glycolytic muscle fibers d) You would create more muscle fibers e) All of the above except D
All of the above except D
A man decides to start resistance training 3 times a week. If he performs as many squats as he can within one minute, which energy production system is he primarily using? A) aerobic glycolysis B) ATP-PC system C) anaerobic glycolysis
Anaerobic glycolysis
Which one is NOT a determinant of muscle force: -Muscle size -central nervous system activation -speed of contraction -arterial pressure
Arterial pressure
How fast is the subject supposed to pedal during the Wingate Test? A) As slow as possible B) As fast as possible C) At a relaxed pace D) Speed changes throughout test
As fast as possible
How fast is the subject supposed to pedal during the Wingate Test?
As hard and fast as possible during the test.
Describe the relationship between velocity and force. Draw an example of the force and velocity curve.
As velocity increases, the force that muscle produces decreases. Force production and velocity have an inverse relationship.
How to calculate mean power in a Wingate test? -Average the highest power output during any 5 sec -Average power in 30 seconds -It is the % decline in power output from the initial to the end -Average power output during 60 sec
Average power in 30 seconds
Why do trained individuals typically have lower resting heart rates?
Because training increases stroke volume over time, it allows a greater volume of blood to be distributed with the same number of beats.
Which variables are needed to accurately calculate absolute mean power from an anaerobic step test? -Body Weight (N), Step Height (m), # of steps -Body Weight (kg), Step Height (in), # of steps -Body Weight (N), Step Height (m), Gender Constant -Body Weight (kg), # of steps, Gender Constant
Body Weight (N), Step Height (m), # of steps
Which of the following is not an aspect measured by the Margaria Power Test? -Body weight -Time -Body height -Vertical distance traveled
Body height
Define cardiac output and provide the equation. What happens to cardiac output during exercise?
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped through the heart per minute. Cardiac output can be calculated by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume (Q = HR x SV). Cardiac output increases as exercise intensity increases.
Why are you able to pick up an empty cup without smacking yourself in the face with it? (why are you able to pick it up like an empty cup and not a 100 lb dumbbell) -Larger motor units are recruited first, thus you are able to pick it up no problem -Because it's an empty cup and anybody can do that -Due to the size principle of motor unit activation (smaller motor units are recruited first)
Due to the size principle of motor unit activation (smaller motor units are recruited first)
What type of exercise would you prescribe for a cardiac patient when you do not want to raise blood pressure?
Dynamic leg exercises because these exercises will not increase blood pressure
Which type of muscle action generates force only while lengthening? a. Isometric b. Concentric c. Eccentric d. Isokinetic
Eccentric
True or False- Neural adaptations during resistance training involve an increase in antagonist recruitment and a decrease in agonist recruitment.
False
True or False: The subject is allowed to stand up during the Wingate Test?
False
Why does force change at different velocities?
Force changes at different velocities due to the efficiency of the cycling of crossbridges
What do isokinetic dynamometers allow us to test? A) Muscle strength B) Force-Velocity Curve C) Torque D)MAP
Force velocity curve
What variable does not contribute to force production? -Velocity -Joint angle -Heart Rate -Muscle Size
Heart Rate
If I were an OU football player looking to increase my force production on the field, what sort of variables would I need to improve in my body to be able to generate more force?
Increase cross sectional area of muscle. Use preloading during training to develop strength early in the range of motion. Work on technique to improve neurons rate of recruitment.
What is a downfall of using a Isokinetic Dynamometer -Can test many different Joints -Is very expensive -Is used widely in research, clinical testing, and rehabilitation. -Is very accurate if used correctly.
Is very expensive
Which muscle action generates force without change in muscle length (no visible change in joint angle) A) Isometric B)Concentric C)Eccentric D)Isokinetic
Isometric
If you were a coach on the OU track team, how would you explain to your team why the longer that they run the slower they go?
It is through the process of anaerobic glycolysis. The body produces H + ions, which can interfere with the contracting of the muscles. It depends on how much each body can tolerate the amount of H+ ions.
During the anaerobic step test, which of these energy systems is most likely NOT utilized? -ATP-PC -Glycolysis -Lactic Acid System -Oxidative
Lactic Acid System
What is isokinetic strength?
Maximal tension is developed at all joint angles throughout the range of motion & velocity is constant
What is a disadvantage of using dynamic constant external resistance to test strength? a. Relatively inexpensive b. Related to athletic moves c. Measures only the weakest part of the range of motion c. No mathematical work is performed
Measures only the weakest part of the range of motion
Which of these factors is not a benefit to using the Wingate Test? -Inexpensive -Simple -Valid -No materials needed
No materials needed
What is a disadvantage of isometric strength testing?
No mathematical work is performed
What is the main role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation? And if you could no longer utilize oxygen could you continue this process, why?
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation. If you could no longer accept these electrons then you could not recycle the electron carriers needed for metabolism. These electron carriers, FAD and NAD+ need to be recycled to continue in energy production. Hypothetically, you could still recycle NADH + H → NADH going from Pyruvate to lactate but it wouldn't be as substantial as oxidative phosphorylation
Please describe the proper technique for measuring the hemodynamic responses to exercise lab?
