Fat Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, and K)

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Vitamin D can also be known as

1, 25 dihyroxy Vitamin D (calcitriol)

Rhodopsin

A molecule composed of opsin (protein) and cis-retinal (vitamin A)

Keratinization

Accumulation of keratin in a tissue (due to diminished goblet cells in GI tract for mucous production)

Vitamin D must be _____________ before it can function

Activated

Other name for vitamin E

Alpha-tocopherol

Retinyl esters are found in __________ foods

Animal

Chief function of vitamin E

Antioxidant (stabilization of cell membrane, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A)

Beta-carotene (precursor for Vitamin A) can act as an ___________, capable of protecting the body against disease

Antioxidants

Toxicity symptoms of vitamin E

Augments (increases) the effects of anti clotting medication

What is the precursor of Vitamin A?

Beta-carotene

Acute toxicity symptoms of vitamin A

Blurred vision, Nausea, vomiting, vertigo, increase of pressure inside skull, mimicking brain tumor, headaches

Vitamin A and D play a key role in ____________ ________

Bone growth

Rickets symptoms

Bowing of legs (inadequate calcification), enlargement of ends of long bones (knees, wrists), deformities of ribs (bowed with beads), rapid enlargement of head (delayed closing of fontanel), protrusion of abdomen

Vitamin D is also known commonly as

Calciferol

Vitamin D and ________ in bone growth

Calcium

Foods derived from plants provide __________, some of which can be converted vitamin A

Carotenoids

__________ who are deficient in vitamin A don't grow

Children

Rickets are found in __________, while osteomalacia is found in ________

Children, adults

Precursor for vitamin D is the body's own _________

Cholesterol

As rhodopsin absorbs light, retinal changes from ______ to ______, which triggers an electrical impulse that carries visual information to the brain through the optic nerve

Cis to trans

Cones

Color vision

Vitamin D3

Derived from animal foods in diet

Vitamin D2

Derived from plant foods in diet

Toxicity symptoms of vitamin D

Elevated blood calcium, calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys, heart), frequent urination

With help of vitamin A, ___________ destroy selected sites in the bone, removing parts that are not needed

Enzymes

Vitamin A promotes differentiation of ____________ cells and __________ cells, one-celled glands that synthesize and secrete mucous

Epithelial and goblet

These vitamins are less readily ________, and tend to remain in fat storage sites

Excreted

These vitamins are stored in the cells associated with ______

Fat

How do these vitamins absorb?

First into the lymph, then the blood

Significant sources of vitamin A: Retinol

Fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified margarine, eggs, liver

Previtamin D3 is converted to vitamin D3 with the help of the body's __________

Heat

Vitamin E is easily destroyed by ________ and __________

Heat and oxygen

Vitamin A plays two indispensable roles in the eye

Helps maintain a crystal clear outer window (cornea) and participates in the conversion of light energy into nerve impulses at the retina

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin K

Hemorrhaging

Two __________ reactions must occur for the activation of vitamin D

Hydroxlation

Toxicity disease of vitamin A

Hypervitaminosis A

Toxicity disease of Vitamin D

Hypervitaminosis D

Deficiency disease for vitamin A

Hypovitaminosis A

Without vitamin A, the normal structure and function of the cells in the mucous membrane are __________

Impaired

Chronic toxicity symptoms of Vitamin A

Increased activity of osteoclasts causing reduced bone density, liver abnormalities, birth defects

Softening of cornea

Keratomalacia, softening of cornea that leads to irreversible blindness

90 percent of Vitamin A stores are found in the

Liver

After absorption via the lymph system, vitamin A eventually arrives at the __________, where it is stored

Liver

Osteomalacia symptoms

Loss of calcium causes soft, flexible, brittle, and deformed bones , progressive weakness, pain in pelvis, low back, legs

Chief functions of vitamin D in the body

Mineralization of bones

Vitamin A maintains healthy cells in ________ membranes

Mucous

Hypovitaminosis A deficiency symptoms

Night blindness, corneal blinding, triangular grey spots on eyes, softening of cornea, corneal degeneration and blindness, keratinization

Toxicity symptoms of vitamin K

No toxicity symptoms known

Night blindness

Nyctalopia, slow recovery of vision after flashes of bright light or inability to see in dim light

The liver and kidneys add an ______ group to produce the active vitamin

OH

Vitamin A acts as _________ and __________ for bone remodeling

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Vitamin E protects vitamin A from _________

Oxidation

Retinal

Participates in vision

How often should these vitamins be consumed?

Periodically, every few weeks to months

Vitamin K other names

Phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione, napththoquinone

Beta-carotene is found in _________ foods

Plant

Significant sources of Vitamin E

Polyunsaturated plant oils (margarine, salad dressings, shortenings), leafy green vegetables, wheat germ, whole grains, egg yolks, liver, nuts seeds

Major roles of vitamin A in the body

Promoting vision, protein synthesis and cell differentiation (maintaining the health of epithelial tissues and skin), reproduction and growth

These vitamins require __________ __________ for transportation

Protein carriers

Each cell that uses Vitamin A have special _______ _________ for it, and it's action within each cell may differ depending on the receptor

Protein-receptors

Mineralization of bones

Raises blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorption from digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from bones, stimulating retention by kidneys

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E

Rare, red blood cell breakage (erythrocyte hemolysis), nerve damage

Retinoic acid

Regulates growth

Collectively, these 3 compounds are known as ________

Retinoids

Foods derived from animals provide compounds (retinyl esters) that are readily digested and absorbed as _________ in the intestine

Retinol

Zinc helps regenerate retinal from ___________ in eye

Retinol

___________ participates in sperm development

Retinol

There are three active forms of Vitamin A in the body

Retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid

Other names for Vitamin A

Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, beta-carotene

What special transport protein picks up vitamin A from the liver and carries into blood?

Retinol-Binding Protein (RBP)

The cells of the retina contain __________

Rhodopsin

Vitamin D deficiencies diseases

Rickets and osteomalacia

The retina contains _______ and _______

Rods and cones

Significant sources of vitamin A: Beta-carotene

Spinach and other dark leafy greens, broccoli, deep orange fruits (apricot, cantaloupe) and vegetables (squash, carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin)

Retinol

Supports reproduction

Chief functions of Vitamin K in body

Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins that regulate blood calcium

The body can _______________ Vitamin D, with the help of sunlight, from a precursor that the body makes from cholesterol

Synthesize

Significant sources of Vitamin K

Synthesized in body by GI bacteria, dark green leafy vegetables, liver, milk

Significant sources of Vitamin D

Synthesized in the body with the help of sunlight, fortified milk, margarine, butter, cereals, and chocolate mixes, veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty fish

These vitamins are likely to reach ________ levels when consumed from supplements

Toxic

To make vitamin D, _____________ from sun hit a precursor (7-dehydrocholesterol) and convert to ____________

UV rays, previtamin D3

Rods

Vision at low lifht

The most studied of carotenoids with __________ ____ activity is beta carotene, which can be split to form Retinol in the intestine and liver

Vitamin A

Vitamin D comes in two major forms, __________ and __________

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergo calciferol)

Corneal degeneration and blindness

Xerophthalmia

Corneal drying

Xerosis, progressive blindness caused by inadequate mucus production

_______ is needed for Vitamin A's transport protein

Zinc


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