Experimental Psychology Chapters 3 & 4

Which of the following is an ethical obligation of psychologists who use animal subjects?

- To comply with all laws and professional standards for the care of animals used for research - To maintain the health of the animals and to minimize pain - To ensure that all those who use animals have been trained in their care, use, and maintenance

In a high-risk study, the researcher must provide participants with

-A debriefing - An appropriate phone number in case of problems that persist after participation in the research - A guarantee of confidentiality

What is a subject variable?

A characteristic or feature of a research used to assign that participant to a condition of an experiment (ex. the subject's age).

A control variable is

A potential independent variable that is held constant in an experiment

In the preceding example, if only Group A and Group D were included as conditions

Alcohol content and number of drinks would be confounded

Psychologists are primarily concerned with the ethics of research involving

All human and animal research subjects

In an experiment testing the effects of alcohol on performance, Group A receives 3 nonalcoholic beers, Group B receives 6 nonalcoholic beers, Group C receives 3 alcoholic beers, and Group D receives 6 alcoholic beers. The independent variable(s) in this experiment is/are

Amount of alcohol and number of drinks

A mixed design is one in which

At least one independent variable is tested within-subjects, and at least one other independent variable is tested between-subjects

Carryover effects in within-subjects experiments include

Boredom, fatigue, learning

Regression to the mean implies that if extreme scores are obtained for some individuals and then the observations are repeated, the second scores obtained for these same individuals will be

Closer to the mean of the first scores of the entire group

In its most basic form, the ____ the manipulation of interest of independent variable

Control group does not receive

____ means that the investigator explains the general purposes of the research and answers any question of the participant at the end of the experiment

Debriefing

Except in _____ research, the experimenter establishes a clear and fair agreement with research participants prior to their research participation

Deceptive

The Hawthorne effect is an example of

Demand characteristics

In an experiment, the variable that is expected to change as a result of some manipulation is termed the

Dependent Variable

An ethical psychologist

Ensures that all individuals using animals under their supervision have been instructed in the care of animals

One technique in psychological experiments is to keep the experimenter from knowing the research hypothesis or the experimental condition of the subjects currently being tested. This helps to prevent the problem of

Experimenter effects

The influence of an independent variable may not be accurately reflected in a dependent variable if distorted by

Floor and ceiling effects

Automating an experiment can

Greatly reduce the possibility of experimenter effects

In an experiment the _____ variable is a manipulation of the environment controlled by the experimenter

Independent

Research that runs the risk of embarrassing or upsetting participants

Is acceptable only if approved by an Institutional Review Board

Information obtained about a research participant during the course of a study

Is always confidential unless agreed upon in advance

A dependent variable

Is measured by the experimenter

When an experiment produces null results

It is possible that the experimenter did not use a valid manipulation of the independent variable

Failure of an independent variable to produce changes in a dependent variable is called a

Null Result

Experiments involving deception

Obligates the researcher to explain the true nature of the experiment after the participant has been tested

A major disadvantage of between-subjects designs is that

Participant differences may obscure treatment effects

_____ is the use of another person's ideas, words, or data without giving that person credit for his or her work

Plagiarism

A control group or a control condition is included in an experiment in order to

Provide a baseline against in which the variable of interest can be compared

The Ethics Committee of the APA educates ___ about ethical issues related to psychological research

Psychologists, the public, and students

The practice of repeating an experiment that has already been done to determine whether the same effect is observed is called

Replication

The view that animal life is somehow different from human life is called

Speciesism

So-called critical experiments

Test two theories that make different predictions

In their review of psychological research, the members of an IRB will NOT consider

The cost of carrying out the research

An interaction occurs when

The effect of one independent variable is different at the different levels of another independent variable

If a research participant becomes upset in a minimal-risk experiment,

The experimenter must make an effort to ensure that the participant leaves the experiment no worse than he or she did at the start of the the experiment

Which of these is NOT a possible explanation for obtaining null results in a valid experiment?

The experimenter used a valid and reliable of the dependent variable.

Which of the following is NOT true of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

The members of an IRB must all be trained in scientific research

A researcher wants to know whether a new drug reduces anxiety. Forty Participants who suffer from anxiety are assigned randomly to one of two groups. One group gets the new drug and the other group gets a placebo. Neither group knows which they receive. After 30 days on the drug, their anxiety levels are measure. In this experiment, _____ is the independent variable and _____ is the dependent variable

The new drug; anxiety

Thee practice of giving students course credit for participation in psychological research is considered ethically acceptable when

The students are free to refuse to participate or withdraw at any time without any negative consequences

Random selection refe3rs to

The technique used to ensure that each participant has an equal chance of being selected for an experiment

In order to observe an interaction in the results of an experiment, which of the following must be true?

There must be at least two independent variables

Which of the following uses a quasi-experimental design?

To see whether the effectiveness of a new method of reading instruction is different for bilingual children vs. children who speaks only English, 40 Bilingual and 40 English-Speaking children are taught using the bilingual method for one semester ad reading scores for the 2 groups are compared

A researcher using only animals has an obligation to

Use humane treatment

Which of the following is NOT considered plagiarism

Using a test created by another researcher and citing that researcher in your report

Which of the following is NOT a technique for creating equivalent comparisons between groups and/or conditions in experiments

Using multiple dependent variables

One reason for preferring randomization to matching for establishing group equivalence is that

We do not know all the relevant variables to march

Which of the following is not one of the reasons why research participants are debriefed following an experiment?

When deception has been used, to ensure that the participants did not discover the true purpose of the experiment.

When is it acceptable for a researcher to dispense with obtaining the informed consent of research participants?

Whenever the research has been approved by an IRB

The participant in an experiment has the right to

Withdraw at any time