FCS Exam 1
Give a statement that would be an example of a longitudinal research study
following children into adulthood. Ex: study at harvard on men 18 until 60s
Describe an individuals unique genetic blueprint, which is created from genes contributed by both parents?
genotype
The field of _______ is the scientific study of age-related changes in behavior, thinking, emotion, and personality.
human development
Predictions that can be tested in an effort to explain human development are known as:
hypothesis
Under what circumstances will a recessive gene be expressed?
if both genes are recessive
Developmental psychologists have observed that babies seem to be born predisposed to respond to people in certain ways, such as crying or smiling, in order to elicit attention from a caregiver. Psychologists call these inherent tendencies:
inborn biases
"Little Albert" was a subject of whose research?
Watson
According to your text, when does middle childhood occur?
When the child enters schooling. (Scottland- age 4, U.S.- age 8)
Define genomic imprinting
a chemical label that identifies each gene in a persons body as coming from the mom or dad
Lisa has red hair, which comes from a recessive gene. this must mean that Lisa has received the gene from...
a recessive, red-haired gene
What is the term for a general negative attitude about aging, typified by the belief that older persons are incompetent or unable to complete required job functions?
ageism
Which theorists is primarily responsible for social-cognitive learning theory?
albert bandura
Periods of development describe which aspect of developmental theories?
all 3 domains
Phenylketonuria is an example of ______
autosomal disorder
Give an example of a normative age-graded change.
babys first steps
What is a finding of Glen Elder on individuals who grew up during the Great Depression?
born in 1920- beneficial born in 1928- broke families and no hope
Your text uses an example of a sequential study in which "Baby Boomer" women were the participants. What was a finding of that study?
both described themselves as feminine, womens conflict remained stable across preboomers, but declined dramatically with baby boomers
Skylar has brown eyes, thin lips, and curly hair. What one of these traits is polygenic?
brown eyes
As a developmental psychologist, I believe that humans posses no inborn abilities and that a childs parents can mold them into whatever they want them to be. Give a statement that would best describe my beliefs
empiricism
Not all cultures define the boundaries of adolescence in the same way. For example, if you grew up in Great Britian, you could do what?
enlist in the military at age 16
What is the best term to describe when a researcher lives in a particular culture for an extended time in order to gain a detailed understanding and description of the culture?
ethnography
A new medicine for headaches is in clinical trials. The patients who are receiving this new drug are members of which group?
experimental group
The idea that the earth contains a wide variety of life forms, and that humans have developed as a result of the interaction of heredity and environment, was proposed by:
Charles Darwin
Michael, age 16, has recently gained a considerable amount of weight but has not grown any taller. Developmentalists would suggest that there is a problem in which of the domains of developmental psychology?
physical domain
What term is used to describe changes in size, shape, and characteristics of the body?
physical domain
because of our increasing lifespan, theorists have to include many types of information gathering to complete their research. What is one of the key elements emphasized in the newer approaches to lifespan development?
plasticity, interdisciplinary, research, multicontextual nature of development
What is the term for the pattern of inheritance in which genes influence a trait?
polygenic inheritance
The two primary goals of cross cultural research are to identify universal changes that cross cultures and to:
produce findings that can be used to improve peoples lives
Freud is to psychosexual as Erikson is to ______
psychosocial
If puberty begins for girls with the onset of menstration, puberty could be considered a matter of:
qualitative change
Which terms best describes a change in kind of type?
qualitative change
Which term best describes a change in amount?
quantitative change
Most sex linked disorders are caused by ____________
recessive genes
Give a statement that would be an example of a cross sectional research study
researchers examined age differences in peoples abilities to recognize facial expression
Give a statement that would explain the protection from harm aspect of research ethics?
researchers have to repair damage of done. Ex: provide counseling
Researchers have designed an experiment to study the effects of a professors sense of humor on enrollment numbers. What is the independent variable?
sense of humor
Which type of research design is intended to avoid the shortcomings of both cross-sectional and longitudinal studied by combining features of both?
sequential design
A boy is pestering his mother for candy in the grocery store, whining for ten minutes, and saying things like " I want candy! Please? Just this once! Oh come on mom, please?" His mother ignores him for ten minutes, but finally gives in and says "Oh, all right, here it is. Just stop whining." If the boy engages in more whining in the future and the mother gives in, what would apply to the mother?
shows partial reinforcement
An experiment is designed to study the effects of long lectures on the sleeping behavior of college students. In such a study, the dependent variable is _________
sleeping behavior
Our sense of "the right time" to go to college, marry, have children, or retire is determine by our:
social clock
Sets of statements that propose general principles to explain development are known as:
theories
What best describes the goals of developmental science?
to describe, explain, predict, and to influence human development from conception to death.
