Experimental Psych Test 2

Which of the following phrases would NOT suggest that multiple regression was used?

"made a difference in"

What is another term for the independent groups design

-a and c

A study in which all variables are measured

-causal -correlational -experiment -all of the above

Professor Meyer gives the students in his class a mid-semester feedback survey asking them how stressed out they are by the assignments in his class. The majority of his class report that they fell extremely stressed. What might explain this

-faking bad

Harlow's attachment study on monkeys

-poor external excellent internal

What other information, in addition to effect size, must you know in order to determine if a correlation is statistically significant?

-sample size

What sample size is often cited as the optimal balance between accuracy and effort

1000

According to Taka obese rate is ___% in the US and ___% in Japan

30/4.5

Participants in a research study are given a list of words to study for 3 minutes and then, following a delay, are asked to recall the list. The length of the delay is manipulated between participants to be either 2 minutes, 5 minutes, or 10 minutes. Which of the following scenarios would present a design confound in this experiment?

All participants in the 2-minute condition are tested at 8:00 a.m.; those in the 5-minute condition are tested at noon; and those in the 10-minute condition are tested at 4:00 p.m.

What is the Rosenthal effect?

Also known as experimenter effect - researcher's beliefs about a participant affect the way they treat them, and the participant begins to fulfill the researcher's expectations.

_____ is when you study ever member of a population

Census

Which of these is NOT a potential drawback of a within-groups design?

Extraneous differences are held constant across conditions.

Onwuegbuzie et al. (1999) examined foreign language anxiety as a predictor of foreign language achievement. They performed a multiple-regression analysis and included other predictor variables including academic achievement, perceived scholastic competence, and perceived self-worth. They found that foreign language anxiety was â =-0.39 and academic achievement was â = 0.29. What does this mean?

Foreign language anxiety has a bigger effect than academic achievement does on foreign language achievement.

Mischel (1972) studied delay of gratification in preschoolers: Children were offered a special reward if they could wait or a less attractive treat if they chose not to wait. A follow-up study was done years later, looking at the same children as adolescents. The researchers found an association between the waiting times of the preschoolers and parents' reports of the same children's behaviors as adolescents. What is a question that one could ask to assess the construct validity of this association?

How well was delay of gratification measured?

Professor Fofana wonders if there is an association between students' grades and whether they complete extra credit in his classes. He makes a scatterplot, with the number of extra credit points earned on the x-axis and the numerical grade in his course without extra credit on the y-axis. He finds that r = 0.28 and that p<0.001. What does this mean?

It is very unlikely that this association was found in the sample when, in the full population, there is really no association.

based on whether or not you agree or disagree

Likert Scale

Which of the following is a means of controlling for observer bias?

Making sure the observer does not know the study's hypothesis

Mischel (1972) studied delay of gratification in preschoolers: Children were offered a special reward if they could wait or a less attractive treat if they chose not to wait. A follow-up study was done years later, looking at the same children as adolescents. The researchers found an association between the waiting times of the preschoolers and parents' reports of the same children's behaviors as adolescents. Overall, a positive relation between waiting time as a preschooler and self-control in adolescence emerged. Can a causal relationship be inferred?

No, because internal validity was not established.

Onwuegbuzie et al. (1999) examined foreign language anxiety as a predictor of foreign language achievement. They performed a multiple-regression analysis and included other predictor variables including academic achievement, perceived scholastic competence, and perceived self-worth. They found â = -0.39 for foreign language anxiety. What does this mean?

People with lower levels of anxiety about learning a foreign language have higher levels of achievement in foreign language.

Professor Fofana wonders if there is an association between students' grades and whether they complete extra credit in his classes. He makes a scatterplot, with the number of extra credit points earned on the x-axis and the numerical grade in his course without extra credit on the y-axis. He finds that r = 0.28. What does this correlation tell him about which students take advantage of the extra credit option?

Students with higher grades are more likely than students with lower grades to do extra credit work

Onwuegbuzie et al. (1999) examined foreign language anxiety as a predictor of foreign language achievement. They performed a multiple-regression analysis and included other predictor variables including academic achievement, perceived scholastic competence, and perceived self-worth. The beta for the predictor variable of perceived scholastic competence was positive and statistically significant. Why couldn't you say that perceived scholastic competence improves foreign language achievement?

The temporal precedence is not established and there may be another variable that accounts for the relationship.

Dr. Stevens wants to examine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and depression. He selects a sample of American athletes who are currently training for the summer Olympic Games as his research subjects. Dr. Stevens finds no relationship between BMI and depression. What is one problem with his research design that could have kept him from finding a relationship between those variables?