Participant holds isometric handgrip for 3 minutes at 30-40% MVC. AFter 3 minutes, the participant stops contraction and the blood pressure cuff is inflated to 50 mmHg above current BP. Occlusion occurs for 1 minute and traps any metabolites produced during contraction. HR and BP is measured every 15 seconds throughout the test and for 90 seconds post occlusion.
If you are given force, distance, and time, how do you calculate power?
Power = force multiplied by distance and divided by time
Torque is -Rotational force measured in N.m. -Linear Force measured in N/m -Rotational power -the square root of power and it is measured in watts
Rotational force measured in N.m
What is a typical response of systolic and diastolic blood pressures with the onset of work load? SBP increases, DBP increases b) SBP remains constant, DBP increases c) SBP decreases, DBP remains the same d) SBP increases, DBP remains constant
SBP increases, DBP remains constant
What do the two blood pressure numbers represent physiologically?
Systolic & Diastolic blood pressures
Describe the difference between ATP/PC system and Anaerobic Glycolysis. Which one is the fastest?
The ATP/PC system generates a lot of ATP within a short time. It is the fastest energy production system, but it depletes quickly. The anaerobic glycolysis system is the 2nd most powerful energy production system. However, it generates H+ ions that can interfere with muscle contraction. It provides energy for about 60 secs/ or as long as the person can tolerate the H+ ions.
True or False: Coactivation of an antagonist muscle occurs to improve joint stability.
True
Why is it harder to produce a greater force of muscle contraction at a faster speed?
The ability of the muscle to produce the same amount of force lowers with a faster rate of contraction because of the requirements for cross bridge cycling to occur in the muscle.
Why is there an optimal length in which muscles generate muscle contraction?
The optimal length of a muscle contraction is present because of the ideal capability of myosin/actin sacromere to overlap during a crossbridge cycle at a certain joint angle.capability of myosin/actin sacromere to overlap during a crossbridge cycle.
Describe the proper technique for measuring resting blood pressure.
The participant needs to sit without his/her legs crossed and the cuff needs to be placed on the left arm above the elbow. Make sure to use a stethoscope and place it on the brachial artery. You then need to tighten the cuff and release slowly while listening to the sounds while recording the values.
True or False: ATP/PC system is the primary energy source in first 5-6 seconds of exercise.
True
Why does the resistance setting for the Wingate Test have to be rounded to the nearest 0.25 kg?
The resistance in the monarch increases in intervals of .5
Describe how a muscle produces the most force at a slower speed compared to faster speeds.
The slower the speed of a contraction the more cross bridging is allowed to happen. The quicker the contraction the less amount of time for more cross bridging in the muscle.
Describe the warm-up for the Wingate Test
There is a two-minute warm-up against a very light resistance where an occasional 3-5 second sprint is performed
Suppose you are looking at an electromyography (EMG) signal recordings after the subject has completed a biceps curl test. You notice that there is activity for both the biceps and triceps. Though the activity observed is mostly heavily involving the bicep, why are you seeing tricep muscle movement? -This is an error in the experiment set up -There is movement recorded for the triceps because it is acting as a coactivator to stabilize the muscle group -The triceps are the main weight bearing group
There is movement recorded for the triceps because it is acting as a coactivator to stabilize the muscle group
What did our experiment on hemodynamic response to exercise tell us about Group III & IV afferents? -They increase blood pressure -They increase heart rate -They increase force production -They increase velocity of contraction
They increase blood pressure
All of the following are advantages of isometric strength training except? a) Inexpensive/little equipment needed b)Most people and facilities can do them c)They lead to increased muscle endurance d)Time Efficient
They lead to increased muscle endurance
Why do those who are more fit have a lower resting heart and lower exercise HR versus someone who is untrained?
Training increases stroke volume which allows for the same amount of blood to be pumped using less beats.
True or False- The initial increase in strength at the beginning of resistance training in an untrained individual is due to neural adaptations.
True
True or False: When a threshold is met in a given motor unit, all of the muscle fibers will be activated according to the All or None Law
True
What test is considered to be the criterion method for measuring anaerobic power?
Wingate test
Name three tests discussed in class that measure anaerobic capabilities.
Wingate, Vertical jump test, Margaria Power test, Anaerobic Step test.
Isokinetic dynamometers produce counter forces so that velocity will remain constant through an entire range of motion. In what setting could this instrument be used? Research Clinical testing Rehabilitation All of the above
all of the above
what determines the amount of force a muscle can produce? -Size and architecture of muscle -Joint angle -Muscles speed of action -All of the above
all of the above
What is the name of the energy system associated with the following characteristics?: Generating H+ ions that cause interference with many processes in the body that are required for muscle contraction Provides energy for ~60 seconds or as long as an individual can tolerate the H+ ions -Anaerobic glycolysis -Aerobic glycolysis -ATP-PC system -Lactic acid system
anaerobic glycolysis
What is mean power?
average power output across 30 seconds called anaerobic capacity atp-pc and glycolysis represents the ability to produce sustained power
Which is NOT a means of strength testing? a) isometric b) dynamic c) diastolic d) isokinetic
diastolic
What is work?
force x distance
What is fatigue index?
gives insight on ability to resist fatigue called percent decline
Regarding the force velocity curve: -greater force at faster speeds -it is unaltered with resistance training -greater force when muscle is at lower speeds -strength only changes with speed in animals
greater force when muscle is at lower speeds