Give a statement that would be an example of naturalistic observation?
to find out about older adults memory by watching them at home and work
In classical , of the sour taste of lemon juice automatically causes your mouth to pucker, the lemon juice is the ________ and the pucker of the lips and tongue is the __________
unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response
Describe physical traits which are influenced by both genes and the environment?
multifactorial inheritance
Juanitas father died when she was just a baby, but her family insists that she not only looks like him, she acts like him as well. This might indicate that __________ had a large impact on her development
nature
The ideas of the philosipher Jean-Jaques Rousseau would suggest that the basis for human development is
nature and nurture
Miguel is expected to clean his room and to empty all trash in the house. When Miguel forgets his chores, he is grounded. Which of the following has been appropriately applied if Miguel remembers to do his chores?
negative reinforcement
What is the term for changes that result from unique, unshared events?
non-normative changes
What term is used to describe standardized tests that compare an individual child's score to the average score of others her age?
norm-referenced tests
Adults in London, England, who were teenagers living there during the bombings of World War 2, all report that there lives were changed by those events. This exemplifies which kind of change?
normative history graded change
What is the term for changes that occur in most members of a cohort as a result of factors at work during a specific, well-defined historical period?
normative history-graded changes
Where does the fertilization of the ovum take place in a normal pregnancy?
one of her two orvaries
The Christian doctrine of __________ is the basis for the theory that human development occurs as a result of how well or how poorly someone does at overcoming their innately sinful nature
original sin
Give an example of an "off time" event that could have negative effects upan an individuals development.
parent - infant attachment
What is a key feature in an experimental study?
participants are assigned RANDOMLY
Seth has dark hair and dark eyes, even though his mother is fair skinned. His dark hair and eyes are part of his _______
phenotype
Give a statement that would be an example about correlations? Example: Correlations can range from _________ and describe the strength of a relationship between two variables
-1.00 to + 1.00
Eriksons dilemma of intimacy vs. isolation is associated with what developmental age?
18-30
The nucleus of the typical human cell contains how many chromosomes?
23 pairs, 46 single
What is he difference between gametes and all the other body cells?
23 single, unpaired chromosomes
At how many weeks of gestation will there be prenatal sex differentation?
4-8 weeks
My father has type A blood and my mother had type O blood. What will my type be?
A
What best defines the sensitive period?
A span of months or years during which a child might be particularly responsive to specific forms of experience or influenced by their absence.
Who assertions regarding lifespan development can be attributed to both G. Stanley Hall and Charles Darwin?
Arnold Gesell
Who believed that humans are selfish by nature and must seek spiritual rebirth through religious training?
Augustine of Hippo
Who was the philosopher who believed that children are born with a mind that is a blank slate?
John Locke
Which theorist is known for his emphasis on the positive aspects of aging?
Paul Baltes
A researcher wants to study developing human fetuses that have already been exposed to radiation. Which type of research would best suite this?
Quasi - experiments
Describe identical twin studies
Results when a zygote separates to two parts
Give a statement that would be true about research ethics
They are guidelines researchers follow to protect rights of animals used in research and humans in studies
The Maple Leaf Elementary School counselor, social worker, and the parents of an 8 year old Jimmy Jackson are working as a cooperative team to determine why Jimmy exhibits a pattern of highly aggressive behavior towards his peers and teachers. This in depth examination of Jimmy Jackson is an example of:
case study
Stella, age 12 is in the 6th grade but still reads at a 3rd grade level. Developmentalists would suggest that there is a problem in which domain of development?
cognitive domain
What term is used to describe changes in thinking, memory, problem solving and other intellectual skills?
cognitive domain
Which is true of a trait that is passed through mitochondrial inheritance?
comes from the mother
Qualitative is to quantitative as: discontinuous is to ____________
continuity
In an experiment, what do we call the group of participants who receive a neutral treatment?
control group
Researchers have found that children born to mothers who smoke during and after pregnancy are more likely to develop respiratory illness. This is an example of which of?
correlation
Humans learn languages best in their childhood. In fact, some research indicates that if a child doesnt learn to speak a formal language before the age of 6, they may never learn to speak well at all. This would best illustrate which kind of change?
critical period
The basic idea that there may be significant periods in development when an organism is especially sensitive to the presence or absence of some particular kind of experience or influence is referred to as a:
critical period
Cohort effects are most commonly associated with which type of research design?
cross sectional design
In which designs are subjects of different ages studied at the same time and the results compared?
cross-sectional design
What best describes a system of meanings and customs shared by an identifiable group and transmitted across generations?
culture
Give an example of the expressitivity of genes?
curly hair (not all people with curly hair all the same)
Psychoanalytic theorists suggest that human development depends on
influence of internal drives and emotions on behavior
Participants in research projects must be told of any harmful effects or possible risks associated with the research in advance of their participation. What is this ethical responsibility called?
informed consent
What is true of a trait controlled by a dominant gene?
it strongly influences the phenotype
Darius participated in a study of effects of alcohol on long term memory. More than a year after his participation ended, he received a newsletter telling him all about the results of the study. This is an example of the researchers following the guildeline:
knowledge of results
How does observation in the lab differ from naturalistic observation?
lab- behavior under controlled settings naturalistic- studying people in normal environments
Watson believed that children would be trained to do anything though...
manipulation of the environment
What is the term that Arnold Gesell used to describe genetically programmed sequential patterns of change such as puberty or menopause?
maturation
Chromosomes are composed of _______
molecules of DNA
Roberta married for the first time at age 39, and at age 40 she is pregnant for the first time. She is now starting college. She tells her friends, "I have never done anything when I was supposed to!" What is she referring to?
social clock age norms
You are taking a part in a survey that asks about your attitudes toward the physical punishment of children. Even though you believe that spanking is sometimes necessary, you answer that you are opposed to physical punishment. What term best describes why you answered the way you did?
social desirability
What term is used to describe changes in variables that are associated with the relationship of an individual to others?
social domain
Which domain of developmental psychology examines interactions with others?
social domain
What is the term for the research method in which data is collected through participant responses to questions?
survey
Which developmental outcomes would be illustrative of the concept of vulnerability?
tendency towards emotional irretability alcoholism, physical abnormality, allegies
What best describes your tests approach to human development?
the lifespan perspective
List an example from your text of an inborn bias?
the sequence in which kids aquire language- single words to sentences