There is a restriction of range problem.

A multiple-regression analysis is run to examine third variables as a follow-up to the study indicating that boys with unusual names are more likely to commit crimes. Unusual names, ethnic backgrounds, and geographical regions are all included as predictor variables. Even after controlling for all of these variables, unusual names still predict criminal activity. Why doesn't this study establish causation?

There may be some other third variable.

Which of the following is true about self-reports?

They are valuable sources of information when researchers are interested in a person's internal experiences.

In a study in which two variables are measured at two different points in time, which of the following is an example of a cross-lag correlation?

Variable A at Time 1 is associated with Variable B at Time 2.

Which of the following is a way of preventing reactivity?

Waiting for the participants to become used to the observe

Professor Law wants to construct a survey to assess involvement with computer games. Which is a forced-choice question?

Which is truer of you? a) I have little interest in computer games or b) I would miss computer games if I couldn't play anymore.

Which sample would be most likely to represent the population of American teenagers?

a cluster sampling of 1,000 teenagers from around the United States

____________ is an extra dependent variable that can be used to help researchers quantify how well an experimental manipulation worked

a manipulation check

__________ is a simple study that uses a separate group of participants that is generally completed before conducting the study of primary interest in order to confirm the effectiveness of a manipulation.

a pilot study

Dr. Thompson researches gang related crime in Chicago. She notices that more graffiti appears when there are more ice cream trucks in town. She does a study that measures the frequency of new graffiti being recorded and ice cream truck sales for each week over a year. She finds a positive association between ice cream truck sales and graffiti and concludes that the ice cream trucks are encouraging graffiti. Her colleague, Dr. Richardson, points out that both ice cream sales and graffiti might be influenced by right rising temperatures during the summer. What kind of problem has Dr. Richardson identified?

a third variable problem

Judy writes a survey to assess how much people worry. Her survey has 20 questions that people can rate their level of agreement to on a seven-point Likert scale. All of the questions are worded so that higher responses will indicate a higher level of worry. After having 100 people complete her survey, she finds that a lot of respondents often respond to all of the questions by choosing only the "strongly agree" option. What is this kind of responding called?

acquiescence

Which of the following is an example of poorly worded questions

all of the above

A political research center obtained a list of phone numbers for all registered voters in Texas and uses a random number generator to select 1000 of the phone numbers to call. They ask each voter which gubernatorial candidate they plan to vote for in the upcoming election. What is the population of interest that the research center wants to generalize to

all registered voters in Texas

Professor Horvat designs a study to assess the work satisfaction and home life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home life satisfaction on two occasions, one year apart. She finds that job satisfaction at the first time point is correlated with job satisfaction at the second time. What type of correlation is this?

autocorrelations

Iva is studying whether students gain weight during their first year of college. She collects weights from all the incoming freshmen in the fall, then collects weights from them again at the end of the spring term. What is the term for the correlation she finds when she compares the fall and spring weights of the students?

autocorrelations.

which of the following can lead to a biased sample

both a and b

why can using negative wording in a survey not be valid way to measure results

both a and b

Response set

both a and c

Studies found that the longer a person has smoked cigarettes, the greater chance they have of getting cancer. This means

both b and c

The study examining the talkativeness between sexes reported that

both results were reported

How do multiple-regression designs help address internal validity?

by ruling out third-variables

In a business class experiment on the endowment effect, Theo is comparing the value of a coffee mug to someone who owns it and is selling it to someone who is buying it. The endowment effect describes the tendency of sellers to value something they own more than buyers do. Participants are randomly assigned to be buyers or sellers of a mug with their first name on it. Buyers select the maximum price they would pay for the mug. Sellers select the minimum price they would accept for the mug. How does Theo control for selection effects?

by using random assignment of participants

Nesta is making the scatter plot of the digit spans for his psychology class, with the spans for digits the students hear on one axis and the span for digits the students read on the other. The association is strong, but he notices that one student has a visual digital span that is twice as long as anyone else. What statistical validity question is he raising?

can outliers be affecting the relationship

Dr. Russell did a study that found that praise provided by supervisors is associated with higher levels of work productivity only because more motivated employees are praised more often, and highly motivated people are more productive. In her findings, employee motivation is a ___________ in the relationship between praise from supervisors and work productivity.

confounding 3rd variable

Dr. Stevens did a study that found that having a cognitively demanding job is associated with cognitive benefits in later years because people who are highly educated take cognitively demanding jobs, and people who are highly educated have better cognitive skills. She found that the amount of education is a ________ in the relationship between having demanding job and cognitive benefits in later years.

