Experimental Final Exam (from midterm)

Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poor cognitive performance for example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Imagine that Dr. Kline is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is this choice potentially problematic? A. according to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled special protections, B. prisoners do not make good participants since they may not tell the truth, C. prisoners are unable to give informed consent, D. more prisoners may want to participate than Dr. Kline can actually study

A. according to the Belmont Report, Prisoners are entitled to special protection

Force-choice question formats are especially good at dealing with which of the following issues? A. fence-sitting, B. faking good, C.faking bad, D. people self-reporting more than they can know

A. fence-sitting,

External validity is most important for which of the following reasons? A. frequency claims, B. association claims, C. causal claims, D. external validity is equally important for all claims

A. frequency claims,

which of the following is true of the relationship between hypothesis and theories? A. hypothesis is used to determine if a theory is accurate, B. Theories are used to determine if a hypothesis is accurate. C. Multiple theories are needed to test whether a hypothesis is accurate. D. hypothesis and theories are synonymous terms.

A. hypothesis is used to determine if a theory is accurate.

An independent variable is one that is: A. manipulated, B. measured, C. kept constant, D. has one level

A. is manipulated

Which of the following is true of probability sampling? A. it is the best way to obtain a representative sample, B. it is the same as random assignment, C. It results in larger samples than nonprobability sampling, D. it should be used when external validity is not the goal of the study

A. it is the best way to obtain a representative sample,

What is the difference between ratio scale of measurement and interval scale of measurement? A. ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not, B. an interval scale of measurement is a type of measurement used for categorical measurements, but a ratio scale is used for quantitative measurements. C. an interval scale has equal intervals, but a ratio scale does not. D. a ratio scale of measurement cannot be used to compare people's score, but interval scales can (e.g. Phillip is twice as fast).

A. ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not

Convenience sampling relies on which of the following? A. studying people who are easy to find, B. studying people who are willing to participate, C. studying people who are typical, D. studying people who are colleagues of the researcher

A. studying people who are easy to find

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield wants to establish the discriminant validity of his pathological gambling measures. He gives his measure and three others to a group of 100 people. Which of the following provides the best evidence for discriminant validity? A. that his measure is not strongly correlated with a measure of impulsivity, B. that his measure is not strongly correlated with the number of friends people have, C. that his measure is strongly correlated with a measure of alcohol addiction, D. that his measure is strongly correlated with a measure of self esteem

A. that his measure is not strongly correlated with a measure of impulsivity,

Which of the following is true? A. the confidence people have in their memories is not strongly related to the accuracy of their memory, B. people are very good judges of reasons for their behavior, C. people are better able to remember vivid memories, D. if people are inaccurate in reporting their reasons for behavior, it is because they are deliberately trying to be deceptive.

A. the confidence people have in their memories is not strongly related to the accuracy of their memory,

The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the belmont report? A. the principle of justice, B. the principle of respect for persons, C. the principle of beneficence, D. the principle of integrity

A. the principle of justice

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering majors Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by stout, dasgupta, hunsinger, and mcmanus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. Which of the following is a constant in this study/headline? A. the sex of the participants, B. the effort on math problems, C. the sex of the role model, D. the number of researchers.

A. the sex of the participants

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a quantitative way to operationalize problem-solving ability? A. the time spent solving math problems, B. the type of puzzle solved (sodoku puzzle or crossword puzzle), C. whether participants used insight or trial and error techniques to solve the problem, D. the report of a teacher about whether a studen is a good or bad problem solvers

A. the time spent solving math problems

All of the following are reasons psychological scientists publish their research except: A. to get money from the journals where their work appears. B. to share interesting findings. C. to have their results reviewed by other psychologists. D. to provide evidence for a theory

A. to get money from the journals where their work apppears

Name the six basic sections of an empirical journal article. According to Dr. Woz, which sections make up the body of the report?

Abstract, {{{Intro, methods, results, Discussion}}}} and References ...

Imagine your a clinical researcher who studies depression. Describe an example of basic research and applied research that you might conduct.

Applied research would be looking for a way to improve depression and how to treat it while basic research would be causes of depression or symptoms of depression

If researcher measure every tenth member of a population, they have: A. conducted a census, B. collected a sample, C. Increased internal validity, D. biased the study

B. collected a sample

Which of the following is NOT an example of probability sample? A. simple random sample, B. convenience sample, C. systematic sample, D. cluster sample

B. convenience sample

A dependent variable is one that: A. is manipulated. B. is measured. C. is kept constant. D. has one level

B. is measured

To address the Belmont principle of beneficence, Dr. Kline would need to ask which of the following questions? A. are the people in my study going to benefit as much as the people not in my study, B. What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants, C. Can the participants in my study give full, informed consent?, D. am i trained sufficiently to conduct this study?

B. what can i do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants

What is the problem with being swayed by a good story? A. a good story is never the true explanation for a scientific finding. B. Scientific findings never have commonsense explanations. C. a good story may not be supported by data. D. good stories are not falsifiable.

