Fetal Head and Brain

yolk sac abnormal if measures more than

6 mm

posterior or occipital fontanel closure at

6 months

how many cranial bones

8

normal lat ventricle is no more than __________mm.

10

if the fetus is 16 weeks the cerebellum measures

16 mm

anterior or frontal fontanel closure at

18 months

placenta previa can be ruled out if placenta edge to internal os measures ________

2 cm

mention cranial bones

2 parietal, frontal, occipital, 2 temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid

Posterolateral or mastoid (2) closure at

2 years

anterolateral or sphenoid (2) closure at

2 years

how many and name the apetures of the 4rd ventricle

3 apertures, 2 lateral foramina luschka, median aperture foramen magendie

name of structure that is between the 2 lobes of thalamus

3rd ventricle

neural plate develops at

4.5 weeks

obstruction causing 3rd ventricle and both lat ventricle expand and 4rd ventricle remains normal is

Aqueductal stenosis

absence of corpus callosum, CSP, 3 ventricle, inter fissure and falx cerebri, horseshoe shaped lobes thalamus

alobar holoproncephaly

The most severe form of holoprosencephaly is: a. Lobar b. Alobar c. Semilobar d. Lobular

b. Alobar

round or short and wide head

brachiocephalic

cephalic index more than 85 is __________shape

brachiocephalic shape

neural plate develops into

brain and spine

All of the following are midline brain structures except: a. Interhemispheric fissure b. Cavum septum pellucidum c. Lobes of the thalamus d. Third ventricle

c. lobes of the thalamus

mass cells responsible for cerebrospinal fluid production in fetus

choroid plexus

The cisterna magna should not exceed _____ in the transcerebellar plane. a. 4 mm b. 2 mm c. 8 mm d. 10 mm

d. 10mm

The third ventricle communicates with the fourth ventricle at the: a. Foramen of Magendie b. Foramen of Luschka c. Foramen of Monro d. Aqueduct of Sylvius

d. Aqueduct of Sylvius

The most common cause of hydrocephalus in utero is: a. Cerebral hemorrhage b. Holoprosencephaly c. Brain tumors d. Aqueductal stenosis

d. Aqueductal stenosis

Elevation of the tentorium and an enlarged cisterna magna that communicates with a dilated fourth ventricle is consistent with: a. Arnold-Chiari II malformation b. Schizencephaly c. Mega cisterna magna d. Dandy-Walker malformation

d. Dandy-Walker malformation

A cloverleaf-shaped skull is related to: a. Trisomy 18 b. Meckel-Gruber syndrome c. Trisomy 13 d. Thanatophoric dysplasia

d. Thanatophoric dysplasia

The choroid plexus cyst could be associated with an increase risk of: a. Trisomy 13 b. Trisomy 4 c. Arnold-Chiari II malformation d. Trisomy 18

d. Trisomy 18

echogenic choroid plexus around CSF and dilated lat vent is called

dangling choroid sign

cephalic index less than 75 is _____________shape

dolichocephalic shape

opening in base of cranium and spinal cord travels

foramen magnum

Each lateral ventricle communicates with the third ventricle through a(n)

foramen of monro or paired interventricular foramina

most common cranial anormaly is

ventriculomegaly

The interthalamic adhesion (massa intermedia) passes through the: a. Third ventricle b. Fourth ventricle c. Cisterna magna d. Cavum septum pellucidum

a. Third ventricle

The structure located between the two lobes of the cerebellum is the: a. Cerebellar vermis b. Cerebellar tonsils c. Falx cerebri d. Corpus callosum

a. cerebellar vermis

most severe form of holoprocephaly

alobar holoprocephaly

most common cause of hydrocephalus in utero

aqueductal stenosis

less than 2 mm cisterna magna

arnold- chiari II malformation

ceph index formula

bpd/ofd x 100

A strawberry-shaped skull is commonly associated with: a. Trisomy 21 b. Trisomy 15 c. Trisomy 18 d. Trisomy 13

c. Trisomy 18

box shaped structure, does not communicate with ventricular system, anterior part of brain betw frontal horns

cavum septum pellucidum

largest part of the brain

cerebellum

The dangling choroid sign is synonymous with: a. Hydranencephaly b. Schizencephaly c. Acrania d. Ventriculomegaly

d. Ventriculomegaly

aperture that the CSF travels to only subarachoid space

foramina luschka

fatal condition entire cerebrum is replaced by large sac containing CSF

hydranencephaly

severe ventriculomegaly with obstruction to flow of CSF is

hydrocephalus

which is the suture) between parietal and occipital

lambdoidal suture

which is the suture) frontal bone, midline of forearm

metopic suture

obstruction located at ventricular system is called

no communicating hydrocephalus

the choroid plexus is associated with increase risk

trisomy 18

the cerebellum grows how much pear day

1 mm

anterior fontanel called the

Bregma

to determine the frontal bone of the head the structure of reference is the

CSP

the 4rd ventricle is located

anterior to cerebellum

The fourth ventricle is located: a. Posterior to the cavum septum pellucidum b. Between the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles c. Anterior to the cerebellar vermis d. Medial to the third ventricle

c. Anterior to the cerebellar vermis

cystic dilatation of cisterna magna and 4rd ventricle is

dandy walker malformation

which is the suture) between 2 parietal bones

sagittal suture

absence of cranium and cerebral hemispheres

anencephaly

largest cistern and common to see septations

cisterna magna

between frontal and parietal (which is the suture)