confounding 3rd variable

Which of the following are common phrases which indicate regression analysis

controlled for

Dr. Rhodes is interested in how differing levels of light affect how people perceive color. He finds participants for this research study by making an announcement in several psychology classes at his university. What kind of sampling method is Dr. Rhodes using?

convenience sampling

Which of the following is considered a biased sampling method?

convenience sampling

Which of the following is NOT required to establish causality

convergent validity

Eric designs a study to examine drink preferences of university freshmen. He is planning to have all of the freshmen who participate in his study drink a cup of coffee then rate their enjoyment of the coffee, then drink a cup of tea and rate their enjoyment of the tea, and finally drink a cup of milk and rate their enjoyment of the milk. Eric tells Theresa about the plans for his study and she says she is concerned that he could have a problem with order effect in his study. How can Eric fix this problem?

counterbalancing

Professor Horvat design a study to assess the work satisfaction and home life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home life satisfaction on two occasions, one year apart. She finds that home life satisfaction measured at the first point is strongly correlated with job satisfaction at the second time point, but there is no correlation between job satisfaction measured at the first point and home life satisfaction measured the second time Point. Which of the three criteria for causation does professor Horvat fulfill

covariance and temporal precedence

how do experiments support causal claims

covariance, temporal precedence, internal validity

When using multiple regression, what is the term for the variable that the researcher is most interested in explaining or predicting

criterion

Professor Horvat designs a study to assess the work satisfaction and home life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home life satisfaction on two occasions, one year apart. She finds that home life satisfaction measured at the first time point is strongly correlated with job satisfaction measured at the second time point. What type of correlation is this?

cross-lag

Professor Horvat designs a study to assess the work satisfaction and home life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home life satisfaction on two occasions, one year apart. She finds that, at both the first time point and the second time point, there is a strong correlation between work satisfaction and home life satisfaction. What type of correlations are these?

cross-sectional

The Yerkes-Dodson law (1908), shows that performance increases with arousal up to a point, but beyond that, performance decreases with increasing arousal. What type of correlation is this?

curvilinear

In psychology lab, Tetiana is conducting an experiment on depth perception using the Howard-Dolman box. Inside the box are two vertical rods and a horizontal ruler. The participant manipulates the rods until they appear to be aligned at the same distance away, then the experimenter measures how far out of alignment they are. There are three conditions: left eye only, right eye only, and both eyes. Tetiana is using a repeated-measures design. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

distance out of alignment of the rods

Which of these is NOT an advantage of within-groups designs?

elimination of practice effects

In psychology lab, Tatiana is conducting an experiment on depth perception using the Howard Dolman box. Inside the box are too vertical rods and a horizontal ruler. The participant manipulates the rods until they appear to be aligned at the same distance, then the experimenter measures how far out of alignment they are. There are three conditions: left eye only, right eye only, and both eyes. Talk Tiana it is using a repeated measures design. What is the independent variable of this experiment

eyes/eyes used

If a P value is above 0.05, it is considered statistically significant

false

Regression establishes causation

false

correlation is the same as causation

false

larger effect sizes decrease the accuracy of a prediction

false

results from various correlational studies concerning smoking cigarettes and cancer provide converging evidence that strengthens the conclusion that smoking causes cancer

false

Onwuegbuzie et al. (1999) examined foreign language anxiety as a predictor of foreign language achievement. They performed a multiple-regression analysis and included other predictor variables including academic achievement, perceived scholastic competence, and perceived self-worth. What is the criterion variable?

foreign language achievement

Onwuegbuzie et al. (1999) examined foreign language anxiety as a predictor of foreign language achievement. They performed a multiple-regression analysis and included other predictor variables including academic achievement, perceived scholastic competence, and perceived self-worth. Which of the following is NOT a predictor variable?

foreign language achievement

2013 found what association between frequency and ability of media multitask

frequent media multitasking is associated with lower ability to multitask

What type of validity is typically not relevant to association claims

internal validity

Liking curly fries on social media

is associated with being smart

r=.59. how would you describe this effect size

large

The following term appears on a survey: on a five point scale 1-5 rate the following statement "I look forward coming to class." what type of question is format is being used?

likert scale

What type of research design involves measuring the same variables, for the same people, across different points in time

longitudinal

Kathryn wants to control for intelligence in her study. She has a list of all of the participants for her study and their IQ scores. She sorts the list of participants according to their IQ scores and then forms groups making sure that the groups are balanced in terms of IQ scores. Finally, she randomly assigns each group to one of the conditions of her study. What kind of design is Kathryn using?

matched groups

What is a longitudinal study?