C. a good story may not be supported by data

Establishing construct validity would probably be most important for which of the following? A. a measure of blood pressure, B. a measure of the number of seizures a person has per week, C a measure of religiosity, D. a measure of obesity

C. a measure of religiosity

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering majors Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by stout, dasgupta, hunsinger, and mcmanus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. In this study the authors recorded how many math questions (out of 10 questions) participants tried to solve. This is an example of which of the following? A. a constant, B. a variables level, C. a measured variable, D. a manipulated variable

C. a measured variable

Which of the following is a limitation of Google Scholar compared to PsycInfor? A. google scholar does not allow you to search particular fields. B. google scholar is not free to use. C. google scholar is not limited to just psychology and related fields. D. google scholar does not allow you to sort for peer-reviewed articles

C. google scholar is not limited to just psychology and related fields

What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic? A. conclusions drawn from behavioral research are probably true. B. it means that behavioral research involves probability sampling. C. inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases. D. behavioral research requires the calculations of probability estimates

C. inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases.

Unobstrusive observation is done to counteract which of the following? A. observer bias, B. observer effects, C. reactivity, D. nay-saying

C. reactivity

Faking good is also known as: A. a response set, B. acquiescence, C. socially desirable responding, D. fence sitting

C. socially desirable responding

Which of the following is not possible? A. a measure is neither reliable nor valid. B. a measure is both valid and reliable, C. a measure is reliable but not valid, D. a measure is valid but not reliable

D. a measure is valid but not reliable

Why do studies that use probability samples have excellent external validity? A. they have good internal validity too, B. they study every member of the population of interest, C. They are more complicated to do, D. all members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample

D. all members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample

Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing? A. the statistical validity of the study. B. the internal validity of the study. C. the construct validity of the study. D. the external validity of the study

D. the external validity of the study

In addition to the three principles derived from the Belmont Report, which of the following two principles were added in the principles put forth by the American Psychological Association? A. the principle of consent and honesty, B. the principle of reliability and validity, C. the principle of honor and accountability/commitment, D. the principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility

D. the principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility

Dr. Kline's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? A. the principle of integrity, B. the principle of respect for others, C. the principle of beneficence, D. the principle of justic

D. the principle of justice

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a categorical way to operationalize caffeine consumption? A. the number of glasses of soda consumed in a day, B. the number of milligrams of caffeine consumed during the study, C. the frequency of buying coffee drinks, D. whether the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study

D. whether the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study

What are the two issues that need to be balanced in conducting ethical research

Harm/Risk/Cost vs Benefit...

What is the IACUC? And what is its major concern

IACUC is the organization that regulates and deals with the issues of animal research. Its major concern is that the animals are treated humanely

What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment?

Random sampling means picking out random individuals from a population. Random assignment means randomly assigning individuals to a particular study/condition.

The aim of the Tuskegee Study was to examine which disease?

Syphilis

Explain the difference between validity and reliability. Explain whether they are related or independent variable.

Validity-how well a measure measures what its supposed to measure. Reliability deals more with the consistency of the measures. They are related because if a measure is valid, it must be reliable

what are the three components of a good theory?

a good theory must be falsifiable, have parsimony, and supported by data

Explain the differences between a variable and a constant. Give an example of each

a variable is a part of an experiment that could vary or that is subjected to measurement or manipulation. A constant stays the same and does undergo manipulation and isnt measured. Varying volume in an experiment is a variable and providing every participant with the same test with the same questions is a constant.

Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering majors Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by stout, dasgupta, hunsinger, and mcmanus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. How many variables are mentioned in this study/headline? a. 2, b. 3, c. 4, d. 5

a. 2

Lana is writing her first empirical journal article. Although she thinks she knows why she found the results she did, she also wants to mention some alternative explanations for her findings, in which section will she mention these alternative explanations

discussion

__ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory

empiricism

Matthew is reading an empirical journal article and wants to know whether the authors used the Big Five Inventory (BFI-44) or the NEO-PI to measure extraversion. In which section would he find this out?

method

another word for data is ____

observation

Occam's razor states that the simplest solution is the best, all things being equal. This speaks to a theory's:

parsimony

Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs. Given the scenario above, Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants, he is concerned about what?

reactivity

Describe the three types of reliability and the four types of validity. Use examples.

test-retest reliability: researcher gets consistent scores he or she uses the measures. interrater reliability: consistent scores are obtained no matter who measures or observes. Internal reliability: a study participant gives a consistent pattern of answers, no matter how the researcher has phrased the question. construct validity: refers to how well a conceptual variable operationalized. external validity: how well the results of a study generalize to, or represent, people or contexts besides those in the study itself. Statistical validity addresses the strength of an effect and its statistical significance, the extent to which a study's statistical conclusions are accurate and reasonable. Internal validity: in a relationship between one variable (A) and another (B), the extent to which A, rather than some other variable C, is responsible for the effect of B.

Define face validity

the extent to which a measure is subjectively considered a plausible operationalization of a conceptual variable in question

Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs. Given the scenario above, Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He has his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, they take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are same sex or opposite sex, this technique is known as ___ _

unobstrusive observation