coronal suture

Premature fusion of sutures

craniosynostosis

A lemon-shaped skull is related to: a. Spina bifida b. Arnold-Chiari II malformation c. Thanatophoric dysplasia d. Both A and B e. All of the above

d. Both A and B

Agenesis or hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis results in what cerebral malformation? a. Arnold-Chiari II malformation b. Schizencephaly c. Mega cisterna magna d. Dandy-Walker malformation

d. Dandy-Walker malformation

All of the following are sonographic findings of Arnold-Chiari II malformation except: a. Enlarged massa intermedia b. Hydrocephalus c. Obliteration of the cisterna magna d. Strawberry sign

d. strawberry sign

soft spots, utilized like a windows, that can be use in neurosonography to evaluate hemorrhage and brain anomalies

fontanelles

aperture that the CSF travels to subarachoid space and cisterna magna is the

foramen magendie (median aperture)

condition associated with brain and facial abnormalities is

holoprosencephaly

no cerebral tissue, sonographycally just fluid

hydranencephaly

more than 10 mm in cisterna magna is

mega cisterna magna, dandy walker complex

normal size to medium head is refereed

mesocephalic

3 protective layers of the brain that covers brain and spinal cord

pia mater (inner layer), arachnoid (middle layer), duramater (outer layer and dense)

false nose above orbits

proboscis

brain separate into 3 primary vesicles

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

anatomy o f corpus callosum to anterior to posterior

rostrum, genu, body, splenium

which is the suture) between parietal and temporal

squamosal suture

part of brain that the 2 lobes is between the 3rd ventricle

thalamus

enlargement of ventricles

ventriculomegaly

double bleb sign is (2 bubbles)

yolk sac and amnion

bpd and hc structures that need to see for measurements is the

CSP, thalamus, falx cerebri

The anechoic midline brain structure located between the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles is the: a. Cavum septum pellucidum b. Cavum vergae c. Corpus callosum d. Fourth ventricle

a. Cavum septum pellucidum

absence of cranial vault

acrania

congenital absence of the corpus callosum, can be complete or partial.

agenesis of corpus callosum

The "sunburst" of the cerebral sulci is a sonographic finding of: a. Dandy-Walker malformation b. Agenesis of the corpus callosum c. Colpocephaly d. Hydranencephaly

b. Agenesis of the corpus callosum

The most accurate measurement at estimating gestational age from the below list is: a. Biparietal diameter b. Head circumference c. Transcerebellar measurement d. Lateral ventricle

b. Head circumference

The sonographic finding of a fluid-filled cranium with absence of cerebral tissue is consistent with: a. Hydrocephalus b. Hydranencephaly c. Holoprosencephaly d. Schizencephaly

b. Hydranencephaly

The lack of sulci within the fetal cerebrum is a reliable indicator of: a. Agenesis of the corpus callosum b. Lissencephaly c. Schizencephaly d. Porencephaly

b. Lissencephaly

The band of tissue that allows communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres is the: a. Falx cerebri b. Corpus callosum c. Cerebellar vermis d. Cavum septum pellucidum

b. corpus callosum

The third ventricle is located: a. Anterior to the thalamus b. Anterior to the cerebellar vermis c. Between the two lobes of the thalamus d. Superior to the corpus callosum

c. Between the two lobes of the thalamus

The condition in which the frontal horns are small and the occipital horns are enlarged is referred to as: a. Ethmocephaly b. Hydrocephalus c. Colpocephaly d. Encephalitis

c. Colpocephaly

All of the following are sonographic features of alobar holoprosencephaly except: a. Cyclopia b. Monoventricle c. Dorsal cyst d. Fused thalamus

c. Dorsal cyst

The development of fluid-filled cleft within the cerebrum is consistent with: a. Holoprosencephaly b. Lissencephaly c. Schizencephaly d. Hydranencephaly

c. Schizencephaly

What chromosomal aberration is most often associated with holoprosencephaly? a. Anophthalmia b. Trisomy 21 c. Trisomy 13 d. Trisomy 18

c. Trisomy 13

brain structure that is more accurate with dates is the

cerebellum

obstruction outside ventricular system is called

communicating hydrocephalus

orbits are fused (single eye)

cyclopia

Atypical facial features are most commonly associated with what cerebral abnormality listed? a. Dandy-Walker malformation b. Schizencephaly c. Lissencephaly d. Holoprosencephaly

d. Holoprosencephaly

elongated narrow head

dolichocephaly

posterior fontanel called

lambda

dumbbell shaped, 2 hemispheres coupled by cerebellar vermis is

cerebellum

most disturb facial abnormalities with holoprosencephaly

cyclopia and proboscis

The double fold of dura mater used to divide the cerebral hemispheres is the: a. Cerebellum b. Cavum septum pellucidum c. Corpus callosum d. Falx cerebri

d. Falx cerebri

with hydrocephalus and holoprosencephaly sonographically you will see ____________________ maintained

cerebral tisue

greater of CSF is created by

choroid plexus

Following an intracranial hemorrhage, a cyst is noted within the cerebrum that communicates with the lateral ventricle. This is referred to as: a. Schizencephaly b. Lissencephaly c. Holoprosencephaly d. Porencephaly

d. Porencephaly