measuring the same variables in the same subjects at several points in time

Dr. Samuels does a study that finds that children with unusual names are more likely to have delinquency records as adolescents because they got teased more, and the teasing makes them act out. He found that teasing is a ________ in the relationship between having an unusual name and adolescent delinquency.

mediator

When a third variable explains the relationship between the two other variables, that kind of the third variable is called a

mediator

Dr. Aarons does a study that finds that having a cognitively demanding job is associated with cognitive benefits in later years, but only among men, not among women. In her findings, gender is a _________ in the relationship between having a cognitively demanding job and cognitive benefits later in life.

moderator

When a relationship between two variables depends on the level of a third variable, that kind of a third variable is called a:

moderator

When a relationship between two variables depends on the level of a third variable, that kind of third variable is called a

moderator

The campus safety committee has asked Professor Ibrahim to study bicycling on his campus. He trains two observers and has them observe the number of cyclists and their safety at various points around campus. He selects ten observation locations at random from the places bicycles can be ridden on campus and five one-hour spans of time at random from the daylight hours for each place. He has his observers make observations at each of the ten places for each of the five time spans. What type of sampling is he using?

multistage sampling

Possible explanations provided by researchers for the positive correlation between divorce rate and male contribution to household chores was

neither a & b

Researchers exploring the differences in "talkativeness" between men and women found that

no statistical differences

Dr. Rhoades is interested in how differing levels of light affect how people perceive color. He finds participants for this research study by making an announcement in several psychology classes at his university. Should Dr. Rhoades be concerned about using this sampling method?

no, because eternal validity probably doesn't matter for the type of claim he is making

Dr. Lawrence is the director of counseling services at her university. She is planning to conduct a survey of 100 students at the University to see how aware they are of the counseling services that are offered at the university. She wants the proportion of males and females in her sample to reflect the proportion in the university as a whole (55% female and 45% male). Dr. Lawrence plans to stand in the student union and ask people to participate until she has given the survey 55 males and 45 females. is Dr. Lawrence collecting a representative sample?

no, because the participants are selected nonrandomly

Professor Law wants to construct a survey to assess involvement with computer games. Which question is a double-barreled question

on a scale of 0-5 rate how much you like and play your favorite game

The question "what do you think of this class" is what type of survey question format

open-ended question

what is the good participation effect

participants answer in the way that they believe would be favorable to the researcher

What is it called when researchers investigate causality by using a variety of correlational studies that all point in a single, causal direction

pattern and parsimony

A ___________ is the entire set of people in which the researchers are interested

population

What design is an experiment in which each participant is randomly assigned to one level of the independent variable and then tested on the dependent variable once

postest only

Cara is running a study to examine the effect of music on mood. She randomly assigns participants to three conditions — rock, jazz, and country. She has the participants rate their mood with a short questionnaire, then listen to their assigned music for 20 minutes, and then fill out the mood questionnaire again. What kind of design is she using?

pretest/posttest

Dr. Jennings is doing a study on the experience of being a racial minority on a college campus. He goes to the Asian Student Association, Black Student Union, and Hispanic Student Group on his campus to recruit participants for his study. Dr. Jennings only includes Asians, African-Americans, and Hispanic participants in his study. What type of sampling is Dr. Jennings using?

purposive sampling

Dr. Lawrence is the director of Counseling Services at her university. She is planning to conduct a survey of 100 students at the university to see how aware they are of the counseling services that are offered at the university. She wants the proportion of males and females in her sample to reflect the proportion in the university as a whole (55 percent female and 45 percent male). Dr. Lawrence plans to stand in the Student Union and ask people to participate until she has given the survey to 55 females and 45 males. What type of sampling method is Dr. Lawrence going to use?

quota sampling

Which of the following is most important for enhancing external validity?

random sampling

What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment?

random sampling researchers create a sample using random method. random assignment researchers place participants in groups using a random method

Eric designs a study to examine drink preferences of university freshmen. He is planning to have all of the freshmen who participate in his study drink a cup of coffee then rate their enjoyment of the coffee, then drink a cup of tea and rate their enjoyment on the tea and finally drink a cup of milk and rate their enjoyment of the milk what kind of design is this

repeated measures

Professor Fofana wonders if there is an association between students' grades and whether they complete extra credit in his classes. He makes a scatterplot, with the number of extra credit points earned on the x-axis and the numerical grade in his course without extra credit on the y-axis. He finds that r = 0.28. In addition to this correlation coefficient, what other information would Professor Fofana need to determine if this result is statistically significant?

sample size

Participants in a research study are given a list of words to study for 3 minutes and then, following a delay, are asked to recall the list. The length of the delay is manipulated between participants to be either 2 minutes, 5 minutes, or 10 minutes. Since different groups need different amounts of time, the first 25 participants who arrive are assigned to the 10-minute group, the next 25 are assigned to the 5-minute group, and the final 25 are assigned to the 2-minute group. What confound does this create?

selection effect

Which of the following does NOT need to be considered as an alternative explanation of the results in a within-groups design experiment?

selection effects

Joseph wants to find out what customers at his restraint think about the food and the service. He creates a survey for diners to fill out at the end of their meal with three questions: 1) Please rate the food from 1-10, where 1 is yucky and 10 is delicious; 2) Please rate the service from 1-10 were 1 is unacceptable and 10 is outstanding. What kind of question format is Joseph using?

semantic differential

Judy writes a survey to assess how people work. Her survey has 20 questions that people can rate their level of agreement to on a seven point Likert scale. All of the questions are worded so that the higher responses will indicate a higher level of worry. After having 100 people complete her survey, she finds that a lot of respondents often respond to all of the questions by choosing only the strongly agree option. how could she improve the construct validity of her survey

she can use reverse wording questions

A political research center obtained a list of phone numbers for all registered voters in Texas and uses a random number generator to select 1000 of the phone numbers to call. They ask each voter which gubernatorial candidate they plan to vote for in the upcoming election. What sampling method is being used

simple random sampling

Beth is working on a research study focused on attention span in children. Among the participants, the group of 11-year-old boys is underrepresented. Beth asks her 11-year-old brother to distribute flyers about participation in the study to his male classmates and soccer team. What type of sampling is this?

snowball sampling

The directors of an annual community concert want to find the musical preferences of the audience. The ushers place a survey card on every sixth seat beginning with the second seat (2 and 6 were chosen from a random number table). All of the cards are returned as the audience leaves. Which type of sampling is being used?

systematic sampling

Which of the following is considered a representative sampling method?

systematic sampling

Treatment index (F)=

t squared

Professor Fofana wonders if there is an association between students' grades and whether they complete extra credit in his classes. He makes a scatterplot, with the number of extra credit points earned on the x-axis and the numerical grade in his course without extra credit on the y-axis. He decides the plot will be clearer if he converts the numerical grades into letter grades and plots a bar graph with letter grades on the x-axis and the mean number extra credit points earned on the y-axis. What type of statistic would he run to determine if there is a relationship between letter grades and extra credit points earned?

t test

Vida is studying the connection between school grades and time spent using social media. She finds a strong correlation, showing the students with lower grades spend more time using social media. She decides that before she can claim that increased use of social media causes grades to drop she must make sure that the social media came before the low grades. What criterion of causality is she concerned with?

temporal precedence

In a business class experiment on the endowment effect, Theo is comparing the value of a coffee mug to someone who owns it and is selling it to someone who is buying it. The endowment effect describes the tendency of sellers to value something they own more than buyers do. Participants are randomly assigned to be buyers or sellers of a mug with their first name on it. Buyers select the maximum price they would pay for the mug. Sellers select the minimum price they would accept for the mug. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

the role of the participant

Professor Horvat design a study to assess the work satisfaction and home life satisfaction of a group of graduate students. She administers the same measures of work and home life satisfaction on two occasions, one year apart. She finds that home life satisfaction measured at the first point is strongly correlated with job satisfaction at the second time point, but there is no correlation between job satisfaction measured at the first point and home life satisfaction measured the second time Point. Why can't Dr. Horvat conclude that home life satisfaction causes job satisfaction

there are possible third variables that explain the relationship

as criminal witnesses, children are more susceptible to influence by leading questions

true

Which of the following is a method to control for observer bias

use a masked or blind study design

In a business class experiment on the endowment effect, Theo is comparing the value of a coffee mug to someone who owns it and is selling it to someone who is buying it. The endowment effect describes the tendency of sellers to value something they own more than buyers do. Participants are randomly assigned to be buyers or sellers of a mug with their first name on it. Buyers select the maximum price they would pay for the mug. Sellers select the minimum price they would accept for the mug. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

value selected for mug

When is an outlier most likely of problematic

when the sample size is small and the outliers are extreme on both variables

In psychology lab, Tetiana is conducting an experiment on depth perception using the Howard-Dolman box. Inside the box are two vertical rods and a horizontal ruler. The participant manipulates the rods until they appear to be aligned at the same distance away, then the experimenter measures how far out of alignment they are. There are three conditions: left eye only, right eye only, and both eyes. Tetiana is using a repeated-measures design. How is the independent variable being manipulated in Tetiana's design?

within groups

Is it ethical for psychological researchers to observe people in public places?

yes, people can reasonably expect their behavior to be public, not private